Kuumbwa Kwoutongi Hwedzidzo muUnited States

Dzidzo inodzora muUnited States igadziriro ine miganhu umo hurumende dzehurumende dzinoshandisa chiremera chakakura. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ichigovera mari nenhungamiro dzakafara kupfurikidza nemitemo yakadai seAll Students Foundations Act (ESSA), inochengeta mutoro mukuru wokugadzira nokushandisa muitiro wedzidzo. Nhume dzesimba dzinoratidzira Pendure yeTenth Amendment, iyo inochengetera kuhurumende masimba api naapi asingapiwi zvakananga kuhurumende. Chivako chehurumende chetemutemu yehurumende chinobatanidza chaizvoizvo boka redzidzo rehurumende, sangano redzidzo rehurumende (inowanzotungamirirwa nomutarisiri wedzidzo), uye maruwa echikoro chomunzvimbomo anotarisira pasi pevhu.

Nyika imwe neimwe inogadza gadziriro yayo imene yebumbiro remitemo nemitemo nokuda kwedzidzo, kuchitungamirira kukusiana kukuru mumiitiro munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, migariro yakafanana neTexas neCalifornia ine migadziro yapakati zvikuru umo hurumende inoraira marapirwe ezvirongwa uye mari, nepo mamwe akadai seColorado neIllinois achipa rusununguko rukuru kumaruwa omunzvimbomo. Kunzwisisa iyi dzidzo yehurumende inokosha mukunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinoumba sei zvakananga zvinoitika zvekirasi, mudzidzisi zvinobudirira, uye miuyo yavadzidzi.

Vatambi Vanokosha Mumutemo Wedzidzo yeHurumende

  • State Boards of Education: inogadza kana kuti kusarudzwa mitumbi inogadza mipimo yedzidzo yapasi yose, inobvumira mabhuku okunyorera, uye inotarisira zvinodikanwa zvomudzidzisi.
  • State Suintenstems/Comissiers of Education: vakuru vakuru vamasangano edzidzo enyika, vane mutoro wokushandisa mitemo yeboka remiitiro yedzidzo nokutarisira purogiramu dzedzidzo yenzvimbo yehurumende.
  • Governors neState Legislatures: bhajeti yedzidzo ndokuisa mitemo inoraira mwero yemari, gadziriro dzechisarudzo chechikoro, uye zviito zvokuzvidavirira.
  • Maruwa eChikoro eAnore: Akaratidzwa kana kuti mabhodhi ezvikoro akagadzwa anochinjira miitiro yehurumende kumamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbomo, anotarisira zvikoro, uye anoisa pfuma mukati mesimba razvo.

Iyi gadziriro ine zvakawanda inovimbisa kuti nepo nyika dzichigadza nhungamiro yose zvayo, nzanga dzomunzvimbomo dzinova nechinjika kuti dzipedze zvinodikanwa zvakasiyana. Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa pakati peiyi mwero kunogona kuparira kusawirirana, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokutsigira kudzora nokudzora nhevedzano yezvidzidzo.

Dzidzo Yokutsigira Kutsigira Mari: Chirwere Chine Simba Chehurumende

Hurumende ndidzo dzinotanga kupa mari yedzidzo yavose K --12 muUnited States, ichipa paavhareji inenge 47% yemari yose, nemitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo inogovera inenge 45% nemari yehurumende inofukidza 8% yasara (chisaririra: National Center for Education Statistics). Iyi fashoni yemari inopa mari inobvisa zvikuru zvikamu. Maruwa ane zvinhu zvakakwirira anogona kukwidziridza mari yakawanda yomunzvimbomo, nepo maruwa ane urombo anotsamira zvikuru payamuko. Hurumende dzinoedza kudzikamisa aya mabhiridhi okusai akaenzana kupfurikidza nemirimo, asi miuyo inosiana zvikuru.

Nyika Inowanzotsigira Michina

  • [[[FT:0]Fousation Formulas: United States inovimbisa mwero wemari yakaderera padziro yemari, nehurumende ichifukidza musiyano pakati pouriri ihwohwo neihwo maruwa omunzvimbomo anogona kukwira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Vadzidzi Vakasimba Mupiro:[[FLT: 1] vanotora mari yokuwedzera nokuda kwavadzidzi vane zvinodikanwa chaizvo, zvakadai seiyo inobva mumhuri dzinowanwa shoma, vadzidzi vomutauro wechiNgezi, kana kuti vadzidzi vane urema.
  • Giroro dzinodzorwa: mari yakapikirwa nokuda kwamapurogiramu akadai sedzidzo yapakuvamba youhwana, dzidzo chaiyo, kana kuti rovedzo yebasa.

