Kushandiswa Kwesimba Renyika: Kuchinja Kunoita Kurovererwa Kwemarobhoti

Kurovha kunowanzorondedzerwa sechinhu chinokosha zvikuru chebasa rehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, asi simba rakwo pamuitiro wavanhu rinoramba riri nhau yenharo huru. Pachikamu chakwo, kukurudzira kuedza kwakarongwa kwakaitwa nevanhu kana kuti mapoka kukurukurirana nevakuru vakuru vehurumende munhamburiko yokuumba mitemo nemirau inodzora nzanga. Muitiro uyu hausi wepamutemo bedzi asi wakadzivirirwa pasi peFirst Amendment, inovimbisa kodzero yokukumbira hurumende. Zvisinei, mwero uye kuoma kwemabasa emazuva ano kwakamutsa mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro pezvakarurama, kujeka, uye dzikamo yesimba muhurumende inomiririra hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kunzwisisa tapuro dzinopesvedzera dzinoda kupesvedzera kunokosha kuvadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vakabatana. Zvisarudzo zvinobva munhimbe dzinokurudzira kufunda zvinotapura chinhu chiri chose kubva kundyiko dzezvoutano nemirau yemhoteredzo kusvikira kumiitiro yemitero nechengeteko yenyika. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera miitiro yokupesvedzera, zvimiro zvayo zvakasiyana- siyana, uye miuyo yayo inodzorwa pamiuyo yemitemo, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti pesvedzero inoshanda sei mukati mehoro dzesimba.

Chii Chaizvo Chiri Kubhejera?

Kurova kunopfuura zvikuru kurukurirano imwe chete nomugadziri wemitemo. Inobatanidza mhatsa yemibato yakagadzirirwa kupesvedzera vagadziri vemiitiro kugamuchira, kuchinja, kana kuti kuramba mutemo wakati kana kuti mirau. Tsanangudzo yetsika inowanzonangidzira ngwariro pakurukurirano yakananga navakuru vakuru vehurumende, asi zvomene kunobatanidza nzira dzakafara. Miitiro inozivikanwa navose inobatanidza:

  • Kusangana navaiti vemitemo, vashandi vavo, kana kuti vakuru vakuru vebazu kupa nharo, mashoko, kana kuti mutauro wokunyora nokuda kwezvikwereti.
  • COmpaign Mipiro: Kupa migove yezvamatongerwe enyika, matare ezviito zvamatongerwe enyika (PAC), kana kuti maPACI makuru kuti awane kusvika nenyasha.
  • Grasroots Monillation: Anokurudzira `$(vatambi, vashandi, kana kuti mitezo yesangano) kukurukura navamiriri vavo kupfurikidza nerunhare, maemail, kana kuti nhimbe dzemasangano.
  • Kunzvera uye Discination: Kubudisa mapepa machena, zvirongwa zvipfupi, kana kuti fundo dzedzidzo kuumba mararamiro eidi ekurukurirano.
  • Coalition Building: Masangano akawanda anogoverana fariro kuti akudziridze nhamburiko dzechibvumirano uye kupa donzo rakabatana.

Basa Raiva Nebasa Rakakosha Raiitwa Nevaingozviwana

Vamiririri veminamajeni ndivo nyanzvi dzinoita masangano aya anopesvedzera. Vanohayiwa namakambani, masangano ezvokutengeserana, mapoka asingabetseri mhindu, masangano evashandi, uye hurumende dzokumwe. Ukoshi hwavo hukuru huri muunyanzvi hwavo neukama. Vagamuchiri vanobudirira vanonzwisisa muitiro wemitemo muudzame husingachinjiki, vanoziva kuti zvigaroi zvedare navashandisi vakuru vemibato zvinokosha, uye vanogona kukarira mhinganidzo. Ivowo vanonzvera masangano ezvirongwa zvemitengiri nemitemo yedare izvo zvingatapura fariro dzavatengi vavo.

