Basa Renheyo Rezvisarudzo Zvomutemo Mukutonga Kwemvura

Mvura ndiyo chinhu chinokosha chezvinhu zvipenyu, upfumi, uye nzanga. Nzira yainogoverwa nayo, inoshandiswa, uye yakadzivirirwa haisi yoga; inoumbwa zvikuru nezvisarudzo zvemitemo. Mitemo, mirau, mirau, uye zvirongwa zvenyika zvinoumba kugadzirwa kwepamutemo nokuda kwekodzero dzemvura nemitemo yokudzora. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinopesvedzera chinhu chose kubva pakukwanisa kwomurimi kudiridza zvirimwa kumipimo yemvura inodzivirira utano hwevoruzhinji. Sezvo makwikwikwi okuwedzera kwemvura inovakwa nokukura kwevagari vemo, kudikanwa dzezvokurimapuranga, uye kufambidzana kwemamiriro okunze, kunzwisisa mitemo yemvura kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, vagadziri vemitengi, vatengi vemitengi, uye vatsigiri. Nyaya iyi inoongorora kuti zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinodzivirira mvura, zvinofambisa masangano okutarisira.

Masangano Ekodzero Dzemvura: Dzidziso Dzapamutemo Dzakaumbwa Nomutemo

Kodzero dzemvura hadzisi dzomuzvarirwo; dzinoumbwa nokurondedzerwa nomutemo. Zvikamu zviviri zvemitemo zvinotonga `namaruramiro emitemo) uye pamberi pezvigadzirwa zvenhau yemitemo nedudziro yedare. Masangano akawanda anoshandisawo gadziriro dzakavhengana dzinobatanidza idzi dzidziso mukutsinhirana nemigariro yomunzvimbomo.

Kodzero Dzemari

Kubva mumutemo weEngland wavose, kodzero dzevacheri vanopara vanopa varimi masvikiro kunzi vapinde muhova dzinofamba kana kuti dziri pedyo nezvinhu zvavo. Mugadziriro ino, muridzi mumwe nomumwe anopara mari ane maruramiro okushandisa mvura nomutoo usingakuvadzi vamwe vanoshandisa mvura mumvura. Uku kuita kunoshanda zvakanaka munzvimbo dzine mvura ine mvura yakawanda, asi kunorwisana mumigariro isina mvura umo kushata kwemwaka kunorwisana. Revhislative inochinja, zvakadai sedictructry ective ectives errectives nescuritions, zvakaitirwa kuchenesa kodzero dzemvura uye kudzivirira.

Kunzvera Kusati Kwaitika: Kutanga munguva, Kutanga Kurudyi

Mumadokero eUnited States nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemvura, dzidziso yekare inodzorwa nekodzero dzemvura. Yakasimbiswa kupfurikidza nemutemo wenzvimbo yehurumende, gadziriro ino inopa mibayiro maruramiro akavakirwa pakukura: munhu wokutanga kutsausa mvura nokuda kwokushandisa kunobetsera anoisa danidzo yokutanga kuvashandisi vapashure. Mukati mokufamba kwemvura. Vatakuri vekodzero dzavanhu vaduku vangabviswa chose chose. Iyi gadziriro yapamutemo inokurudzira kutengwa kwemitengo mumvura asi inogona kuvhara nokushata nokukuvadza mukushandisa nokukuvadza mumitevedzero yenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa. Chinjo dzazvino uno uno uno unodzorwa mumitemo inoedza nenzira inowedzera kupinza mhoteredzo yapasi nezvinodzorwa mumigariro yemvura mumigariro yepasi.

Marongedzero Etsandanyama Nemitemo

Mitemo mizhinji yafamba kupfuura dzidziso dzakachena. Somuenzaniso, California inoshandisa gadziriro yakavhengana inobatanidza maruramiro emvura anocheneswa neanonatsa, kupfurikidza nemitemo yemvura nezvisarudzo zvedare. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seOregon neWashington, dzakashandisa mitemo yemitengo yemvura yakabatana inoda kushandiswa kutsva kuti iwirirane zvibvumikiso zvinowirirana kudiwa neukama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo. Nyika dzose dzakadai seSouth Africa inovandudza mutemo wemvura kupfurikidza neNational Water Act ye1998, iyo inobata mvura sechinhu chinobatsira vanhu vose nezvinodikanwa zvinokosha zvemari.

Michina Yomutemo Yokutarisira Mvura

Mitemo yokudzora mvura inoshandiswa kuburikidza nezvishandiso zvakasiyana - siyana zvemitemo.

