Kutanga: Bumbiro Remitemo Sechinyorwa Chipenyu Chekuenzana

United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788, inopfuura gadziriro yakabatana nokuda kwehurumende(icho igwaro ripenyu rine dudziro negadziridzo zvakakudza nenzira yakatsiga miganhu yeuenzani hwedzinza nevatano yavanhu. Kubva mukubvumirana kwakabatanidza uranda kugadziridzo kugadziridzo inobvisa urongwa ihwohwo nokupa rukudzo, Bumbiro reMitemo rave riri zvose zviri zviviri mhinganidzo nemotokari nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu inokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mutemo wemitemo yemitemo inoumba sei kurwisa kupfuurira nokuda kweruramisiro. Nyaya inonzvera mashoko enhau, kudzo huru, kutonga kweDare gurusa, uye nharo dzapanguva inodzo dzinorondedzera basa remitemo murudzi nevatano.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kubvumirana Kwevakatanga Kubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira Parudzi Nevanhu Vakasiyana - siyana

Nyika dzokuMaodzanyemba dzakaomerera padziviriro dzesangano racho, zvichitungamirira kugadziriro dzinoverengeka dzakasekesa zvakananga pfungwa yokuenzana kwepasi pose. Vakadzi, panguva ino, vakanzi havatombopindiri mune zvematongerwe enyika, uye vanhu vemo vakabatwa sevatongi vakaparadzana kunze kwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.

VanaVatatu Vane Chitatu Vanobvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira uye Kutengeswa Kwevaranda

Chikamu I, Chikamu 2, Claus 3(Chikamu 3) chinozivikanwa seVatatu navaFarts Vanobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira / zvinonzi vanhu vane uranda sevatatu vomunhu nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokumiririra uye mitero. Iyi gadziriro yakapa nyika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzeMadokero simba renyika nepo dzairamba vanhu kuva varanda kodzero dzipi nedzipi. Mukuwedzera, Chikamu I, Chikamu 9 chakarambidza kudzorwa kwavanhu varanda kusvikira muna 1808. Ivava vakaisa kupesana mutevedzero weboka revafundisi redzinza redzinza muBumbiro remitemo kubva pakutanga.

Mamiriro Akaita Vakadzi Mubumbiro Remitemo Rapakuvamba

Mutemo wavose wekuvhara, wakabva kuEngland, wakaisa pasi pechiremera chapamutemo chavakadzi vakaroorwa pasi pavarume vavo. Vakadzi vaisagona kuvhota, kuva nenzvimbo, kana kuti kubatira pamatare edare. Kunyarara kweBumbiro remitemo pamusoro pevarume nevakadzi nenzira inobudirira kwakasiya uku kusaenzana kumutemo wenyika, uko vakaramba vasingaregi kupfuurirwa kwerinopfuura zana ramakore.

Kuparadzwa kwemaIndia ekuAmerica

Chikamu I, Chikamu 2 chakarangarira kuti “vaIndia vakanga vasina kutereswa” savakaparadzana nechiverengero chavagari vose, vachivabvisa pamimiririro. Bumbiro reMitemo raibata ndudzi dzemaIndia okuAmerica samarudzi okumwe nokuda kwamadonzo ebvumirano, kwete sorutivi rwomuviri. Uku kutsaura kwakavamba mavambo kwamazana amazana okudzingwa nokuderedzwa kwapamutemo.

Kugadziridza Kuchinjira: Kugadza Kuberekwa Kutsva Kworusununguko

Hondo yevagari vemo nemigumisiro yayo zvakaunza chinjo huru dzebumbiro remitemo dzine chokuita nokuenzana kwedzinza. Zvibvumirano zve 13 ne14, uye 15 zvinozivikanwa zvinozivikanwa seReconstructions() yakaitirwa kubvisa uranda, kutanga kuva mugari wemo wedangwe, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota nokuda kwavarume Vatema. Izvi zvakachinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu.

Penjere Yechi13 (1865)

Chikasimbiswa pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, Pession yechi13 yabvisa uranda nouranda husingazvimiriri, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwemhosva. “Chikamu chedare” chave chichimutsa nharo, sezvo chakabvumira nyika kushandisa kuisa mhaka uye, gare gare, kusungwa kwavazhinji kupfuudzira kudzora dzinza. Pasinei zvapo neiyi nzvimbo yakashata, kugadziriswa kwakaratidzira kurambidza kwakananga kwebumbiro remitemo kwakanga kwaparadzanisa rudzi. Nokuda kwokunzvera zvakadzama rugwaro nenhau, bvunza zvinyorwa zveNational Archives .