Nepo vadaviri vachiwanzoratidzirwa senhamba dzinopesvedzera, vakawanda vanoshanda sezviwanikwa zvinokosha zvemashoko. Mumhoteredzo yakaoma, vaiti vemitemo vanotsamira pavatsigiri kuti vatsanangure mipimo yemitemo yemitemo, kubva pasimba rezvemari remupimo wesayenzi kusvikira kuhwaro hwezvakatipoteredza. 2020 yefundo neBrookings Institution yakacherekedza kuti vatsvaki vanowanzogovera mashoko ane udzame zvikuru neakakodzera nguva kupfuura anogona kupiwa namasangano ehurumende. Basa iri remirayiridzo rinogona kuva rapamutemo, asi rinoparirawo kusanowirirana kwesayenzi: fariro dzinosano dzinogona kunyudza kunyura mumanzwi mashoma amabhuku.

Kunakidza Kwenzira Dzokutandanisa

Nzira uye miganhu yetsika hazvisi zvakasiyana - siyana:

Kubhabha: Mukati Mechikwayana

Iri isangano ramagamuchidzanwa zvikurusa . "Imisangano yapanyika inoitwa navagadziri vemiitiro nebetsero dzavo. Varobists vanopa nharo, mutemo wekutumira maoko, uye kuedza kuvakira ukama hwomunhu oga. Kugamuchira kwakananga kunodzorwa kuzivikanwa kumitemo mumativi akawanda; Lobbing Disclosure Act inoda kunyoreswa uye mishumo yenhambo nenhambo yemibato nendyiko. Zvisinei, mabudiro aripo, akadai se "chifukito" kupfurikidza namafemu dzemitemo uye makambani okubvunza ayo anopa zano rakakodzera pasina kunyoresa savatambi.

Makwaya uye Kudziya

Marasroot anosunda dzvinyiriro yavose inobva kuvagari vemowo zvavo. Inogona kuva yakatendeseka neyamadhimokrasi .Inogona kuva pfungwa yamapoka emhoteredzo anounganidza vatsigiri kuti vadanidzire Congress pamusoro pechinjo yemamiriro okunze. Asi mutoo mumwe chetewo unoshatiswa kuva "astrotf" kukwidziridza, umo masangano anoumba chitarisiko chetsigiro yavose yakapararira. Somuenzaniso, mushatisi angatsigira boka remberi rinonzi "Citazizen for Cleoc Jots" iro rinogadzira kushambadza miraudzo yomunzvimbomo inoshora miraudzo yemhoteredzo. Studies dzinoitwa nomusayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika [[FLT:] Klensman

Kudyidzana: Simba muna Numeri

Apo masangano akawanda anobatanidza pamwe chete, anogona kuwedzera pesvedzero yawo. Dare reChongedzero reU.S., American Petroleum Institute, uye American Civil Libersions Union zvose zvinopinda mukukurudzira kwakabatana. aya mapoka anoisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa, anoshandira pamwe, uye anopa donzo rakabatana kuvagadziri vemitemo. Zvinobudirira zvikuru apo zvinovhara fariro dzinoratidzika kuva dzinoparadzanisa, somuenzaniso, boka ramapoka orudzidziso navanotsigira zvakavanzika vanoshora kunzvera kusina maruramiro okusawirirana.

Kuwedzera Kutapura Kwacho: Nzira Yokuita Nayo Kubiridzira Mitemo

Pesvedzero yokukurudzira haisati ichingovawo zvayo yenhau; nzvero yokunzvera yakasimbisa miuyo mikuru pamiuyo yemitemo, kugoverwa kwamanyuko, uye kuziva vanhu.

Kuchinja Zviri Mumitemo

Varidzi vemari kazhinji kazhinji vanoita zvakawanda kupfuura kutsigira kana kuti kupesana nechikwereti. Zvikamu zvizhinji zvakaoma zvemitemo, kubvira kukuchinja kwemari kusvikira kumuitiro wezvoutano, zvinobatanidza mutauro wakanyorerwa namapoka amaindasitiri. Pepa ra2019 reAmerican Political Science Review[ yakawana kuti mari inobhadharwa neindasitiri inorema zvikuru inobvira zvikuru kubatanidza gadziriro dzakanaka dzeboka rinokwevera. Somuenzaniso, bhiri reDodd-Frank remari raidzo yemari ine 300 300 anorega kubhadharwa uye maro emotokari nokuda kwamaindasitiri pashure pokupinda zvikuru namakambani einishuwarenzi.