Mitemo Yemvura Yakanaka

Mitemo yakadai seDecnac Water Act in the United States, Water Framework Directive in the European Union, uye Act mumativi akawanda enyika inogadza mipimo yakaganhurirwa nokuda kwetsvina, tembiricha inodirana, uye migariro yokugara. Mutemo unobvumira masangano anodzora kubudisa mvumo, kudzika ganhuriro pamaindasitiri nerokurima, uye kuraira ganhuriro. Iyi mitemo yakaderedza zvikuru muganhu wezvinoshatisa asi inorwisana namanyuko asina nzvimbo akadai sokudzima, izvo zvinoramba zviri chisakiso chikuru chokuvadziko yemvura.

Kugara Mumvura Nemvumo

Mitumbi inoita pamutemo inogadzira gadziriro dzinobvumira kudzorwa kuti mvura yakawanda sei inogona kubviswa munzizi, nyanza, uye mvura dzapasi pevhu. Zvibvumikiso zvinowanzodudza manyuko, chitsama, nguva, uye chinangwa chokushandisa. Mudzimwe nharaunda, zvinobvumidza gadziriro kugadzirirwa kuva dzinodzokororwa kana kuti dzinodzokororwa panguva nenguva, kubvumira kutarisirwa kwokuchinja kwemigariro. Chinetso ndechokuti mvumo zhinji dzakapiwa kurangarira kwazvino uno kusati kwaitwa, kugadzira nhaka yokupfuura nzvimbo idzo mutemo unofanira kuisa panzvimbo dzinodavirwa zvino, zvinodikanwa zvishoma zvokufambisa, kana kuti zviratiro zvechinguvana.

Kuchengetedza uye Kushanda Zvakanaka

Mitemo namarudzi zvakapa mitemo inoda gadziriro dzokuchengetedza mvura, mipimo yemitemo inoshanda zvakanaka, uye gadziriro yokudiridza. Somuenzaniso, Energy Policy Act ya 1992 yakagadza mipimo yokushanda zvakanaka kwenyika yezvimbudzi nefeacets muUnited States, kuderedza mvura muUnited States. Mitemo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, yakadai seSlistranian’s Groustable Management Act (SGMA), inoraira masangano omunzvimbomo kuvamba gadziriro dzinoparira micheto yemvura kuti idzikane panosvika 2040. Mitemo yakadaro inowanzobatanidza mibato yokutsigira mari, yamuro, yamutoonzi, uye gadziriro dzokudzikamisa.

Murwizi Dzinodzivirira

Utano hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo hunotsamira pakuchengeta mvura yakakwana munzizi nehova. Kudzikamiswa kwemitemo kunogona kugadza zvinodikanwa zvishoma, kuchengetera mvura hove nemhuka, kana kuti kugadzira kodzero dzokufamba murwizi dzinoita kuti zvinhu zvive pakutanga pane zvinoshandiswa. Mubatanidzwa weEdwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan muTexas, unotenderwa neCongress, mari inopa mvura mumaguta nechirimo chezvipembenene zvemarudzi ari mungozi. Nenzira yakafanana, Resourciod Management Act yeNew Zealand inoda kuti mabhini arobhuromendero ai ai aindedze kugadza nokumanikidza kuti hurumende dzemhoteredzo dzishande.

Kuongorora Nyaya Muukuru: Kuchinja Kunoita Kudzikama Kwomutemo

Kunzvera zviito zvemitemo zvinoumba nhevedzano yemitemo kunogovera nzwisiso yakakomba mukushandurwa kunoitwa mutemo mukutarisirwa kwemvura pasi pevhu.

Muitiro Wemvura Yakachena: Makore Mane Mane Okudzora Kushatisa

Yakagadzirwa muna 1972, Canec Water Act yeAmerica yakachinja gadziriro yemvura. Nharidzano yayo huru yakaitwa. Nharidzano yayo yemvura yeAmerica. Inoita kuti ive nokuchengeta nokuchengeta kuvimbika kwemakemikoro, muviri, uye kwemiviri yezvinhu zvipenyu zvenyika. CWA inobudirira kuderedza kushatisa maindasitiri nemukana wenyika ndokubetsera kuvandudza mitumbi yakawanda yakashata. Zvisinei, miganhu inosara: mvura yokurima neyokudzosera inodzorwa yaverwa yakasununguka yakasununguka, uye rondedzero ye “mvura dzeUnited States" yave inodzorwa kudzorwa. Dare gurusa rekare, se-parever [FFock]

Chibvumirano ChoRwizi rweColorado: Kukwanisa Kubatsira Kunoenderana Mumvura Yakaoma

