Pesvedzero Inopfuurira Yourudzi Hwemari Panharo Yapachena yeJapan

Zvezvamatongerwe enyika zveJapan zvakaumbwa kare nedzvinyiriro huru: kudikanwa kwokubatanidzwa zvikuru nemisika yenyika yose mukurwisana nemurayiro une simba wezvamatongerwe enyika kudzivirira maindasitiri omumba nokuzivikanwa kwetsika. Urudzi hwemari, hunorondedzerwa segadziriro yemiitiro neunyanzvi zvakarongerwa kutangira indasitiri yorudzi, uchangamire hwemari, uye kuzvimirira, zvinoramba zviri simba guru muiri simba guru. Haisi pfungwa huru muJapan asi panzvimbo pezvo pfungwa yokuti miitiro yeBhazinesi, inozivisa nzira yekurukurirano yezvemasangano ezvokutengeserana, uye inoita kuti izivikanwe zvakasimba nekurukurirano yezvokutengeserana. Kunzwisisa hurukuro yazvino unopoteredza bhizimisi, chengeteko, uye kuzvimirira muJapan, mumwe anofanira kutanga kutevera rondedzero yenhau yezvemhindumupinduko yezvoupfumi yenyika yayo pasi penyika yapanguva ino.

Mavambo Enhau: Kubva Pakuvandudzwazve kweHondo Kuenda Kukugadzirwazve Kwemari

Hurumende yeDringidzo ne "Iron Triangle"

Mavambo ezvourudzi hwemaJapan azvino uno anowanwa mushure meHondo yeNyika II. Ichitarisana nokuputsika kwakakwana kwezvemari, hurumende yeJapan, munhungamiro yeMinistry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), yakavaka "tsika yendangariro yakarongeka zvikuru. Iyi gadziriro yakavakwa pawirirano ine simba yaiwanzonzi "Iron Triangle" ukama hwepedyo, hunotsigirana pakati peLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), mabhureautats, uye masangano makuru esangano (Ketsure). Hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yenhambo ino yetsika ino yainzi "Iron Triangriangly": Ukama hwedarongenyuko yemarisoko yezvokupukunyuka noruda.

Mitengo yakagadzirwa zvakajeka kuganhurira kuiswa kwemari kwakananga kwokunze, kudzivirira maindasitiri avacheche, uye mikoto mumakamu akagadzirwa sesimbi, kuvaka ngarava, uye motokari. Ichochi chakanga chisati chiri chirongwawo hacho chemari; chakanga chiri chirongwa chenyika kusimbisa kuzvimirira kweJapan ndokuvakazve rudzi rwakanyadziswa nokukundwa. Hurumende yakadzivirira musika wokunze pamakwikwi okunze ichitsvaka nokuwedzera kwokunze.

Hondo Dzokutengeserana Nekurwisana Kwourudzi

Pakasvika 1970 na 1980, muitiro wenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu weJapan wakanga wabudisa miuyo inokatyamadza, uchishandura nyika kuva imba yamagetsi inotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Iyi budiriro, zvisinei, yakaparira rwisano huru navatsigiri vokutengesa, zvikurukuru United States. Hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika muJapan yakachinja sezvo rudzi rwacho rwakatarisana nedzvinyiriro yamarudzi ose yokuzarura misika yarwo nokuderedza zvitsama zvarwo zvikuru zvokutengesa. Plaza Sced ya 1985 na "zvinotemwa zvokutumira zvinhu kunze kwepasi zvinotendwa" pamotokari nemagetsi zvakarongwa navagari veJapan sezviito zvokumanikidza vokumwe nyika zvakagadzirirwa kuranga Japan nokuda kwebudiriro dzarwo.