Kupinza Munzvimbo Yezviwanikwa

Kushandisa mari yehurumende kupurogiramu dzinodiwa, mapepa emitero. Dimikira inozivikanwa zvikuru "Iron Triangle" inorondedzera ukama hwechisosha pakati pamatare eCongregational, masangano makuru, uye mapoka ezvifariro anovhara zvokushandisa zvinotanga. Makambani anobatira mari yezvombo zvinodzivirira, somuenzaniso, anochengetera mari yegadziriro dzezvombo izvo Pentagon pachayo angave asina kukumbira. Maererano nemashoko anobva [[FLT: 0] Opensets.org, maindasitiri anopedza mari yakawanda pakukwidziridza anowanzogamuchira mabharakiti ezvokubhajeti rezvo. Imwe fundo yakafungidzira kuti mari iri yose inopetwa pakutsvaka purofiti ye $20.

Kubatsira Vana Kuti Vasatungamirirwe

Kupfuura Congress, kupesvedzera zvikuru muitiro wokuita mitemo mukati memasangano ehurumende. Munsi meAdministrative Procediture Act, masangano anofanira kurangarira tsinhiro dzavose pamberi pokupedzisa mirau. Lobbysis anopa tsinhiro dzine udzame, anosangana navakuru vakuru vemitemo, uye pane dzimwe nguva kukurukura mashoko emitemo iri seri kwamasuo akavharwa. Muuyo unogona kuva "kushandiswazve kwomutemo" uko masangano anoshanda mufariro yeindasitiri inofungidzirwa kudzora. Rusuo rwechipanguro rwekare navashandi vanova vapangi vamaindasitiri vakambotarira `ne `Atexexeterbirbbbroro yapanyuko yeAmerica yeChiteshina cheProncessssss zvino awana kuti anopfuura 50% yemitezo yeyamupidhi vemitendiro kana kuti iveridziro.

Kuzivisa Vanhu

Nhimbe dzokunyepedzera dzinowanzobatanidza nhamburiko dzinoita kuti vanhu vazive nezvenhau dzakati, dzimwe nguva kuti vanhu vabatsirwe. Kukurudzira kweAmerican Cancer Society nokuda kwokudzora fodya kunoitwa nemamiriyoni akadzidza nezvengozi dzokusvuta. Kune rumwe rutivi, nhimbe dzinodzorwa neindasitiri dzinogona kuparadzira mashoko asina kururama (somuenzaniso, kuramba kwakasimba kwemamiriro okunze anochinja sayenzi nemapoka ezvipfuvara zvepeturu. Muchinoitika chipi nechipi, kukwezva kwamashoko kwapamusha kwemashoko kunogona kuumba murangariro wavose, uyo mutevedzero wepesvedzero.

Zvinetso Zvevanhu Uye Misiyano Yokuzvidavirira

Nepo kukwidza kuri maruramiro akadzivirirwa, mativi ayo asina murairo anoparira kuderera kwetsika uko kunosekesa chivimbo muudzori hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuona Zviri Nazvo Uye Kutadza Kuona Zvinhu

Kunyange zvazvo U.S. nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzichida kunyoreswa, kuchengetwa kwakaneta. Mibato mizhinji inopesvedzera haibatiswi: "Mibato inobhadhara nzvimbo dzinodanwa, mabhakitiremu enzanga, kana kuti mapositimendi akawanda haadikani kuziviswa. Somuuyo, vanhu havagoni kuratidzira zviri nyore kuti ifariroi dziri purogiramu yokutyaira. Sunight Foundation yakasimbisa kuti kutengwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza namapoka matema emari kunobhadhara mari, mabhiti enzanga, kana kuti mapositi asingabudisi kubva pawati ya2010 [[FLT:]] Dare rapamusoro-pamhindi renhau.