American Standard Version ya1868)

Chibvumirano che14th Amendment ndiyo gadziriro inokosha zvikurusa yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokuenzana. Chisarudzo charo choMugari wemo Claus chakapa kuva mugari wemo kuvanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, kuchiputsa chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reScott. The Cumetic Protection Clausle inorambidza kuramba munhu upi noupi ari mukati moudzori hwavo “dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Iyi rugwaro yave iri nheyo yekodzero huru dzose dzevagari vemo, kubva kuchikoro kusvikira kukuenzana neroorano. The Intection Procession Clausce, inoreva, yakashandiswa kubatanidza kodzero dzinokosha mukurwisana namaruwa, kubatanidza kuva vogadzi voga.

Miganhu Nedudziro Dzokutanga

Pasinei zvapo nomutauro wakafara, Dare reMitemo rechigumi namana rakadudzirwa zvishoma neDare Rapamusorosa kwemakumi amakore. Mu Casess-Indares (1873] [1873], Dare rakaganhurira zvikuru kusvika kwechiito, uye Plaby v. Ferguson [1896], raitsigira kubatana kwedzinza pasi pedzidziso ye “yakaenzana”. Yaizoda kudokusvika zana ramakore nokuda kwedziviriro yeClaus yeClaus kuti izive zvizere chipikirwa chayo.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nezvishanu (1870)

Hurumende ye15 yeFirence Demeters yakarambidza hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kuramba kodzero yokuvhota mugari wemo yakavakirwa pa “dzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda.” Kunyange zvazvo chibvumirano chekuchinja chinhu chakatanhamara, kubvumira kubvumira nyika dzose kuisa mitero yokuvhota, kunzvera kunyora nokunyora. Vakadzi, pasinei zvapo nedzinza, vakaramba vasingadiwi. Kugadziriswa kwacho kwakabviswa zvikurukuru nokuguma kweConstanton kupfurikidza namasimba masimba nechidhikoni chapamutemo, kuchitungamirira kuzana ramakore rokusaidzira mitero yokuvhota, kunyora nokunyora nokunyora mashoko ezvidzidzo. Vakadzi, pasinei nedzinza, vakabviswa.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechipfumbamwe uye Kurwira Kuenzana Kwevanhu Vane Marudzi

Kurwira kurwisa vakadzi kwakavamba kare Hondo yevagari vemo isati yatanga asi kwakawana simba mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19.

Tapuro Neganhuriro Zve Amendement yechigumi Nepfumbamwe

Chibvumirano chechigumi nepfumbamwe cheMitemo yeMitemo yeChipfumbamwe chakashatisa mamiriyoni evakadzi, asi hachina kubvisa rusaruro rwechirume mumutemo kana kuti munzanga. Vakadzi vachiri kutarisana neganhuriro pakodzero dzenzvimbo, basa, uye kuzvidzora kwokubereka. Uyezve, vakadzi vazhinji vane mavara akasiana - siana (zvikurukurukuru vaMaIndia okuAmerica, Asian, uye African America) vakapfuurira kutarisana nemhinganidzo dzokuvhota nemhaka yemimwe mitemo yokusasarura. Kugadziridza kwapa mhaka yetsika yakanga iri nhano inokosha, asi kwakanga kuri bedzi mavambo erwendo rurefu kuukwavatana kuukwane.

Kuchinja Kusina Kutenderwa Kwekodzero Dzakaenzana: Kupokanidzana Kunopfuurira

Kutanga kwakakarakadzwa muna 1923, Auncimetion Rights Amenumendment (ERA) yaizova yavimbisa zvakajeka maruramiro apamutemo akaenzana nokuda kwavaAmerica vose pasinei zvapo nevatano. Kugadziriswa kwakapfuudzwa Congress muna 1972 asi kwakakundikana nyika nhatu kuperevedza kupfurikidza nenguva ya1982. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Nevada, Illinois, uye Virginia yakatendera ERA, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti nguva yacho inogona kudzorerwazve here kana nguva yakaenzana. Kukurukurirana kunopfuurira kunosimbisa mapoka makuru pamusoro pebasa rorugwaro rwemitemo mukudzivirira ukuenzana. Vatsigiridzi veERA vanotaura kuti zviri madikanwa kugovera hwaro hwakasimba hwevatano nedisvo, nepo vanoramba kuti chibvumirano che 147 sechinetsono cheFirmetic Amenums Rest Rest [FL] v[5] [FF] [FF]]

Kududzira Kwedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Kuwedzera Revo Yokuenzana

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru rakaita basa rinokosha mukududzira kuenzana kweBumbiro reMitemo.