Nhambo iyi inokosha kunzwisisa hurukuro yazvino uno. Kukwikwidzana kwezvokutengeserana kwakanga kusati kuri kungova bedzi kukurukurirana kwounyanzvi; kwakava nhauro yenyika. Vanyori vezvamatongerwe enyika navanobudisa nhau vaiwanzotaura kuti tsika dzebhizimisi dzakasiana nedzamabhizimisi dzeJapan nokuzvipira kukuva vakanaka zvakanga zvichidenhwa. Uku kudzivirira urudzi kwakasimbisa tsigiro yavose nokuda kwemitemo yokudzivirira, zvikurukuru mukurima nemari, iyo yakapfuurira zvakanaka kupinda muma 1990.

Mamhanzi Makuru Ebasa Rezvemari

Urudzi hwezvemari muJapan hahusati huri muitiro mumwe asi gadziriro yakavakirwa pambiru dzinoverengeka dzakasimba dzinopfuurira kuumba gakava ravose.

Kudzivirira Mari

Nhau shomanene dzinoratidzira simba rourudzi sorwurimi. Japan Agricultural Cooperatives (Ja Group) inoshanda seboka guru rezvamatongerwe enyika nemano okuunganidza vavhoti vokumaruwa. Pasinei zvapo nokuva nemimwe yemitengo yakakwirira zvikurusa yezvokudya muOECD, Japan inochengeta mirau yakakwirira zvikurusa pazvinhu zvikuru zvakadai semupunga, ichiita kuti kupinza nokumwe kusingadzivisiki. Hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika paiyi nhau ino inodzivisa nguva dzose kukumbira chengeteko yezvokudya, nhaka yetsika, uye dziviriro yenzanga dzomumaruwa. Nhamburiko dzokupa mari mari pasi peTrans TransPPity (TP) dzinosangana nekurukurirano dzinotyisa nyika, dzichimanikidzira hurumende kudzivirira zvigadzirwa zvemotokari zvinonzwika. Iyi nzira iyo nyanzvi yezvokugadzira mari inodzivirira nokudzivirira nokubetsera kubetsera kwezvipfuramisi migaro yezve yezve yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Utongi Hwehurumende Negadziriro yeKeiretsu

Gadziriro yegamuchidzanwa Keiretsu, nenzvimbo dzayo dzakaoma kunzwisisa dzemichinjikwa nenzvimbo refu dzemibatanidzwa, pakuvamba yakanga iri chishandiso chenyika chakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kutora nokudzikamisa gadziriro yesangano. Kwemakumi amakore, kudzivisa kwevokumwe M&A kwakaiswa sekudzivirira tsika dzevatungamiriri veJapan. Nepo "Makore Ane Chiuru" egore egore a1990 akamanikidzira kubvisa nokuzarura suo kumari yokumwe kushambadza, hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika ichiri inoparira nyumwiro yakasimba yezvo yokutsigira mari uye mitoo yokutonga yokuMadokesanze. Gakava rinodzorwa pamusoro pemitezo yokuchinja yakakurumbira inowanzo "kushanda zvakanaka," neyamarudzi anodzivirira nzira yayo yebhizimisi.

Kushandiswa Kwesimba uye Urudzi Hunogutsa

Kushaikwa kukuru kwezviwanikwa zvomuJapan kunoparira rudzi rwakasiyana rwemari yakaitirwa pakuchengeteka kwesimba remagetsi. Njodzi yeFukushima muna 2011 yakamanikidza kuparadzwa kwesimba renyukireya, kuwedzera kukuru kutsamira pazvinocherwa muvhu. Izvi zvakatungamirira kukuwedzera kwemashoko okuda kuzvimirira kwesimba renyika. Hurukuro yakapinza mari yehurumende huru muruzivo rwezvinhu zvemanyuzinesi sehydrogen, ammonia cofie, uye magwenya enyukireya anotevedzerwa. Japan mutungamiriri wenyika yose mushandisi, gakava rayo yezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pesimba rinodzorwa nefunganyo yenyika pamusoro pokusadzoreka yemigoveri yedzimwe nyika, zvikurukuru kubva kunzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzepakati peMiddle East neChina, inoumba muitiro uyo unodzora mudzimba dzepamba, uye kudhurenyuko.

