Mitemo yezvoutano inomirira musimboti wegadziriro ipi neipi yeutano inoshanda, ichipesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva kumutengo wemishonga kusvikira kukuwanika kwemabasa ekurumidziro. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi vari musayenzi dzoutano nedzenzanga, kunzwisisa iyi miitiro haisiwo zvayo yedzidzo() inokosha nokuda kwokuziva kurapirwa, muitiro weunyanzvi, uye kuva mugari wemo anotsoropodza. Nyaya ino inopa kunzvera kukuru pamipimo yezvoutano, gadziriro idzo dzinovaumba, denho dzinopfuurira mukushanda kwavo, uye miitiro iri kukura iyo iri kuparirazve nzanga yeutano hwevanhu.

Kunzwisisa Utano Hwoutano

Pamwero wayo mukurusa, muitiro wezvoutano chisarudzo, gadziriro, kana kuti kosi yechiito yakarongedzerwa kuwana miuyo yakati youtano mukati mechiverengero chavagari vemo. Iyi mirau inogadzirwa pamwero yakasiana- siyana yezvidzodzo zvehurumende(nzvimbo, nyika, uye rudzi) uye kutaura mipimo yakasiana-------shambarira yakadai sokusvika mubasa, mipimo yakanaka, mipimo yemari, uye kupindira kwoutano. World Health Organization (W) inorondedzera muitiro woutano se “miganhuro, zvirongwa, uye zviito zvinoitwa kuti zvisvike zvinangwa zvokutarisira utano zvakati munzanga.” Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana- siyana emiitiro yezvo yokurapa kunobetsera kujekesa mabasa ayo netapuro.

Tsika Dzinodzora

Mitemo inodzorwa inodzora mufambiro wavatarisiri vezvoutano, varerutsi, uye masangano. Inowanzomanikidzirwa namasangano ehurumende kana kuti mitumbi inogadzira tsvina. Mienzaniso inobatanidza zvinodikanwa nokuda kwokupiwa kwechipatara, kuiswa kwevanachiremba navanamukoti, mipimo yechengeteko yokushivirira, uye dziviriro dzoga dzakadai seHealth Inshuwarensivement Portability neAccountability Act (HIPA) muUnited States. Iyi miraudzo inoda kuvimbisa kuva nechokwadi chevara rakanaka nechengeteko mugadziriro yezvoutano.

Tsika Dzinosarudzwa

Mitemo inoyera mamiriro ezvinhu zvoutano inosarudza kuti zviteshi zvezvoutano sei(dai, vanhu, uye zvinhu) zvinoparadzirwa. Zvisarudzo pamusoro pokushandisa mari muzvipatara zvomumaruwa, kugoverwa kwemishonga yenhomba mukati medenda, kana kuti kuiswa kwemari mukunzvera kwezvokurapa muboka iri. Iyi miitiro ndeyezvamatongerwe enyika nenzira yomuzvarirwo, sezvo inoratidzira zvinhu zvinokosha zvemari nezvokutengeserana pakati pezvinodikanwa zvoutano zvakasiana namapoka avagari vemo.

Kutarisira Utano Kunopedza Kubatwa Nehosha

Mitemo inodzorwa inobata namabasa ayo mabasa okurapa anobhadharwa nawo. Inobatanidza mari kupfurikidza nemitero, gadziriro dzeinishuwarenzi dzezveutano, mirau yeinishuwarenzi yavanhu voga, uye zvivako zvemari inobhadharwa. Somuenzaniso, purogiramu yeMedicare yavakuru neAffordcable Care Act (ACA) yemitengo yemari yemisika yose iri yose iri miviri yemitengo inotakura mutengo wemari yetarisiro uye kuti vagoveri vemari vanobhadharwa sei.

Utano Hwavose

Mitemo youtano hwevoruzhinji inonangidzira ngwariro pakudzivirira nokuvandudza utano hwevanhu vose panzvimbo pevanhu vamwe navamwe.Inogona kubatanidza kudzivirira, mitemo yendege yakachena, mitero yefodya, zvinodiwa zvezvokudya zvinovaka muviri, uye gadziriro dzokuongorora hosha dzinotapukira. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) isangano guru reU.S. rinoshandisa mitemo youtano yavose inonangidzirwa pakudzivirira zvirwere uye kusimudzira utano.