Kuwana Kwokuchinja

Masangano ane pfuma ane betsero yakajeka. Makambani anogadzira mishonga, somuenzaniso, anopedza mazana amamirioni gore negore pakukurudzira uye ane mugamuchiri mumwe akanyoreswa wemitezo miviri yose yeCongress. Mukupesana, mapoka maduku euswa nenzanga dzakaganhurirwa kazhinji kazhinji anoshaiwa zviwirirano zvokuwana mirau yavanachiremba. Uku kusawirirana kunoreva miuyo yemiuyo inokombamira pakutsigira fariro dzavose. Princeton akawana mukurumbira kuti zvinodikanwa zvevakatanhamara vezvemari namapoka ezviwanduru akarongwa zvinowirirana zvikuru nechinjo yetsikanosarudzwa nemitemo, nepo zvisarudzo zvavagari vemo havatongorina pesvedzero huru.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuchinja

Chinjo dzinokarakadzwa dzinobatanidza kuziviswa kwakakomba kwesonganiro dzinodavidza, kurambidzwa kwezvipo zvinogamuchirwa uye kufamba kuvanogadzira mitemo, kuwedzerwa kwemari nokuda kwavashandi vanotarisira vamasangano, uye nguva yokutonhora vakuru vasati vava vadariki. European Union yashandisa Transparency Register inoraira vatsvaki kuti vanyore ndaza yavo yemutengi uye mari. Zvisinei, kukwidziridza kunosimbiswa zvikuru mutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye chinjo ipi neipi inofanira kudzikamisa maruramiro okukumbira nepesvedzero inowirirana.

Maonero Akaita Zvakaitika Kare: Kuchinja Mumazana Emakore

Muitiro wokupesvedzera usati wasvika United States, asi chimiro chayo chazvino uno chakavambwa mukati meNguva yeGilbed. Railtraurt barsons navezvokugadzirwa kwamaindasitiri vakapfura pachena vamiriri navatongi. Pendreton Act ya1883 yakavamba kuita kuti hurumende ive nounyanzvi, asi kukurudzira kwakaramba kwakapararira kusvikira panguva ya19565 yaMarefl Regatection of Lobbang Act. Muma 1970, fariro yavose yakabuda, namapoka akadai seCommond Cantry ne Sierra Clubroat kuronga kutsiva simba renyika. 1998 Lobthing Dis Rective Act yakatanga chirongwa chazvino uno chokunyoresa, asi zvinoitika zvakazotevera sechinosoko chaAramagedoff. Nhasi, Dare gurusa redare renhau renyika-----nyutsikipote yaMariporome neya-nyika yakare, zvinopfuumbidzwa nenwongedzerwa nechirongwa nechibvumirano chemi.

Vanodzidzisa: Kudzidzisa Pamusoro Pokubira

Vadzidzisi vane basa rinokosha mukugadzirira vadzidzi kuti vashandise gadziriro umo kukwidza kunopesvedzera zvikuru. Chidzidzo chakasanorongwa pakukwidza chinofanira kubatanidza:

  • Kunzwisisa Muitiro Wemitemo:[[FLT: 1] Vadzidzi vanofanira kuziva kuti bhiriti rinova sei mutemo uye uko vaparidzi vanopindira (vanzwi, vhoti dzapauriri, matare emisangano, uye kuronga hurumende.
  • [ Kurudzira vadzidzi kunzvera kuwanwa kwemari nemishumo yenhimbe inoshandisa zvishandiso zvakadai seOpensecrets. Kumbira kuvaenzanisa mari inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri uye manzwi ari kushayikwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Case Study Exploration: Nzvera nhimbe chaidzo dzokupinda, dzakadai sekuvhara kudzora kweFDA kunobudirira muma 1990, kana kuti basa remukombe wemishonga mukudzivisa Medicare kubva pamitengo yemirimo inokurukurwa. Mukusiana nenhamburiko dzinobudirira dzevagari vemo dzokukwevera, kufanana nenhimbe dzekunyuko dzinodzivisa kunyudza.
  • Chinoshandira [[FLT: 1] Dzidzisa vadzidzi kuti ivowo vanogona kukumbira kuti vauye kumunhu wacho (kupfurikidza nokuonana navamiriri vavo, kukumbanira mapoka okutaura, kana kuti kupupurira pakutonga kwavose. Kunzwisisa zvikanganiso zvetsika hakufaniri kutungamirira kukutsoropodza asi kuvimbisana kwokuziva.
  • [ Nharo dzenhau:[[FT: 1] kurukurirano pamusoro pokuti kukumbira kunofanira kuganhurirwazve, kana kuti kana iri ratidzirwo yapamutemo yokutaura kwakasununguka. Ita kuti vadzidzi vataure mifungo yakanaka mukupesana nekuvadziko, vachishandisa mienzaniso yenhau neyomunguva ino.

Kuenzanisa Kwenyika Yose: Kutamba Kworudo Munyika Yose

United States yakasiana mumwero uye kupararira kweindasitiri yayo inopesvedzera, asi mademokrase akawanda ane zvimiro zvawo amene. MuEuropean Union, kukumbira kunowanzonzi "kuratidzira," uye kunyorwa kweEU kunofukidza masangano akanyoreswa anopfuura 12 000. Robbing Act yeCanada inoda mishumo yomwedzi nomwedzi uye ine mumiririri ane masimba okutarisira. Mukupesana, nyika dzakawanda dziri kubudirira hadzina murairo wapamutemo, uye kupesvedzera kushata nouori. Kunzvera kune mwero kunoratidza kuti kujeka nokusawirirana kwemitemo kwakanyanyisa kunogona kuderedza kumwe kushata kwakaipisisa, asi hakuna muitiro wakapedza chose chose chinetso chepesvedzero isingaenzaniswi.

Miitiro Yenguva Yemberi: Kuchinja Kunoita Kushandisa Michina Yemagetsi uye Mitemo

Kukura kwemikoto mikuru nokutapurwa kwemicrood kwabereka chimiro chitsva: kukwezva kwemichina. Mapoka anofarira zvino anoshandisa zvinokwezva zvakaisvonaka zvinozivikanwa kuti azivise vavhoti, kushambadza kunovandika, uye kunyange kushandisa maaremidhi ezvemagariro okufambidzana kuti apedze simba renyengedzo. Mukati me 2020 yeU.S. sarudzo imwe yemichina inopesvedzera, nhimbedzo imwe inopesvedzera kumhanya kupfurikidza nenzwisiso inoita seripo kucherekedzo ku "astraturf" nokuda kwavatengi vazhinji yakagadzirirwa neFederal Ecompuciation Com. Sezvidzo dzinovandudza, dzinobvira dzemitemo kupesvedzera kushatsa kurukurirano yavose dzinoshatsarira mberi. Vagadziri vemiteorwa navadzidzisi vanofanira kurangarira zvinoitika izvi kuti vachengetedze perero yehurumende yehurumende.

Mugumisiro: Pesvedzero Inobvumira Kusarudzwa Noutongi Hupi Nohupi

Kurovha hakuna kunaka kana kuti kwakaipa nenzira yomuzvarirwo; chishandiso chokuvimbisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika icho chinoratidzira masimba enzanga. Pakupesvedzera kwacho kwakanakisisa, kunovimbisa kuti vaiti vemiitiro vanzwe mirangariro yakasiana - siana uye vane ungwaru hwemichina. Kwakaipa zvikuru, kunogonesa fariro dzapfuma kuisa parunako rwavo, kubvisa chivimbo chavose muhurumende. Denho nokuda kwavagari vemo, vadzidzisi, uye vachinji haisi yokubvisa kupesvedzera kwetsika uye kusashanda kwadzorwa nechinhu chakakurumbira zvikuru.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] OpenSER dzehurumende dzinogamuchira mashoko [ nokuda kwokutsvaka chaikoiko ndyiko; Brookings Institutions infestring [ nokuda kwefundo dzemifungo; uye [[FLT]] LYP] LIBBTING Dissofied Act database[ Office yedare reUNICERC.S]