Kubatsira Kunoita Hurukuro Yematongerwe Enyika Mumusha

Pesvedzero yourudzi hwemari inotambanukira zvikuru muchimiro chebato rezvamatongerwe enyika remhuri uye murangariro wavose.

Chidzokere ku "Urudzi rweNeo" pasi peAbe

Shinzo Abe’s tenure sePrimeters (202.2020) yakaratidzira mhindumupindu inokosha muurudzi hwemari. "Abenomics" yake yakanga isati iri bedzi gadziriro yemari inokwana mitatu; yakanga iri basa rezvamatongerwe enyika kudzorera zvakajeka rudado rwenyika nechivimbo. Mashoko aAbe "Japan yadzoka" neyakaneta yavose yamakumi amakore okusashanda. Hurumende yake yakaronda muitiro wezvemaindasitiri unodzivisa zvikuru, kubatanidza kupfavisa nokugadziridza kwemari kwamasimba masimba, asi nguva dzose mumugariro wefariro yenyika.

Abe yakabatanidza nenzira inobudirira urudzi hwezvemari nechengeteko yenyika, ichitaura kuti upfumi hwakasimba hwakanga huri chinodikanwa nokuda kwechengeteko yeJapan mukutarisana neChina iri kukwira. Iyi “Japan Yokutanga” gadziriro yemari yakabatanidza kukwidziridza nokuda kwemitengo iri nani (seEU-Japan Economic Pareneial Adment Adment) achichengeta dziviriro panguva imwe cheteyo nokuda kwamakambani anotapurika sekurima nebasa. Kutarisira kwake kwakanga kuriwo mitemo yakadzika mitemeswa pakutora nzvimbo dzepfuma dzokunze dzinonetsa, muitiro unonangidzira bhizimisi rakananga bhizimisi reChina uye wakarongedzwa mumutauro wedziviriro yemari.

Kuchengeteka Kwemari Semutemo Mukuru

Mutungamiriri wePrime wePrime yazvino, Fumio Kisida, akabatanidza iyi batira pamwe ne "New Capitalism" yake, iyo inoisa "chengeteko yemari" (] Keizai azen hosho [)) paikuru. Uku ndiko kubatana kwazvino uno kwezvemari yeJapan. Inobatanidza mari yehurumende nokuda kwokugadzirwa kwepfuma yeimba, inosimbisa maketani ezvicherwa zvesimbiso zvinonetsa zvemari, uye zvinoshandiswa kutengesa zvinhu zvemishonga, uye kudzora kwakakomba kunzeve. Hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakabva mudziviriro yakachena kuchinhu chakachena, urudzi. Vazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika zvino vanokurukura pachena kuti vaparadze sei kushamba kuChina pasina kukuvadza mari, vachishandisa mutauro we "dherisitiki panzvimbo ye" asi pasi pekudzivirira kusimba rorudzi.

Nyika Yose Yebatano Nekupararira Kwematongerwe Enyika

Kukurukurirana Nezvekutengeserana NeTPP

Kutora rutivi kweJapan mumitemo yenyika yose. Rumwe rutivi rwenyika, runoti kwakanga kuri kutengeswa kwavarimi veJapan uye kuzviisa pasi pezvinodikanwa zvavo zveAmerica. Rumwe rutivi rwakataura kuti kukumbanira kwakanga kuri madikanwa kurwisa pesvedzero yemari yeChina ndokuchengeta kushanda kweJapan mumitemo yenyika yose. Rumwe rutivi, rwavarwi, rwairangarira kuva kutengeswa kwevarimi veJapan nokuzviisa pasi pezvinodikanwa zveAmerica. Gakava rakamanikidzira kurukurirano yorudzi pamusoro pekudzivirira Japan kwaigona kugona kugona kubhadhara. Pakupedzisira, chibvumikiso chakakodzera chokubatanidzwa mumitengo inotambira, asi kudzivirira nzvimbo yenyika pamupunga nemimwe michero inoyera. Ikoku kunoenzanisira kuti urudzi hahusi hwemari inodzo inodzokoro inodzokoronga yadzorwa nguva dzose.