Kukosha Kwoukuru Hwoutano

Mitemo yezvoutano yakasanorongwa inokosha nokuda kwokuwana nharidzano dzenzanga dzakakomba dzinoverengeka. Pasina miitiro inowirirana, gadziriro dzezvoutano dzinopinza mungozi kusakwanisa, kusakwaniswa, uye kuputsika. Hezvino zvikonzero zvikuru nei miitiro yezvoutano ichikosha:

  • Access yakasarurika: Tsvakaturo dzinogona kuderedza ganhuriro mukuwana tarisiro yakavakirwa pamari inowanwa, nzvimbo yapasi, rudzi, kana kuti mugariro weinishuwarenzi. Somuenzaniso, miitiro inokudza nzvimbo dzemibatanidzwa yemari kana kuti dzemari dzezvipatara zvenzanga yenzanga inobetsera kuunza betsero kuvagari vemo vanochengetwa.
  • Imformed Health Outcomes: Mwero wechiverengero chavagari vemo wakadai senduramo, kufa kwavacheche, uye kupararira kwehosha dzinogara nguva dzose zvinopesvedzerwa zvakananga nemitemo inosimudzira tarisiro yokudzivirira, kukurumidza kuzivikanwa, uye mitemo yokurapa inoshanda.
  • Control: Ndyiko dzoutano dzakakwira nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura kukwira kwemitengo, kuremedza vanhu nehurumende. Tsika dzinokurudzira mifananidzo inobhadharwa yakavakirwa pakukosha, kurukurirano dzemirimo, uye kudzorwa kwezvidzoreso zvinogona kubetsera kutakura mari inoshandiswa apo inenge ichichengeta kunaka.
  • Nhungamiro yokuvandudza: Tsika dzinogadzira mhoteredzo yewirirano nemari nokuda kwokukudziridzwa kwemirimo mitsva, zvishandiso, uye mienzaniso yokupa. Somuenzaniso, Drug Drug Act yeU.S. Inonyadzisira inopinza nzvero muhosha dzisingawanzowaniki, nepo nzira yetendero yaFDA inokurumidza kupfuudza vaExters kusvika kukurapa kunovimbisa.
  • Semishoni yeResiliation: Mukati memigariro yengozi youtano yavanhu yakadai senhenda, ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, kana kuti zvinoitika zvougandanga, miitiro yakasimba inoita kuti kubatirana kunokurumidza, kushandiswa kwamanyuko, uye kurukurirano mumasangano outano.

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvekutarisira Utano Zvinobudirira

Mitemo inoshanda chaizvo yezvoutano ine zvinhu zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvinoita kuti vakwanise kuwana zvinhu zvavanoda.

Kuitwa Kwezvisarudzo Zvinotsigirwa Nouchapupu

Mitemo inotsigirwa mukutsvakurudza nokuongorora mashoko inogona kuita kuti pave nemigumisiro yakanaka. Vagadziri vemichina vanowedzera kutsamira pakuongorora ruzivo rwezvoutano, kuongorora kwakarongwa, uye kuongorora kunoshanda kwemari kuti vazive zvavanoda. Somuenzaniso, National Institute for Health and CareExcellence (NICE) inoshandisa uchapupu hunotsigira kuti ndeipi kurapa kunofanira kutsigirwa neNational Health Service. Pasi pouchapupu, mitemo inogona kutungamirirwa nepfungwa kana kuti nedzvinyiriro dzezvematongerwe enyika.

Kubatanidzwa Muchikwata

Mitemo inoshanda inobatanidza kutora rutivi kune uko kuchatapurwa nayo neavo vachatapurwa neizvo (_varwere, vagoveri, vabhadhari, uye vatungamiriri venzanga. Chibvumirano chinogona kuva chimiro chenhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose, matare ezvokutungamirira, misangano yehoro yetaundi, kana kuti zvivako zvokudzora zvinobatira pamwe. Kupindwa pasi kunobetsera kuziva mhinganidzo dzinoshanda, dzinokarira miuyo isingakanwi, uye dzinovaka chivimbo mumuitiro wetsika.

Zvakajeka Zvinodiwa Nezvinobva

Zvinangwa zvine zvinangwa zvisina kujeka zvakaoma kuongorora kana kuvandudza.

Kuchinjika uye Kuchinjika

Zvimiro zvezvoutano zvinochinja nokukurumidza(-----kamwe zvirwere zvitsva zvinomuka, kushanduka-shanduka kworuzivo rwemitengo, uye migariro yemari inochinja. Miitiro yakaoma zvikuru ingava isati yashanda kana kuti inoparira njodzi. Mitemo yakavakwa nokuda kwokuhwirudzura kwapanhambo nenhambo, zvikamu zvezuva, kana kuti zvirongwa zvinogadziridzwa zvinobvumira miitiro kuchinjwa sezvo mashoko matsva kana kuti migariro zvinomuka.