California’s iLocal Control Funding Formula (LCF]) , inoshandiswa muna 2013-14, muenzaniso wakatanhamara wemari yavadzidzi inorema. Inogovera mari yakavakirwa pavadzidzi vose pamwe chete nemipiro yokuwedzera nokuda kwavagari vemo vanoshaiwa zvikuru. Kunzvera kubva kuShona yeDzipiti yeProvience , kunoratidza kuti LCFF yakatungamirira kukuwedzera mari mumitengo yakakwirira yepasi pevhuro uye migumisiro yavana vara, zvikurukuru mumwero yemari inopedza kudzidza ([[FLT:]]]). Musiano.

Zvinetso Zvetsika uye Kushandiswa Kwemari Yechikoro

Kusawirirana mumari yechikoro kwakanyandura kukwirirana kwakawanda. Mumaruwa akawanda, matare akatonga kuti gadziriro dzemari dziripo dzinoputsa zvibvumikiso zvebumbiro remitemo zvedzidzo yakakwana kana kuti inosakafanira. Somuenzaniso, nhau yechiratidzo Abbott v. Burke[ muNew Jersey] yakatungamirira kunhevedzano yemitemo inoda kuti nyika itsigire maruwa eguta pamwero yemaruwa enzvimbo dzakapfuma. Nenzira yakafanana, 2019 Mcvis v. Washington yakagombedzera chibvumirano chokutsigira zvizere dzidzo. Izvi zvinoratidzira zviitiko zvehurumende yokumanikidza basa remari kuti itsigine mumite yemari yemari.

Mipimo Yegadziriro: Kudzora Hurumende Pamusoro Peizvo Vadzidzi Vanodzidza

Hurumende dzine chiremera chokugadza mipimo yedzidzo inorondedzera zvinofanira kuzivikanwa navadzidzi uye kuva vanokwanisa kuita pagiredhi rimwe nerimwe. Iyi mipimo inopesvedzera kusarudzwa kwebhuku, murayiridzo wekirasi, uye mirangariro yenyika yose. Kugamuchirwa kweCommon Core State Displations mukuvamba kwama 2010 kwakaratidzira nhambo inokosha yokushandira pamwe kwezvizvarwa, asi kudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakatungamirira nyika dzakawanda kukuita kuti dziigadziridze kana kuti kudzitsiva neshanduro dzadzo dzimene. Nhasi, nyika shomanene bedzi dzichiri kushandisa mapepa chaiwoiwo eCore; dzakawanda dzakagamuchira mipimo yetsika inoratidzirwa nezvinokosha zvomunharaunda.

Kusiyana Muzvatinogutsikana Nemararamiro

Zvinhu zvinoda mari munyika zvinosiyana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Massachusetts neVirginia vakazivikanwa kwenguva refu nokuda kwemipimo yemasvomhu nemitauro yechiNgezi, nepo dzimwe nyika dzakasarudza zvinhu zvakati kuti zvakati, zvakadai sokusimbisa kwaTexas nhau yenyika nehurumende. Mipimo yesayenzi yazova nzvimbo inorwisana, nehurumende dzakadai seCalifornia neNew York dzichibatanidza Hurumende yeSecretary Science Service (NGS) nedzimwe dzakafanana neAlabama neOklahoma dzinobatanidza dzidziso yemimwe mifungo pamhindumupinduko nemhene yenzvimbo.

Kudzora Hurumende pamusoro pezvidzidzo kunotambanukirawo kutendero. muTexas, State Board of Education restuation yakapesvedzera nyika nemhaka yemisika mikuru yehurumende. Ikoku kwakanyandura gakava pamusoro pefungidziro muzvinhu zvokurairidza. Nenzira yakafanana, mutemo 2022 weFlorida unoganhurira murairidzo wekirasi pamusoro pechimiro chevatano nezivikano yevatano ( “Don’t Say Gay”) inoenzanisira kuti nyika dzinogona sei kuumba zvakananga magariro enzanga edzidzo.