Zvidzoro Zvokutengesa Nokurwisana Kwezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Muenzaniso wakakomba zvikurusa wezera razvino uno wourudzi hwemari iri mumabasa ihurumende yokudzora yeJapan inosimudzwa. Muna 2019, Japan yakabatisisa udzori pazvinhu zvemagetsi zvinoendeswa kuSouth Korea, ichidudza itiro hanya dzorudzi. Ikoku kwakaonwa zvikuru somutsigiri wezvamatongerwe enyika nowenyika zvakabatanidzwa nerwisano dzenhau. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Japan yakabatana neUnited States neNetherlands mukuganhurira kusiiwa kwemichina yezvemagetsi yazvinobudirira zvikuru kuChina.

Iyi chinja mitoo yemhindumupindu huru mumuitiro wokumwe weJapan wapashure pehondo. Kunobvisa Japan kubva pakuona kwezvemari bedzi kuenda ku "geo-mari" uko kutengeserana kunoshandiswa sechombo. Hurukuro yemumba iri pakati peidzi dzoro ndeyourudzi zvikuru, inosimbisa kudikanwa kwokudzivirira ruzivo rwamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu nedziviriro pamauto echiChina. Chisarudzo cha 2023 chokuganhurira kutengeswa kwemarudzi 23 echishandiso chemari yakarongwa sechiito chinodikanwa chechengeteko yorudzi, kuchiratidzira kuti Japan inodisa kubayira kukwanisa kupinda kwemiteshi nokuda kwechinjo yakakoshamira.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Kumuenzaniso Wokutsigira Rudzi

Pasinei zvapo nemavambo arwo akadzika, rudzi rweJapan rwourudzi hwezvemari runotarisana nepokanidzano dzakakomba nedenho dzinodzora hurukuro yarwo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Urudzi Hwevashandi

Japan iri kutarisana nenjodzi yakakomba yechiverengero chavagari vemo nechiverengero chavagari vemo chinoderera nokukurumidza uye kukwegura. Ikoku kunoparira kupesana kwakananga nechido chevorudzi nokuda kwemibatanidzwa yedzinza nemirairo inoganhurira yokubuda. Hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika inokakavadzana zvikuru. Kune rumwe rutivi, mapoka ezvemabhizimisi navamwe vanopikisa kuti Japan inofanira kuzarurira vashandi vokumwe kuti vararame, kunonongedzera kuvashandi vokumwe vanenge 1.8 miriyoni vanobva kunze kwenyika vatovapo. Kune rumwe rutivi, manzwi orudzi anoraira kudzorwa kworumano, achiramba kuti kutama kunokuvadza nzanga yenzanga nezivikanwo yetsika. Chirongwa chehurumende "Vashandi vanokudzwa" chinomisa mwero wokuedza kuunza basa pasina kuidzwa kudana kuti "ikumikigration" mutauro wakagadzirirwa kurudzi rwenyika yenyika yose. Iyi ichawedzera bedzi, kupesana nokukamuranisa kupfurikidza nechiito chikuru munyika yose.

Kuzvivandudza vs. Dziviriro

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kudzivirira kwakanyanyisa kwakavharidzira maindasitiri eUS neChina. Mitemo imene yakadzivirira upfumi hweJapan muma1950 na 1960 ingava iri kuhuparadza muzera remitemo. Japan yakabudisa michina mishomanene yenyika kunze kwamazita mashoma agara akakurumbira, uye makwikwi okushanda kwayo kwamadhipati etsika anopesana namabasa okugadzira zvinhu eUnited States neChina. Hurusano yezvamatongerwe enyika inokamuraniswa pakati peavo vanoda kumanikidza zvakasimba "uchangamire hwechibvumirano" uye kuisa mari muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwapamusha naavo vanotaura kuti Japan inoda kuva yakazaruka zvikuru kumirirwa nokugadzirwa kwetsika kwevhunduko. Rubudiriro rwamakuru rweJapan zvino runoyerwa mukundika kuparira kushatsatsatsatsa shambadza, uye urudzi kazhinji kazhinji kugovera vhari nokuda kwokudzivirira mumabhizimisi okushambadza.