Zvinetso Mugadziriro Yokushandisa Utano

Kunyange miitiro yakasanofungwa inogona kugumbuka mukati mokuitwa.

Kuramba Zvematongerwe Enyika

Kuchinja kwezvoutano kazhinji kazhinji kunotapura mipimo yakatsiga nefariro dzemari.mapoka efariro akadai semakambani anogadzira mishonga, masangano einishuwarenzi, uye masangano ezvokurapa ane unyanzvi angada kana kuti kurwisana nemitemo yakavakirwa padanda rawo.

Kutsigira Kushandisa

Ungwaru hwezvoutano hunodhura, uye miitiro yakawanda inoda kuchengetedzwa kwemari kwakawanda kunyange kana ichiita mari yakachengetwa kwenguva refu. Hurumende dzinotarisana neperevedzo dzemari dzingava dzinozengurira kugovera mari nokuda kwegadziriro itsva, kana kuti dzingaideredza, kuchitungamirira kumikaha mumabasa. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yemipimo youtano hwendangariro munyika dzakawanda yave ichimanikidzirwa nenzira isina kukwana nemhaka yebhajeti remari yemasangano.

Kungwarira Vanhu uye Kushandira Pamwe

Tsika dzinoda chiito chomunhu oga chakadai sokuvhiyiwa, kushandisa mabasa okudzivirira, kana kuti kutevera nhungamiro dzokurapa.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kunoita Vashandi

Gadziriro dzezvoutano dzakaoma zvikuru, nemibhadharo yakawanda, vatarisiri, uye gadziriro dzeIT. Kushandisa muitiro mutsva kungada chinjo kukuzivisa mabumbiro emitemo, kushuma kwamashoko, kufambiswa kwebasa, kana kuti gadziriro dzeinishuwarenzi. Mutoro wehurumende unogona kukurira zvikamu zviduku zvinokuvadza varwere. Mitemo nokushandisa mari muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinowirirana idenho dzinopfuurira.

Kuda Kurapwa Kwazvino Uno Kunokanganisa Muitiro Woutano

Miitiro inoverengeka ine simba iri kuderedza muitiro wokutarisira utano nhasi, unosundwa nokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, kuchinja kwenhamba dzevagari vemo, uye kunyanyonangidzira ngwariro pakodzero dzoutano.

Kukura Kwemari

Denda reCovid-19 rakawedzera kugamuchirwa kwemibato yetelehealth sehurumende dzinorerutsira ganhuriro kwechinguvana patarisiro iri kure. Magariro akawanda akatoita kuti izvi zvinhu zvive zvechigarire, kuchitungamirira kukukura kunogara kwenguva refu kwezvinodokubvunza murwere, kuongororwa kwemurwere, uye kurapa kwemitauro. Mapurisai emitemo zvino anorwisana nenhau dzokudzorerwa mari, kukwanisa kuvhara mitsetse yehurumende, uye kuvimbisa kusvika kwakaenzana kwevarwere pasina kubhangi kana kuti kurava. H. Health Resoursources and Services Administration (HSA) muU.S.

Kutarisira Kunokosha

Mubhadharo wemibayiro unobhadharwa mibayiro yemipimo yemipimo inobhadharwa, kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kukuedza kusina kufanira nemiitiro. Mitemo yakavakirwa pamutengo wemari, yakadai semasangano etarisiro anozvidavirira (ACOS) nemiripo yakaunganidzwa, kubhadharira mari miuyo yemurwere nokushanda zvakanaka. Mitemo yeProjekti inobatanidza Medicare’s Readugistrations Program yeMedicare neMedicare Biblicate Seasults Program. Chinjo ichichichichino kukwana, asi inomirira kudzo huru kurudzi panzvimbo pezvakawanda.