Kubvunzurudzwa uye Kuzvidavirira

Maererano nemipimo, magadzirirwo kana kuti kusarudzwa kwenzvero dzakarongwa kuti dziyere fambiro mberi yavadzidzi. Uku kunzvera, kunodikanwa pasi pomutemo wehurumende nokuda kwamagiredhi 3-8 uye wakambova muchikoro chapamusoro, kunobatira sezvokuzvidavirira kuti kuyera zvikoro nokuziva nzvimbo dzinoda kuvandudzika. Zvisinei, kuyera kwakakwirira kwemiedzo iyi kwakawana tsoropodzo. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neNew Hampshire, dzakapayona kurukurirano dzakavakirwa pamibato inotsamira pamibato inoita panzvimbo yemiedzo mizhinji. Vamwe vakasarudza kuderedza nhamba yemiedzo kana kuti kubvumira maruwa kusarudza kumwe kunzvera. Kuzvidavirira nokuchinjika kunoramba kudzorwa.

Mudzidzisi Akanaka: Kunyorazve, Kuongorora, uye Kutsigira

Hurumende dzakaisa bhawa rokupinda mubasa rokudzidzisa kupfurikidza nezvinodikanwa zvegwedhi. Izvi zvinowanzobatanidza dhigirii rescript, kupedzwa kwepurogiramu yokugadzirira mudzidzisi inotenderwa, uye kupfuudza zvakawanda pabvunzo dzendamupiyuta. Dzimwe nyika dzinodawo zvirongwa zvevadzidzisi vemirayiridzo yehanzvadzi. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kuperevedza kwevadzidzisi kwakasunda nyika dzakawanda kuva dzinoderedza miganhu, zvakadai sokugadzira dzimwe nzira dzemabhii ebasa dzinobvumira vachinji kupinda mumakirasi nokukurumidza zvikuru.

Mashandiro Egadziriro Dzokunzvera Nokuzvidzora

Makurukota anoyera basa romudzidzisi anosiyanawo zvikuru. Kusunda nokuda kwe “vane ukoshi hwawedzerwa” mifanikiso yavadzidzi kuisa mashoko okuedza kutongwa kubudirira kwemasvomhu avanhu kuMitemo asi kubvira ipapo akanatswa mukupindura kuti adzorere kuvadzidzisi. Masangano akawanda zvino anoshandisa muvhenganiswa wecherechedzo dzekirasi, mibatanidzwa yevadzidzi, uye mitoro yenyanzvi. Somuenzaniso, Tennessee’s sy system inobatanidza mipimo mizhinji uye yave yakadudzwa semuenzaniso wokuyera kwakafara. Kune imwe muganhu, kufanana neCalifornia ine mitemo ine simba guru rokubatanidza gumi inodzivisa kushandiswa kwavadzidzi muzvisarudzo zvevashandi.

Kufambira Mberi Nokuchengeta

Mitezo inoisawo mari mukubudirira kwenyanzvi kuti ibetsere vadzidzisi kuvandudza. Program seFriging Sfucial Service Program yeNorth Carolina’s Survice Inogovera chirevo chakarongwa nokuda kwavadzidzisi venguva yokutanga, nepo nyika kufanana neColorado dzichipa mari yeNational Board Crective. Zvisinei, kuyeuka kunoramba kuri denho. Mukuwirirana neReariging Policy Institute, inenge 8% yavadzidzisi vanorega basa gore negore, nemutevedzero wakakwirira muzvikoro zvinowanwa zvakaderera. Mitemo yehurumende inopa mibayiro yamakwikwikwi, inoderedza mitoro yehurumende, uye kunatsiridza migariro inoshanda inonetsa kubvisa kubereka uku kubuda.

Mugumisiro Wevadzidzi: Uchapupu Hwokuchinja Kwemitemo yeHurumende

Nzvero yenguva dzose inoratidza kuti miitiro yehurumende inopesvedzera kubudirira kwavadzidzi, kunyange zvazvo tapuro dzacho dzichirevererwa kupfurikidza nokushanda kwakatendeka uye mashoko omunzvimbomo. Nzvero ya2019 neNational Bureau of Economic Research yakawana kuti negadziridzo dzemari dzechikoro dzakawanda dzinoenzana nemwero yokupedza kufunda yavadzidzi vanoshaiwa ( pepanhau rinoshanda)). Nhamba dzinotaura kuti, kuchekererwa kwemari mukati mekuderera kwemari kunowana miuyo yakakomba yokubudirira yapanguva refu pavadzidzi.