Kudzora Rudzi Kwakatsigiswa

  • [FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954): Ichi chisarudzo chakabatana chakazivisa kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose, kudzorera [[[FLT:]] Plarefy v. Ferguson. Mukuru weMutongi Earl Warren akanyora kuti “zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaenzana,” anosimbisa chipikirwa chaClaus Exmable.
  • kubuda v. Virginia (1967): Dare rakakurira zvirambidzo zvehurumende paroorano yemadzinza, richiita kuti ganhuriro dzakavakirwa padzinza dziputse zvose zviri zviviri Dziviriro Yakaenzana neCurvement Proces Clauss. Iyi murairo wakaguma nhaka yemitemo inorwisana netsika iyo yakanga yapfuurira chifo chenguva dzehurumende.
  • Regit dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke Dare rakatsigira chiito chokubvuma munheyo asi rakabvisa miganhu yedzinza yakaoma. Iyi mhaka yakasimbisa kuti mhatsa ifariro yehurumende inogombedzera, asi kubvumira dzinza kunofanira kugadziridzwa zvishoma. Chisarudzo chakanatswa nezvinoitika zvepashure se [[FLT:] Grateb v. Bollinger[FL:] (2003) uye [[FLT]]
  • Shelby County v. Hoker (2017) Dare rakashayisa simba gadziriro huru yeChibvumirano cheRevoting Rights Act yaida kuti dzimwe nyika dziwane mvumo yehurumende dzisati dzachinja mitemo yokuvhota. Chiratidzo chacho chakasekesa mutemo wekodzero dzevagari vemo uye chakatungamirira kumavambo eganhuriro itsva dzekuvhotera.

Kudzora Kwepfungwa Kwakavakirwa Pachinhu Chisina Kutsarukana

  • v. Reed (1971: Kekutanga, Dare Gurusa rakashandisa Dare reMitemo rechi 14 kuputsa mutemo waitsaura pahwaro hwevatano. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza kuda varume savatarisiri venzvimbo, uye Dare rairangarira kuti kusarura kwouchido hwechirume kwakapesana nedziviriro yaClaus.
  • [FLT] Craig v. Boren (76) Dare rakatanga “nzvero yepakati". mupimo nokuda kwokuhwirudzura zvimiro zvakavakirwa pavatano. Muiyi muedzo, mitemo inobata varume navakadzi nenzira yakasiana inofanira kupfuurira zvikuru fariro inokosha yehurumende.
  • [FLT] United States v. Virginia (1996): Dare rakatonga kuti muitiro wokubvuma wevarume weVirginia Military Institute wakapesana neProgramu yaSupertement Claus. Chisarudzo chakashanda “rururamisiro rwokunyengetedza rwokupedzisira”, ruchisimbisa zvikuru mupimo wokunzvera kwopakati.
  • R. [[FLT:] [77] na[FLT]Dobs v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization [202]: payakanga yadzika midzi mukodzero dzakavanzika, [ [[FLT]] ine pesvedzero huru yetsika dzouhudzi muvatano kupfurikidza nokudzivirira chibereko. [[FLT:]] Dobs , izvo zvakashatisa [FL:] [FLD] [FF:]

Nhau Dzazvino uye Nharo Dziri Kupfuurira

Masangano epanguva ino uye kurwisana kwemitemo zvinoratidza kusiyana kusingaperi kuripo pakati pemashoko ebumbiro remitemo uye zvinhu chaizvoizvo.

Rusaruraganda Rwegadziriro Yokushandisa Neboka Rine Mararamiro Akasiyana - siyana

Sangano iri rinoda kuchinja zvinhu kupfuura kugadziridzwa kwemaBhaibheri okutanga, kuchinjwa kwemapepa anoshandiswa pakudzivirira zvirwere, kupiwa mari, uye kutongerwa mitemo. Bhidhironi yakamutsa mibvunzo inobvunzwa . Yakamutsa jekiseni yeSayenzi yeSayenzi uye chirango cheSayenzi yeSandem Demendment uye kudzivirira kusero yeGenese pakutsvaka kusina musoro uye kubatwa nehosha nehosha.

Mubatanidzwa Wevakomana Nevakadzi Vanoberekana Unobhadhara Musiyano Nokuenzana Kubasa

Pasinei zvapo neChitatiso chaMapazi akaenzana a1963 uye Thit VII yeChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu muna 1964, vakadzi vachiri kuwana, paavhareji, masendi anenge 82 padhora riri rose rinowanwa navarume. Mukaha wacho wakaipa zvikuru nokuda kwavakadzi vane mavara. Mitemo yebumbiro remitemo inobatanidza nharo pasi pePurection Clauslee nenhamburiko dzemitemo dzinopfuurira dzakadai sePacheck Fairneral Act ya2009. Dare repamusoro rinotonga Bed Best v. Goodyearty & Lamp; Ruber Comme.[FLT:] [2001] [2007]) rinokurudzira Dare remitemo yePrector Reficial Refice Bever Rever Reart of 2009, rinoratidzira kutempswootation pakati pecurence net recurence.

Kubatana: Kunzwisisa Rusaruro Rwakakasharara

Pfungwa yokupindirana, yakatangwa nenyanzvi yezvemitemo Kimberlé Crenshaw, inobvuma kuti vanhu vanosarurana nemhaka yezvakawanda, zvinowirirana. Somuenzaniso, mukadzi mutema angasarurwa kwete kuti munhu wedzinza kana kuti murume chete asi kuti mubatanidzwa wezvose zviri zviviri. Mutemo weMitemo wave uchinonoka kutaura mashoko okupindirana; matare akawanda anoda kuti vanhu vasarudze pakati pedzinza nebonde sehwaro hwemhosva dzavo.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Pashure pechisarudzo Shelby County, nyika dzinoverengeka dzinoisa mitemo yeIT, dzinobvisa mapepa avhota, uye dzinovhara nzvimbo dzokuvhotera munzira idzo dzinotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi vanhu vaduku vedzinza. For People Act (H.R. 1) uye John Lewis Voting Rights Adriest Act zvakakarakadzwa kudzorera nokusimbisa dziviriro dzehurumende. Iyi kurukurirano inosimbisa kushanda kunopfuurira kweFirimendesi rechishanu uye kudikanwa kwokusanochengetwa kwekodzero dzemitemo yokuvhotera.

Kuenzana Kwomusoro Wezita Nomufananidzo Wedzidzo

Kunyange zvazvo isiri jira remitemo, musoro weIX weDzidzo Amendments ya1971 wave uri chishandiso chine simba chokuenzana kwevarume nevarume mumasangano edzidzo anotsigirwa nehurumende. Inorambidza rusaruro rwevatano mupurogiramu dzedzidzo nemibato, zvichitungamirira kumikana yakawedzerwa nokuda kwevakadzi vari mumitambo, minda yeSTEM, uye dziviriro pakunetswa mune zvevatano. Hondo dzemitemo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pekutora rutivi kweTitlet IX, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokutora rutivi kwavadzidzi mumitambo uye kupinda muzvivako.

Mupeto: Basa Rasina Kuparadzwa Rokuenzana

Rwendo rweBumbiro reMitemo ruchibva kugwaro rinobvumira uranda kune iro rinodzivirira rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza nevatano ibvumirano yesimba rokugadziridza nokududzira. Reconformations, Consolation of perfective, 19th Amendment, uye zvisarudzo zvedare raPamusorosoro zvakawedzera kutenderera kweavo vane kodzero dzakaenzana. Bva basa harina kutongokwana. Kukundikana kusimbisa kodzero dzekodzero dzechikodzero, kupfuurira kwetsika dzamarudzi mukuvhota, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye mukana wemari, uye gakavadzano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzokuchinja pamutemo nekodzero dzokubereka zvibereko zvose zvinoratidzira kuti kuenzana kwemutemo kunoshanda nesimba, kusingapedzwi. Vadzidzi navadzidzi vanofanira kupfuurira kupindira nenzira inopesana nemagwaro, nhau, uye kuvimbisa kuti chipikirwa chokuenzana kuvimbika nokuda kwavose.

nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera rugwaro rwakazara rweBumbiro remitemo negadziridzo dzaro pa Rekodhi renyika , uye hwirudzura nhau dzenhau dzeDare rapamusorosoro pakodzero dzavagari vemo pa [ project.