Kukwana Kweutano

Kuzivikanwa kwemhatsa dzinopfuurira mumiuyo youtano kupfurikidza nedzinza, dzinza, mari, uye nzvimbo yakarongeka kwakura zvikuru. Vagadziri vemitemo vari kugamuchira nenzira dzinodzorwa nokunangidzirwa kwakarurama: kuunganidza nokushuma mashoko pamusoro pemhatsa, kuisa mari muvashandi vezvoutano vakavakirwa panzanga, kutsigira kuganhurirwa kwezveutano (hombe, zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, zvokufambisa), uye kubatanidza kunzvera kwakaenzana mumirau mitemo mitsva. Kaiser Foundation inogovera kunzvera kukuru pamusoro pezvirongwa zveutano zvenzanga zvenzanga (homberi, zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, zvokufambisa)

Kunyanyisa Kwemasangano Outano Hwepfungwa

Utano hwendangariro hwave huri mungozi munhau uye hwakaparadzaniswa netarisiro yomuviri. Gadziriro dzenguva ino dzinovavarira kubatanidza mabasa outano hwendangariro kuva tarisiro huru, kumanikidza mitemo yemitemo yendangariro mukubhadharwa kweinishuwarenzi, kuwedzera mabasa outano hwendangariro anotsigirwa nechikoro, uye kupedza njodzi kupfurikidza nokuwedzera kwokurapa nokukuvadzwa. MuSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (SA) zvinopa migovero yezvinetso negadziriro dzenjodzi.

Kuva Wemunhu Woga Neuchenjeri Hwokugadzira

Sezvo tarisiro youtano inova inoumbwa, mitemo inodzora kuvandika mashoko nokushandiswa kwouchenjeri hwokuisira zviri kubvisa. The European Union’s General Data Protection Reggation (GDPR) neConsumer Infishial Act yeCalifornia (CPA) inogadza mipimo yedziviriro yemipimo yezvoutano. Mitemo mitsva iri kutangwa kusimbisa kuva nechokwadi chemaalgorime eAI anoshandiswa mukunzvera, kuronga kurapa, uye kugoverwa kwamanyuko zvinooneka zvakajeka, uye zvinosimbiswa nekiriniki. WHO yakabudisa nhungamiro patsika nemitemo yeAIP muutano.

Zvirongwa Zvokugadzira Zvinhu Nemienzaniso

Nyika dzakasiana - siana dzinoronga gadziriro dzadzo dzokutarisira utano mukuwirirana negadziriro dzemiitiro yakasiana - siana.

Muenzaniso webeveridge

Akapiwa zita romugadziri wenzanga weBritain William Beveridge, uyu muenzaniso unogovera tarisiro youtano inotsigirwa nehurumende kupfurikidza nemitero yavose. Inoshandiswa muUnited Kingdom, Spain, New Zealand, uye Scandinavia. Varwere havawanzogamuchira mabhiri; hurumende ine zvivako uye vashandisi.

Muenzaniso weBismark

Chinotangira muGermany pasi peChancellar Otto von Bismarck, iyi inshuwarenzi inotsigirwa nevashandirwi navashandi vanobhadharwa nemari yezveutano kupfurikidza nemari yechirwere isingabetseri purofiti. Yakapararira muGermany, France, Belgium, Japan, uye Switzerland. Hurumende inodzora mari yeinishuwarenzi netsauriro, uye tarisiro inopiwa navatarisiri vomunhu oga. Inoita kuti ive inowirirana nomugariro wapasi pose neyakakwirira zvikuru.

Muenzaniso Weinishuwarenzi Youtano yeNational

Mumuenzaniso uyu, hurumende inounganidza mari kana kuti mitero yokutsigira gadziriro imwe yeinishuwarenzi yavose, nepo tarisiro ichipiwa navatarisiri vehurumende. Canada neSouth Korea mienzaniso yakatanhamara. Kudzora ndyiko kwakasimba, asi rwisano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinogona kumuka pamusoro pedzinofukidzwa kana kuti kubhadharwa kwemari kuvavariro.

Model Inobva Paputi

Munyika dzakawanda dzinowana mari shoma, chikamu chikuru chezvoutano chinobhadharwa zvakananga navarwere papfundo rebasa, pasina kubatanidzwa kweinishuwarenzi. Uyu muenzaniso unosiya varombo vari mungozi kundyiko dzoutano dzine ngwavaira uye vachiganhurira kusvika kutarisiro yakanaka. Policies anonangidzirwa pakufukidza utano hwese anotsvaka kubva patsika ino kupfurikidza nokusundwa kweinishuwarenzi yenzanga kana kuti tarisiro yemitero.