Colorado Rinobatira vanhu vane mamirioni 40 uye vanodiridza mamiriyoni amaeka mhiri kwamahekita kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweUnited States neMexico. Chinyorwa chenheyo yemitemo iColorado River Common Act ya1928, chibvumirano chenyika chinogovera mvura pakati peUpper Basin Basin Project (Balado, Utah, New Mexico), uye KuKumusoro kwaBasin (Arizora, Neva, California). Chibvumirano chezvibvumirano cheBoulder Canyon Project (1928) nechibvumirano cheColorado River Basin Project (1968), zvinobvumira madha makuru negadziriro zvokutakura. Kwamakumi amakore akashanda nemhaka yokuti mamiriro echitsa echitsatsano anodiwa zvikuru. Asi kuchinja nokusanaya kwenguva refu yakaitwa nokufamba kwemvura kunopfumba kunopfuudzwa zvikuru kubvira muna 20 000, zvinoda kupfuunika kupfuunika kupfuutsa kupfurikidza kwehurumende, uye kupfuutsa kupfuudzira kupfuudzira kupfura kupfura kupfura kupfura kupfura kupfu

Europe Union Fome Ediction Edict Directive: Mutoo Wakarongwa

Yakagamuchirwa muna 2000, Water Frameork Directive (WFD) inoraira kuti pave nokutarisirwa kwemvura kwakabatana mumativi ose enyika dzeEU. Inogadza zvinangwa zvemhoteredzo nokuda kwemitumbi yose yemvura(/surface, mvura yepasi, uye mhenderekedzo dzegungwa(and) inoda kutangwa kweMamiriro eRwizi neIscale commistryss commontrations. WFD inozivikanwa nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvayo zvepamutemo kuti isvike “nzvimbo yakanaka" nokuda kwemvura yose kupfurikidza nemisiano inowirirana, inotsigirwa nemitevedzero inobva kuEurope Court of Justice. Identiment yaveri yave isakafanira; dzimwe nyika dzinorwisana nokushatisa kwemitengo nedzo yehymorph. Kunyange zvakadaro, murayiro wayo unodzorwa panzvimbo yavose uye kuoneka nesayenzi yedzimwe nyika dzemazuva anodzivirira.

Mutambo wepaAustralia unonzi Act of Water 2007 uye Murray-Darling Basin Plan

Murray-Darling Basin ndiimwe yemibatanidzwa yenzizi inodzorwa zvikuru munyika. Makumi emakore okugara munzvimbo dzinotamiswa akatungamirira kushata kwemhoteredzo nenjodzi dzemvura kwakakomba. Mukupindura, Paramende yeAustralia yakapfuudza Mvura noMurray-Darling Basin Authority, iyo yakatanga muMurray-Dival Bastin Authority uye yaida kutangwa kweBasin Plan. Rongedzero inogadza miganhu inodzo inodzorwa isingachinjiki (SSL) uye inobatanidza nzira yokuwana nayo mvura nokuda kwepfuma uye kutengwa kwemvura. Pasinei zvapo negakava rezvamatongerwe enyika, kukwirirana kwemitengo yemitemo yemitemo yezvokudzora mvura yakavandudza, uye kudzorwa kwemitezo.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nemitemo Yemvura

Kunyange mitemo yemvura yakasanogadzirwa inotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzinowedzera dzinoedza kushanda kwayo nokururamisira. Varevi vanofanira kurwisana nezvinhu zvitsva izvo gadziriro dzemitemo dziripo dzisina kutongorongedzerwa kubata nazvo.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze uye Kuchinja - chinja Kwemvura

Zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvakavakirwa zvikurukuru pamashoko enhau emamiriro okunze ayo asati achafanotaurazve migariro yenguva yemberi. Kuderedza sinou, kukurumidza kubuda, kusanaya kwemvura, uye mafashamo anowanzova anoda mitemo inochinjika neinochinjika. “Kutanga munguva ino. Kuda kukuvadza kunova kunokuvadza apo zviteshi zvamaruramiro makuru zvinopfuurira mukushandisa mvura nokuda kwezvirimwa zvine ukoshi hwakaderera zvikuru apo maguta nenzvimbo dzinogara zvipenyu zvinotambura. Kudzika mutemo wakadai segadziriro dzemvura, zviremera zvokudzosera chengetera, uye zvinoparira kutengwa kwemvura zvinova zvinokosha. Bva, kupfuudza mitemo yakadaro inotarisana nokusarira kwakakomba.