Kudzikamisa Kukwikwidzana Kwedu

Chimiro chenzvimbo cheJapan chinoiisa pakati perwisano yeUnited-China. Urudzi hwemari hunogovera muedzo une ngozi: kubvisa chose chose muChina. Zvisinei, China inoramba iri shamwari hurusa yeJapan yezvokutengeserana. Kubvisa kwapachokwadi kwerudzi kwaizova nengwavaira mune zvemari. Hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika inovapo chiito chakaoma. Hurumende inotsigira "chengeteko yemari" uye "kuzvidzora kwemari" (mhasi, "China Shon" nzira, umo makambani anobvisa kuChina kumamwe marudzi eAsia), asi anodzivisa kubvisa hwerengedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukakavadzano pakati peJapan i "pro - US" pakati pevanhu vanoona China setyisidziro uye vanoda kuwirirana naMadokero, uye vagari vemo vomunyika avo vanotendera zvikuru kutsigira upfumi.

Kuvhiringidzika Kweramangwana

Urudzi hwezvemari muJapan huri kubva mutyisidziro yezvoupfumi, kudzivirira kuva dzidziso inonyandura, ine chokuita nechengeteko yemari. Icho sezvingabvira chicharamba chiri simba guru muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yenyika nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Chokutanga, chinogovera nhauro ine simba nokuda kwevezvematongerwe enyika vanotsvaka kufadza vanhu pamusoro pekuderera kwemari netyisidziro dzemagariro enyika. Chechipiri, inowirirana nefariro dzesimba rezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvebureaucracy nezvokurimarimi.

Zvisinei, kubudirira kwouhu urudzi hutsva kuchatsamira pakuti Japan inogona kupedza zvinetso zvayo zvikuru. Inofanira kuwana nzira yokugamuchira nayo kutama pasina kukanganisa chibvumirano chayo chomunzanga, kusimudzira kuvandudziko pasina kutendeukira kudziviriro, uye kuchengetedza migove yayo yeketani pasina kunyandura hondo yezvokutengeserana. Hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika haisati iri kudzokera shure kumienzaniso yadzo yakaparadzana, yakakwirira yema 1970, asi kupfuurira ku "urudzi hwakasimba" inoshandisa simba rehurumende kudzora kudyidzana kwenyika yose panzvimbo pokuimisa.

mhedziso

Urudzi hwezvemari harusi rutivi runopfuura mumatongerwe enyika eJapan; ibasa renguva dzose uye rine simba. Inoumba nzira iyo nyika inotaurirana nayo kutengeserana, mari inoiswa muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, inodzora miganhu yayo, uye inorangarira basa rayo munyika. Kuvambira panzvimbo yapashure pehondo kusvikira kunhambo yazvino inoparira kuchengeteka kwezvemari, unyanzvi hwokudzivirira fariro dzeJapan, tsika, uye uchangamire zvakaramba zvichichinja kuti zvinane zvinetso zvitsva. Nepo kudyidzana kwenyika yepasi pose nokudikanwa kwokubatira pamwe zvichiramba zviri madikanwa, hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika muJapan ichadokupfuurira kurondedzerwa nokuoma kukuru kwezvinodikanwa pakati penyika uye simba guru rokudzivirira kuzivikanwa nenyika nepfuma. Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kurangarira kurangarira kuchenjera muJapan uye kuwirirana kwayo.