Basa Reruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Mumutemo Woutano

Ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvose zviri zviviri zvinoumbwa narwo. Marekodhi outano eEHR anogonesa mashoko nokuda kwokutarisirwa kweutano hwevanhu, asi anosimudzirawo zvinetso zvomunhu oga uye zvokushandira pamwe. Mitemo yakadai seHealth Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITCH) Act muU.S. EHR kupfurikidza nokubhadhara mari inonyandura. Mitemo iri kukurukura kuwanda kwezvishandiso zvoutano zvinopfekerwa, ufakazi chaihwoihwo hwetendero dzemirimo, uye ungwaru hwemitengi muHyoloji negadziriro youtano. Kuchinja kwemitengo yeUnyanzvi yeU.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Nehosha

Kuongorora zvinonyatsoshandiswa munyika kunobatsira kuratidza pfungwa dzisiri kufungwa pamusoro apa.

Act yeAffordble Care (ACA) muUnited States

Anopfuura muna 2010, ACA yaida kuwedzera kufukidzwa kweMedicaid, misika yeinishuwarenzi yezvoutano inopiwa mari, uye mushandirwi nomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Yakatangawo kudzivirira vatengi sedzinodzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu asati avapo uye kubatsira utano. Pasinei nehondo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dziri kuramba dzichirwiwa, ACA yakaderedza mwero usingadzivisiki kubva pa16% muna 2010 kusvika ku8% muna 2016. Zvinetso zvikuru zvinoramba zvichienderera mberi, kusanganisira kuisa mitengo yakakwirira mune dzimwe misikasasi uye mikataro yezvoutano.

National Health Service (NHS) muUnited Kingdom

NHS, yakatangwa muna 1948, igadziriro yenheveri inogovera tarisiro huru yapachena panguva yokushandiswa. Zvinetso zvemiitiro zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinobatanidza dzvinyiriro dzemari dzinobatanidza nemhaka yechiverengero chavagari vemo vakwegura, kuperevedza kwavashandi, uye dikanwo yokubvisa ndaza yokumirira pashure pepashure. Nhano dzemitemo dzakanangidzira ngwariro pamasangano ezvokutarisira akavhengana (ICS) kuwiriranisa mabasa muzvipatara, muitiro wavose, uye tarisiro yavanhu.

Unyanzvi Hwokufukidza Zvinhu Zvose hweThailand

Yakatanga muna 2002, chirongwa cheThailand chinobatsira vanhu vose kuti vararame vasina kuchengeteka munzanga kana kuti vanoshanda munyika. Chirongwa ichi chinopa mitero inosvika mamiriyoni 47.

Nzira Iyo Vadzidzisi Navadzidzi Vanogona Kubatanidzwa Nayo Nomutemo Wokurapa

Nokuda kwaavo vanodzidzisa kana kuti vanodzidza muitiro woutano, kuvimbisana kwokushingaira kunopfuura kurava mabhuku. Vadzidzi vanogona kubatanidza migove yemiitiro yokunzvera, fundo, kunzwika kwemitemo, uye shanyo dzeminda kumasangano ezvoutano. Vadzidzi vanogona kubatana namadhipatimendi omunzvimbomo, mapoka ezvoutano asingapinduri, kana kuti mahofisi ewiriranwa. Kupinda dare reguta kana kuti dare remisangano youtano kugovera nzwisiso inoshanda mukurukurirano nemutezo. Mitemo yapa yapaidzo ya [[FLT: 0] Mitengo yakadai se , [FLT:], [FLT:] , , [FLT] Sucromoth Fund , uye [FLT] Family Family F]

mhedziso

Mitemo yezvoutano inopfuura zvikuru mirau inodzorwa namabasa ezvoutano; zvishandiso izvo nzanga dzinotaura nazvo mipimo yadzo pamusoro poutano, kuenzana, uye mutoro weboka. Kubva kumirairo yemari inosarudza kana mhuri ichigona kudzora insulin kumirano yezvoutano yavose kuti idzore kupararira kwehosha dzinotapukira, miraudzo inotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwetarisiro nokudzivirira. Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana- siyana emitemo, magadziriro egadziriro dzoutano dzorudzi, uye mibato inopfuurira inoshomeka kugadziridza vadzidzi nevadzidzi kunzvera zvinoitika zvazvino uno uye vatsigiri vezvo. Sezvo kurapa kunopfuurira kuvamba kwehosha neruzivo rwokubereka, kuchinja kwemitevedzero, uye simbiso yakasimba zvikuru pamusoro pomuitiro wokuziva, vapindi vegadziriro yezvoutano yehurumende haina kumbotongova huru zvikuru. Kugara nokunzvera, kunzvera zviitiko zvikuru nokuda kwezvinoitika zvikuru nokuda kweidzo yenhau dzinodikanwa zvikuru.