Dzidzo Yapakuvamba Youduku uye Kubudirira Pachikoro Chapamusoro

Kuisa mari yehurumende mupurogiramu dzapamberi peK ndichimwe chezvisarudzo zvine simba zvikurusa zvechiitwa chapashure. Mitengo yakadai seOklahoma neNew Jersey ine nhano dzapamberi pezvisaitiko zvenguva yaK dzakaratidza dzorero dzakasimba mukurava napamasvomhu. Pamwero wechipiri, inotaura kuti inogovera zvose zviri zviviri basa rakaoma uye kutsigira kupindira kwakadai se “Bast Foot Modern" Purogiramu yokudzidzisa kana kuti kufunda kwapariji kwavana vaviri kweGeorgia mari inotsigirwa navadzidzi vakawanda vakapedza kugadzirira koreji kana kuti mabasa.

Kugadzirisa Kukamuraniswa Kwemadhigirii

SAYA reCHOVAD-19 rakasimbisa basa rehurumende mukubatanidza chikamu chemipimo. Masangano ayo akanga atoisa mugadziriro dzakafara, zvakadai seiyo iri mu Commission yokufambisa yeUnited States[ kuronda purogiramu yokurongera, akanga aiswa zviri nani kutsigira kudzidza kure. Arizona naMichigan vakashandisa mari yokuyamura yehurumende kuparadzira madhigirii nepoti aipisa, inoratidza kuti utungamiriri hwehurumende hunogona sei kuita kuti ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nehurumende ruwande. Kufambira mberi, mitemo yehurumende ichava inokosha mukuvimbisa kuti ive nhepfekeriso ye 21-80.

Migariro Yehurumende Itsva Nemiuyo Yayo

Zvirongwa izvi zvinowanzobva mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika kana kuti evagari vemo akasiyana, asi zvinopa zvidzidzo zvinogona kugadziridzwa.

Chinjo Yechikoro CheFlorida

Florida ine imwe yepurogiramu dzezvikoro zvikuru munyika, kubatanidza zvikoro zveredhi, vatsigiri vemitero, uye mari dzemitero. Kukura kwe 2019 kweHurumende yeMasimba Emari remhuri kwakaita kuti mari iwanike nokuda kwedzidzo yechikoro chehurumende, kudzidzisa, uye chokufambisa kuvadzidzi vanobva kumhuri dzakaderera nedzapakati. Kunzvera kwakaitwa neUrban Institute kunokarakadza kuti mapurogiramu okusarudza akasimudzira kuvandudza kwakadzikama mukushanda kwechikoro chenyika, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropote vachipikisa kuti inowana mari kubva kugadziriro yavose.

Dzidzo Yapakuvamba neNharo muMassachusetts

Massachusetts yakashandisa zvikuru dzidzo yepakuvamba, ichiumba Department of Early Education and Care muna 2005. Hurumende yacho inopa nhanho yakasununguka yekireshi munzanga dzinoda kubatsirwa zvikuru uye yawedzera nzira yokushandisa nayo vanhu vaisanganisira vaigovera vanhu vose nevoga.

Muenzaniso Wezvikoro Zvenzanga zveCalifornia

California yakagamuchira nzira yezvikoro zvenzanga, umo vakwanyina vezvikoro zvavose vane kiriniki dzoutano, mabasa enzanga, uye pashure pezvikoro zvokutaura mhinganidzo dzisiri dzedzidzo. Hurumende yakagovera inopfuura mabhiriyoni $3 (Z $3,50) kuti ifutunure uyu mufananidzo, zvikurukuru mumaruwa ane chiverengero chikuru chourombo. Mishumo yokutanga inobva ku Calinia Department of Education[ inoratidzira kuvandudzika mukuvapo, kuvimbisana kwemhuri, uye kusanogarisa vadzidzi.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichipindwa Nevagadziri Vedzidzo Vehurumende

Pasinei nokukwanisa kwadzinoita kuvandudza zvinhu, hurumende dzinotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakaoma zvinogona kukanganisa kuedza kugadzirisa zvinhu.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika Nokuchinja Kwemitemo

Gadziriro yedzidzo yazova inopesana nenzira inowedzera, nehondo pamusoro perondedzero yedzinza inotsoropodza, LGBTQ+ maruramiro, uye mirairo yenhenda inofukidza nhau dzakareba semari inotsigirwa. Muhurumende dzakakamuraniswa, chinjo huru kazhinji kazhinji hadzibviri, kuchitungamirira kukuchinja kusingagadzirisiki kwezvinetso zvegadziriro yetsika. Somuenzaniso, gakava pamusoro pemirairo yokuvhara kumeso muna 2021 rakatsauswa panhamburiko dzokuwanazve purofiti kubva mukurasikirwa nokudzidza.