Kuparara Kwemvura Pasi Pose uye Mukaha Mukuvharwa Nomutemo

Munzvimbo dzakawanda, mvura yapasi yakadzorwa zvishoma zvikuru kupfuura mvura yapamusoro. Iyi mukaha wapamutemo wakabvumira kugadzirwa kukuru kwemichero, kuchiparira nyika kuderera, kupinda kwemvura yemunyu, uye kuderera kwenzvimbo dzinogara. Mitemo yakadai seCalifornia yakapfuudza Sustaratable Growaterhwater Management Act (2014) kuvhara musiyano uyu, kuchida kuti masangano omunzvimbomo atange masangano anochengetedza mvura yapasi (GSS) uye kunyora zvirongwa. Kuchinja kwacho kuchiri kuchiri kuoneka, uye kudzikamisa kunofanira kuramba kuri mubatanidzwa usina kusimba.

Kodzero Dzemvura Dzomunyika Yacho Nokuyanana

Munhau dzakaitika, mutemo waiwanzobvisa vanhu vomunyika mashoma vanopinda mvura uye vaiita zvisarudzo. Munyika dzakawanda, kodzero dzemvura dzinogara dzichisazivikanwa kana kuti dzinoramba dzichidzorwa. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Ivorigine Peoples (UNDRIP) inoziva kodzero yokuva, kushandisa, uye kutarisira zviwanikwa zvemvura, asi marudzi mashomanene bedzi akaisa izvi mumutemo wemhuri. Somuenzaniso, New Zealand yakabvuma kuva pamutemo kwemunhu weWaganu River, ichiipa kodzero uye kugadza chigadziko chehurumende kubatanidza vamiririri veMāori. MuUnited States, United States, anochengeterwa kodzero dzemvura, kazhinji kacho inowirirana nguva dzechibvumirano, ichiri kubatanidzwa. Mutemo wazvino uno unofanira kubatanidzwa nokuziva kodzero dzemvura neIPrima namarudzi ose akabatana mumitevedzo yemitezotonga.

Kuchinja Mvura Nokuchinja

Zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinorangarira nenzira inowedzera kuva zvine chokuita nemvura sechinhu chakanaka mune zvemari, kuvhura suo rokuita kuti gadziriro dzemvura dzive nokugoverwa kwemisika. Nepo misika yemvura inogona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kupfurikidza nokubvumira kuendeswa kusingatenderwi. Mitengo isingagoni kubhadhara mari ingarasikirwa nokuwana, uye kuunganidza kwokufungidzira kunogona kuitika. Mutemo unofanira kutanga dziviriro: zvitendero zvavose, mirairo yezvinodikanwa, uye zvinorambidzwa pakutengesa mvura yakawanda. Chile chinopa kodzero dzemvura zechigarire, dzinova nekodzero dzemvura dzapamhene, dzinoguma nekodzero dzechisaririra dzakashata, dzinotungamirira kunhamburiko dzechimbichimbichimbichi. Vaiti vemitemo vokushambadzira vanofanira kufunda kumwewo mamiriro ezvinhu pamberi pokugamuchira zvigadzirwa zvemusika.

Kudzora Mvura Kunopfuudza

Mikova neaquifers zvinodarika miganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinoda kubatana kwemitemo pakati penyika, nyika, kana kuti maruwa. Zvibvumirano nenzvimbo zvenyika irudzi rwemitemo. "Indus Waters Treaty" zvinobatanidza zvibvumirano zvinopa mvura nokugadza mitemo. Zvisinei, zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvokupedzisa zvakasainwa makumi amakore akapfuura uye kushaikwa kwegadziriro dzechinjo, kushaikwa kwemhoteredzo yapasi, kana kuti kuyanananisa kwezvinodikanwa. Kuzvibatanidza zvinoda mawirirano akavanzika pakati peIndia nePakistan, zvakapunzwa neWorld Bank muna 1960, zvakapukunyuka hondo asi zvinodzokororwa nezvinodikanwa zvemvura nemunyuko wemvura. Zvibvumirano zvitsva zveINU.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Mitemo Yemvura Yechizvarwa Chinotevera

Kuti pave nematambudziko mune ramangwana, zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinofanira kuchinja zvisingachinji.

Vana Claus Vanoita Kuti Zviite

Mitemo yemvura inotanga kutarira inobatanidza zvirongwa zvekuhwirudzura nguva nenguva, mazuva okunyura kwezuva, uye mashandiro okugadziridza migove yakavakirwa pamitemo. Murray-Darling Basin Plan inobatanidza chinodikanwa chokuhwirudzura ganhuriro inowirirana makore 10 ari ose akavakirwa pakurangarirwa kwazvinogadziridzwa kwezvinodikanwa zvemvura yemhoteredzo. Zvikamu zvakadaro zvinobvumira mutemo kukuita kuchinja mamiriro okunze nemipimo yenzanga pasina kuda zvachose mitemo mitsva nguva imwe neimwe.

Kushandiswa Kwezviwanikwa Zvemvura Zvakabatanidzwa (IWRM) Mumutemo

Nyika dzakawanda dzinoshandisa nheyo dzeIWRM mumutemo wemvura wenyika, inoda kubatana muzvikamu nezvikero. Izvi zvinoreva kubatanidza kuronga nyika, purogiramu yokurima, uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu nechisarudzo chemvura. National Water Act yeSouth Africa neEU Water Framed Directive mienzaniso yakatanhamara. Murauro weLegislative unofanira kuraira kubatana kweboka reboka, kuvimbisana kwevachengeti vepadanda, uye nharidzano yesayenzi.

Ruzivo, Kuziva, uye Kumanikidzwa

Mitemo yemvura yazvino uno inowedzera kuiswa kwemitengo. Mitemo inogona kuda mitaro yakakwirira, foni, uye kushuma kuti ivandudze uwandu hwemvura. SGMA inoraira kuti masangano emvura apavhute atarisire ndokushuma mashoko okubudisa. Mutemo unogonawo kubvumira kushandiswa kwokuziva zviri kure, mashoko esatellite, uye mienzaniso kuzivisa kuteererwa nokuchengetwa. Mitemo yemvura inofanira kubatanidza gadziriro dzokugoverana mashoko, dziviriro dzakavanzika, uye mari yokutarisira zvinhu.

Kodzero Dzechisiko Nomutemo Nokuda Kwemitumbi Yemvura

Chinjo yapamutemo inochinja iri kupa kodzero dzapamutemo kunzizi, nzizi, uye madhamu. Iyi nzira inosimudzira mhoteredzo iyo imene sechinhu chapamutemo chine migariro yakamira kukwidzwa. Rwizi rwaWhananui muNew Zealand, nzizi dzeGanga neYamuna muIndia (hakusi kuti dzakatendeutswa neDare rePamusorosoro reIndia panzvimbo dzinotonga), uye Magpie River muCanada rakazivikanwa savanhu vapamutemo. Mutemo unoita kuti matare anotanga makambani ezvokuchengeta anoumbwa nehurumende, Ivalden, uye vamiriri venzanga anogona kushandisa kodzero idzi. Kunyange zvazvo zvichiri kuwanzooneka, iyi nhevedzano inochinja kumitemo inoona mvura sechinhu chipenyu pane kuti chive chinhu chipenyu muCanada chaifanira kudyiwa.

Kutora Rutivi Rworuzhinji Neruramisiro Yemhoteredzo

Mutemo womunguva yemberi unofanira kuiswa murusarudzo runobatanidza kuita zvisarudzo. Ikoku kunobatanidza mari kuti nzanga dzinochengetwa dziite misangano yemvura, zvinodikanwa zvokubvunza marudzi, uye zviraira kuyera nokururamisira pamberi pokutendera gadziriro itsva dzemvura. Tsika dzemitemo yemhoteredzo dzinofanira kuiswa mumvumo dzemvura, mari, uye kuisa zvinokosha. Hunhu hweRog to Water Act (202) hunozivisa kuti munhu ari wose ane maruramiro okuenda kuchengeteka, akachena, anodhura, uye anosvikika mvura.

mhedziso

Zvisarudzo zvomutemo hazvisi mitemo inowirirana yakanyorwa mumabwe; izvo zvishandiso zvipenyu zvinoratidzira nzvimbo yokutanga yenzanga yenzanga ndokuumba nguva yemberi yechengeteko yemvura. Kuvambira padzidziso dzekodzero dzinoparadza dzeEngland inotonhora kusvikira kumitengo yapamberi penyika dzakaoma yeAmerica West, kubva kugadziriro dzinobatira pamwe dzeEuropean Water Framection Idendective kusvika kunjodzi yeColoradow percentation communiverty, zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinosarudza zvinosarudza kuti ndiani anowana mvura, mutengo, mundyiko, uye nemiuyo yemhoteredzo yezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo. Sezvinzverwa kwomuitiro wemvura, vanofanira kunzvera nenzira yokusangwarira kuti mutemo unoshanda sei nezve mune zvemari, chisiko, uye mhoteredzo yemhoteredzo. Maganhuro emvura anotevera echidzoro akanyorwa mumibatanidzwa mumitengogando, uye marudzodzodzodzodzodzo pamusoro pezvinokosha zvenyika, asi kupfurikidza nokupukunyuka.