Kuoma Kweupenyu Nemamiriro Emari

Mitengo inofanira kurwisana nendyiko dzinokwira, zvikurukuru nokuda kwedzidzo chaiyo nebetsero dzepamberi pebasa. Munguva ino, zviverengero zvavadzidzi zviri kuva zvakasiana zvikuru, zvichida miitiro inogamuchira yetsika nomuraidzo wemitauro yakawanda. Mitengo yakadai seWyoming neVermont inotarisana nokuderera kwokunyoresa kuderera, marwadzo ari kupira mari pamari apo ndyiko dzakagadzwa dzinoramba dziripo. Kudzikamisa idzi dzvinyiriro nepo dzichichengeta mutoro unoedzwa simba ramasangano edzidzo ehurumende.

Kunaka Kwenguva Yemberi: Zvinhu Zvokutanga Kuitwa neHurumende

Dzichitarira mberi, hurumende dzehurumende dzichafanira kushandisa nhau dzinokosha dzinoverengeka kuti dzirambe dziri vatariri vanobudirira vedzidzo yavose.

Kusimudzira Kudzidza Nepfungwa Dzenzanga Netsigiro Youtano Hwendangariro

Kuparadza kweutano hwendangariro hwavadzidzi kwakaita kuti kudzidza kwemagariro avadzidzi kuve chinhu chokutanga. Mitemo yakadai seIllinois neGeorgia yakagamuchira mipimo yeSELE ndokugovera rovedzo nokuda kwavadzidzisi. Kubatanidza iyi mikwikwidzo mudzidzo pamwe chete nenhau dzegamuchidzanwa kuchada kuchengetwa kwemari nokukura kweunyanzvi.

Kugadzirira Basa Rinoita Kuti Ushande Zvakanaka

Chinjo yoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu yapakarepo inoda kuti zvikoro zvishongedze vadzidzi nounyanzvi hwemabasa angangova asati avapo. Nyika dziri kuedza nzira dzebasa nedzidzo yezvounyanzvi (CTE), kushandira pamwe nekoreji dzenzanga, uye kunyora mashoko. Somuenzaniso, Kosi yeWashington Carebrary Contation Program inobatanidza kosi yechikoro chapamusoro nezvinoda maindasitiri muruzivo rwemichina, tarisiro youtano, uye kugadzirwa kwezvokugadzirwa kwemichina. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvinoda kuti pave netsinhirano iripo pakati pamasangano edzidzo namabasa okubudirira ezvemari.

Kusimbisa Mashoko uye Kushandisa Uchapupu

Mitezo yakavandudza mano ayo okuronda kushanda kwavadzidzi kupfurikidza namasangano amashoko akareba, asi vazhinji vachiri kutamburira kushandisa mashoko iwayo nenzira inobudirira. Kunzvera mumibatanidzwa inobatanidza mari, kunaka kwomudzidzisi, uye miuyo kuchagonesa vaiti vemitemo kugonesa kuvhotera zviwiro umo vane simba gurusa. Statelive Longitudial Data Systems Grant Program[ kubva kuU.S Department of Education inogovera mari yezvirongwa izvi, asi kuchengetwa kwenguva refu kunotsamira pakuzvipira kwehurumende.

mhedziso

Hurumende dzinochengeta ganhuriro dzemiitiro yedzidzo yeAmerica, kubva pakupa mari nedzidzo kusvikira kupepa romudzidzisi nokuzvidavirira. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinobatanidza mukirasi iri yose, mikana inoumba mamirioni avadzidzi. Nepo zvinetso zvakafanana nemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika neganhuriro dzinopfuurira, masangano akaratidzira simba rinoshamisa rokuvandudza nokuchinja. Kupfurikidza nokuisa nhevedzano yetsika, kuisa mari muuduku hwapakuvamba, uye kubatanidza chinjo dzakavakirwa paufakazi, vatungamiriri vehurumende vanogona kuvaka gadziriro dzedzidzo dzinobatira vadzidzi vose zviri nani, uye, mukuita kudaro, kusimbisa nheyo dzenzanga yeAmerica nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvichauya.