Kunzwisisa Masangano Echengeteko Yorudzi

Mitemo yechengeteko yenyika inoumba mavambo esimba rehurumende rokudzivirira vagari vayo, ndima, uye fariro patyisidziro dzokunze nedzemukati. Iyi mirau inobatanidza mhatsa yakafara yemibato, kubatanidza kugadzirira kwehondo, mabasa ouchenjeri, kudzora muganhu, kombiyuta, uye kuronga kwemibatanidzwa yezvokuchengeteka. Chinangwa chikuru ndechokuchengetedza uchangamire, kuvimbisa chengeteko yavose, uye kuchengeta dzikamo mumhoteredzo yenyika inovanzarika inochinja zvikuru. Zvisinei, kugadzirwa nokuitwa kwemitemo yakadaro hakuwanzova kwakananga. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kufambisa nzvimbo yakaoma umo chisarudzo chiri chose chinotakura kushambadzira kushambadza kutengeserana — pakati pezvinodikanwa zvazvino uno nerusununguko zvenguva yemberi, uye pakati pezvinokosha zvemhuri zvinokwikwidzana.

Kunzwisisa uku kufambiswa kwezvikepe hakusi kungorodzawo zvako kwedzidzo; kunokosha nokuda kwekurukurirano yavose yavose ine ruzivo uye udzori hune mutoro. Vagari, vadzidzisi, uye vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa zvakafanana vanofanira kurwisana nemibvunzo yakadai seyokuti: Kungwarira kwakadini kunogamuchirika kudzivisa ugandanga? Kunofanira kuwedzera here pakushandiswa kwehondo pakurapwa kana kuti kudzidzo?

Kurondedzera Kushata Kwetsika

Mitemo yechengeteko yenyika inowanzoita kuti zvinhu zvishande, inoumbwa nezvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinotyisidzira, unyanzvi, uye kuchinja kwemagariro enyika. Inobatanidza chinhu chiri chose kubva pakuisa mauto ane zvombo kune imwe nyika kusvika pakushandisa mipimo yeIndaneti yomumba. Chiratidzo chikuru ndicho mutengo wavo [[[FLT:]: pfuma yakatsaurirwa kuchengeteko haingagoni kushandiswa nokuda kwezvimwe zvinhu zvavose. Uku kuoma kuri pamwoyo wokunzvera.

Marudzi Etsika Dzechengeteko

Zvikurukuru, miitiro yechengeteko yenyika inowira mumapoka anoverengeka:

  • [[FT:0] Kugadzirira kwehondo nokugadzirira: Kuchengeta mauto akashongedzwa nezvombo, kutanga zvombo, uye kuitisa mabasa kudzivisa kana kuti kuita chiito kudenho.
  • Kuunganidza nokunzvera: mashoko pamusoro petyisidziro dzinobvira, kubatanidza hurumende dzokumwe, vatambi vasiri venyika, uye utsotsi hwepakombiyuta.
  • Broder nechengeteko yezvokufambisa: Vafambi vanoongorora, vanochengeta zviteshi zvengarava nenhandare dzendege, uye vanodzora vatami netsika.
  • [[FT:0] Kudzivirira zvinhu zvinotsoropodza, masangano ehurumende, uye mashoko akavanzika kubva mukurwisa kwekombiyuta.
  • ugandanga hunovakwa nomutemo: Kudzivisa, kudzongonyedza, uye kutambudza mibato yamagandanga, kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza masimba akakudzwa amapurisa.
  • Kugadzirira nokupindura: kuronga nokuda kwengwavaira dzomusikirwo, zvirwere, uye dzimwe njodzi huru.

Makambani acho anenge akakomba kana zvinhu zvikamanikidzwa kana kuti kana mitemo ichiputsa kodzero dzevanhu.

MaCore Tradeoff: Basa Rakagadzirwa

Tracoffs muchengeteko yenyika haidzivisiki nemhaka yemitengo mitatu mikuru: miganhu yezviwanikwa, mipimo inorwisana, uye mashoko asina kukwana[. Vagadziri vemitemo havagoni kusimbisa zvinangwa zvose panguva imwe cheteyo; vanofanira kuisa mifungo mitsva. Kunzwisisa uku kunoda kuzvinzvera kupfurikidza namarenji anoverengeka.

Kuchinjwa Kwemanyuko: Trade Traderoff

Zvichida mari inooneka zvikurusa. Chengeteko yenyika inoshandisa chikamu chikuru chemari yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, United States inopedza inenge mabhiriyoni 800 emadhora gore negore pakudzivirira, migove inopfupfuvura nokuda kwedzidzo, dzimba, kana kuti dziviriro yemhoteredzo. Munyika dzakawanda, kuchengetwa kwakawedzerwa kwakareva kuderera kwemapurogiramu enzanga, masangano ezvokuchengetedza, kana kuti kunzvera kwesayenzi. Ikoku kunoparira makwikwi akananga pakati pe "pfuti nebhota" — chinetso chaicho chemari.

Mukati menhambo dzenjodzi, dzakadai sepashure pekudenha kwe11 September kana kuti mukati mekurovanya kwe Zvoucha, chengeteko yekurumidziro inopedzerwa, kazhinji kazhinji pasina wedzero yemitero inowirirana. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuchikwereti chikuru chenyika kana kuti kuderedzwa mune dzimwe ndyiko dzemitengo. Migumisiro yenguva refu inobatanidza kugadziridzwa kwemigwagwa namabhiriji, pasi pezvikoro zvakanangidzirwa, uye kuneteswa kwegadziriro dzoutano dzavanhu. Vagadziri vezvokuchengetedza vanofanira kuyera kukuvadziko yenhambo pfupi nenhambo refu. Nokuda kwokunzvera kune udzame hweU.S. Kushandisa mari yokuzvidzivirira, ona mushumo [[FLT: 0]

Kusunungurwa Kwehurumende Kunopesana Nechengeteko: Kodzero Dzekodzero Dzevanhu

Imwe travoff inotsoropodza inobatanidza kudzikamisa chengeteko yavose nerusununguko rwomunhu oga. Nhano dzakawanda dzechengeteko — dzakadai senzvero isingabvumirwi, pasina ndaza inotevedzerwa, kupfigirwa kwapamberi, kana kuti kurashwa kwedzinza — dzingaderedza nenzira inobudirira ngozi asi pakurasikirwa nokuva woga, muitiro wakafanira, uye dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Masangano eDhemocratic anokoshesa rusununguko rwevanhu, bvawo vanodawo chengeteko. Kunyangira kunobatwa mumashoko anowanzonyandurwa: "Avo vangapa rusununguko runokosha kubhadhara chengeteko rushoma rwechinguvana havafaniri kusunungurwa kana kuti kuchengeteka."

Mienzaniso yazvino uno yawanda. USA PATRIOT Act yakakudza masimba ehurumende okunzvera pashure pa 9/11, kuchigonesa muunganidzwa mukuru wezvinyorwa zvefoni nokuwana zviri nyore kumashoko omunhu oga. Vatsoropodzi vanoramba kuti aya masimba akashandiswa kupfuura udzoreki hwawo hwakarongerwa uye nzanga shomanene dzakatapurwa nenzira isingaenzaniswi. Nenzira yakafanana, kushandiswa kwemitoo ye "kubvunzurudza yakatangwa" mukati meHondo yerwiyo yakamutsa mibvunzo yakakomba yetsika neyapamutemo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, gakavadzano pamusoro pemifungo yokunyorwa kwemashoko echekedzero uye manyuro ezvisaririra zvinosimbisa kurwisa kudzivirira zvose zviri zviviri chengeteko nechivandika. Masangano akadai se Liberies Union Union (ALLU) chinyorwa chenhau iyi muudzame.

Chengeteko yeTerm v. Kugadzikana kwenguva refu

Miitiro inogovera betsero dzechengeteko dzapakarepo ingaparira zvinetso zvenguva refu. Somuenzaniso, kurovanya kunogona kubvisa vatungamiriri vemagandanga nokukurumidza, asi ingaparirawo pfundepfunde, kupinza mafuta, uye kuputsa tsika dzamarudzi ose. Kunzvera kwakawanda kungavhiringidza zvirongwa, asi kungabvisa chivimbo muhurumende uye kunogona kutungamirira kukuvadziko inotyisa pakutaura kwakasununguka. Masimba ekurumidziro anopiwa mukati menjodzi anowanzopfuurira kwenguva refu pashure pokunge tyisidziro yakurumidza yapfuura, kubvisa zviteshi zvedemo yedemocracy nedzikano.

Kuchinja pakati pekumhanya nokufunga kunokoshawo. Mutemo wokudzivirira unodzokororwa nokukurumidza hauwanzowani kuongororwa kwakakwana uko muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa wakafanirwa. Kuronga zvikamu zvemashoko, nzira dzokutarisira, uye kuhwirudzura kwenguva nenguva zvinogona kubetsera kuderedza uku kupfurikidza nokumanikidza kunyorwazve nokugadziridzwa.

Fundo Dzemhosva Mukutarisira Kwebhizimisi

Kuongorora zvakaitika kare uye zvakaitika panguva iyoyo kunoratidza kuti nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzakaita sei zvinhu izvi uye kuti zvidzidzo zvipi zvinogona kuwanikwa.

Chiratidzo cheUSA PORTIOT: Kusunungurwa kweHurumende

Akaitwa mazuva 45 chete pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, USA PARIYOTT Act yakapa kuchengetwa kwomutemo namasangano enjere aiparadza masimba matsva kuti apedze, adzore, uye aongorore. Vatsigiri vakaipikisa kuti kwakanga kuchikosha kudzivisa denho dzenguva yemberi. Vashori vakainyevera kuti yakasekesa dziviriro dzeFrendment yeChina pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nokubatwa nehosha. Mumakore ose aya, gadziriro dzakadai seCtectaber 215 (chikamu chikuru chemitezo chemarita) chakadenhwa mudare, zvichitungamirira kukugadziridza USA UFUS US US US UL Act Act Act ye 2015. Masimba mazhinji apakuvamba apakuvamba anoramba aripo, uye nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro poukodziro yakafanira. Mhaka yacho inobvumira chitambudzo chokudzosera chengeteko dzokudzora chengeteko dzapamutemo dzapambwa dzapambwa pakare.

Mutevedzeri weAmerica weJapan: Chengeteko, Kusaruramisira Kwedzinza

Mukati meHondo yeNyika II, hurumende yeU.S. yakabvumira kutama nokuiswazve kwokumanikidzirwa kwavaJapan vanopfuura 120 000, ichidudza kudikanwa kwehondo nerutyo rwokuva munyori. Kurangarirazve, uyu muitiro unorangarirwa zvikuru sekusaruramisira kwakakomba kunosundwa nefungira mano akaipa orudzi panzvimbo pezvinodikanwa zvapachokwadi zvechengeteko. Chinoitika chinosimbisa ngozi dzokubvumira chengeteko kubvumira rutyo kukunda kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nomuitiro wakafanira. Kunoratidzirawo kuti kushayisa mari yokushanda kwehondo kunogona sei kuva ngwavaira apo kushaidzira chisarudzo kunenge kusiiwa kusingaoneki nokunzvera.

Kuzivisa kweSnowden: Kujeka kwesparence v. Chengeteko yeMabasa

Muna 2013, mupfuri weriva anonzi Edward Snowden akabudisa magwaro akaziviswa anoratidza kuti nyika yose yakaongororwa neNational Security Agency (NSA). Kuwanwa kwacho kwakamutsa nharo dzenyika yose pamusoro pezvakavanzika, kuongorora kukuru, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vakapikisa kuti kudonha kwakaderera kwechengeteko yenyika nokufumura nzira dzinoda kukanganisa, vamwe vakapikisana kuti mapurogiramu okuongorora akanganisa kodzero dzevagari vemo. Chinyorwa cheSnowden chinoratidza kufambiswa kwemichina yemagetsi nechengeteko — kuti vanhu vanofanira kuziva zvakawanda sei pamusoro pokuongorora, uye kuti zvakawanda sei zvinofanira kuramba zviri zvakavanzika kuti zvive zvinobudirira. Pamuchina wacho, mamwe magadzirirwo akaitwa, asi mapurogiramu akawanda anoramba achidzorwa nokutarisira kwakaganhuridzwa.

Kuchengeteka kwaIsraeri: Kuparadzana mumuviri. Kariro dzorugare

Kuvakwa kweIsrael kwemhinganidzo yeparadzano muWest Bank kwakaruramiswa semwero wechengeteko kudzivisa kubhomba kwokuzviuraya mukati meIndifada yeChipiri. Mhinganidzo yakaderedza zvikuru denho, asi yakakamuranisawo nzanga dzePalestine, zvakaganhurirwa, uye yakashurikidzwa neSangano reNyika yose reRuramisiko sechikanganiso chomutemo wamarudzi ose. Kutengeswa kuno kuri pakati pechengeteko yemuviri yapakarepo yavagari veIsrael nekuvadziko refu yechigadzikiso chenyika mbiri, pamwe chete nemiuyo inobetsera yomutsa nokuda kwevagari vePalestine. Mhaka ino inosimbisa sei kuti miitiro yokuchengeteka inogona kuva nemiuyo mikuru yejingano yetsika.

Zvinofungwa Navose: Maonero Anoita Vagari Vemo Makambani

Maonero anoita vanhu anoita basa rinokosha mukuumba muitiro wekudzivirira nyika. Mafungiro okutyisidzira kuti vanhu vakawanda sei vanodisa kurega maererano nerusununguko, mitero, kana kuti nzvimbo yenyika yose. Tsvakurudzo musvuti yezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoratidza kuti kutya kunowedzera kutsigirwa kwezviito zvehurumende uye kunoderedza kushivirira kusabvumirana. Pashure pokurwisa kukuru kwechipo, kubvumwa kwevoruzhinji nokuchengeteka, kutodzikira bedzi sezvo yeuko inopera.

Zvisinei, nzwisiso yavose inogona kushandiswa kana kuti kuudzwa zvakashata. Vezvamatongerwe enyika vangashandisa rutyo kuti vasundire kupfurikidza nenhau dzechengeteko huru. Nenzira yakapesana, chaunga chavagari vemo chakangwarira chinogona kudzorera kutsoropodzwa. Dzidzo nokugona kurava zvinobudisa nhau zvinokosha kubetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa ndyiko dzechokwadi nebetsero dzemipimo yakasiana------ siyana. Kunzvera nguva dzose namasangano akadai se Pew Research Center[[FLT: 1]]

Mitemo Yokuita Mitemo Yakadzikama

Vachirangarira idzi nzira dzokutengesa, vagadziri vemitemo vanogona sei kuita mitemo yechengeteko yenyika iyo inobudirira uye inoremekedza kodzero dzinokosha?

Kutarisira Nokuongorora Kunoitwa Nesangano

Mitoo youtariri yakasimba — kubatanidza matare edare, emitemo, vaongorori vemitemo, vaongorori vezvipingamupinyi, uye magavhuna akazvimirira — inogona kubetsera kudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwamasimba echengeteko. Somuenzaniso, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) shooresa dzinoraira kuongororwa munhau dzakangwara. Nepo vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti dare haritongorambi zvikumbiro, kuvapo kwaro zvinoparira zvipingamupinyi. Mishumo yakananga inobva kumasangano akafanana neHofisi yeMutungamiriri weNational Intelligence inogonawo kuzivisa kurukurirano yavose. Chinokosha ndecho kuvimbisa kuti mitumbi inotarisira inowana miuyo inowana mari uye inowana migove inodenha mabasa avakuru vakuru.

Kupisa Kwezuva uye Kuhwirudzura Nguva

Zvikamu zvemashoko zvinongoerekana zvagumisa mutemo wechengeteko pashure pomusi wakajeka kutotenderwazve. Iri mauto anoisa mitemo yokurangarira nguva nenguva chinodikanwa netapuro zvamasimba chaiwo. USA PATRIOT Act ine gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzakadaro, kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda dzakawedzerwa. Kupedzisa zvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvokuvira kwezuva, nomutoro pavatsigiri kururamisa kupfuurira, kunogona kubetsera kudzikamisa kufambidzana pakati pekuzvisunungura norusununguko.

Kushandiswa Kwemanyuko Ane Ngozi

Panzvimbo pokuparadzira kuchengeteka kunopedzerwa nenzira yakatokosha, vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kuisa mipimo yakavakirwa pakunzvera kwakakomba kwengozi. Ikoku kunoreva kuisa mari yakawanda munzvimbo dzine bviro yakakwirira netapuro yetyisidziro, nepo vachidzivisa mapurogiramu anodhura ayo anopa betsero dzapamucheto. Kunzvera kwakadaro kunoda masvingo emitengo nedivi yedzidzo yematemu yakaderera, kunyange kana yakakurumbira mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, Transportation Security Administration (TSA) yakatsoropotera nokuda kwokupedza mabhiriyoni echirekodheki inoita kuti kuchengeteko kuwedzerwa kuchengeteka kukwira kusvika kwouchenjeri. Corporation on travity officity trations

Kupa Ruzivo Murusununguko

Vagadziri vemiitiro vanofanira kusimudzira kurukurirano yavose yavose pamusoro pezvokutengesa chengeteko. Dzimba dzeguta, vagari vemo vemo, uye nhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose zvinobvumira vanhu kutaura mipimo yavo nezvinonetsa. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwa, vane bviro huru yokugamuchira zviteshi zviri madikanwa ndokudzivisa zvikumbiro zvinotsigirwa norutyo. Uyezve, kuvimbisa kwakadaro kunogona kuvaka chivimbo chamagariro, icho icho icho icho chiri chinhu chinochengetedzwa — chaunga chakabatana chinodzivisa zvikuru tyisidziro dzose dziri mbiri dzokunze nemapoka omukati.

Basa Redzidzo Mumabhizimisi

Gadziriro yakadzidza zvikuru yevagari vemo ikokuro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ine utano. Dzidzo pamusoro pomuitiro wechengeteko worudzi — kubatanidza kutengesa kunobatanidzwa — inofanira kutanga nokukurumidza ndokupfuurira muupenyu hwose. Zvikoro, mayunivhesiti, uye kurava nokunyora zvinobudisa nhau zvinogona kushongedzera vanhu nounyanzvi hwokufunga hwakakomba hunodikanwa kuyera zvikarakadzo zvemitemo, kuziva mashoko anoparadzirwa, uye kutsigira mitoo yakadzikama.

Dzidzo Yechibvumirano: Kudzidzisa Dzikamo Yamaruramiro

Chirevo chinofukidza nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, fundo dzenhau (zvakadai setsinhano kana kuti Pentagon Papers), uye kurukurirano dzapanguva imwe cheteyo zvinobetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa ngozi. Somuenzaniso, zvidzidzo pamusoro peBill of Rights zvinogona kunzvera kuti matanho echengeteko sei asina maruramiro akadai sokutsvaka kurwisana neGaramende Yechina. Gadziriro dzekurukurirano dzemitemo dzinogona kupa vadzidzi ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwokuzviwanira rwazvimene mukurwisana nezvokutengeserana.

Kuverenga Nokunyora uye Kusava Nechokwadi

Dzidzo inofanira kusanganisira kudzidziswa kuziva kuti manyuko akavimbika ndeapi, kunzwisisa ngozi dzezviverengero, uye kuziva kuti zvinhu zvinodzidzisa kutya. Zvirongwa zvokuverenga nokunyora mimhanzi zvinogona kusimbisa vagari vemo kuti vade kushandisa mitemo inotsigirwa nouchapupu pane kuita chimwe chinhu chinotyisa.

Kukurudzira Kutora Rutivi Mugadziriro Dzehurumende

Pakupedzisira, dzidzo inofanira kukurudzira kuva mugari wemo anoshingaira — vhota, vamiriri, uye kutora rutivi mukutonga kwavo kwavose panhau dzechengeteko. Apo vadzidzi vanoona kuti manzwi avo ane chokuita, vane bviro huru yokubatanidzwa nenzira yokufunga nemiitiro yakaoma. Programu dzakafanana ne Chikuva chezvikamu [ zvinopa rondedzero nezviwanikwa zvinonangidzira zvakananga pakodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nechengeteko yorudzi.

mhedziso

Mitemo yechengeteko yenyika haisati iri nhauwo zvayo yemiitiro yemiitiro yezvokutengeserana; ndeyetsika netsika. Chisarudzo chiri chose chokugovera mutengo wedola, kuunganidza rutivi rwengwaru, kana kuti kutumira murwi chinobatanidza kufambiswa kwemibato yemari — pakati pekotsekano norusununguko, zvino zvino, chengeteko nenzanga. Kuziva izvi zvibvumirano inhano yokutanga kukuita kuti ungwaru huve nohumwe mitoo. Kupfurikidza nokusaita nhevedzano yemari yakavakirwa panzvimbo yengozi, kurangarira bhajeti remari yavose, uye dzidzo mumuitiro wetsika, marudzi anogona kudzora zviri nani zvinetso zvisingadzivisiki izvo chengeteko zvinobatanidza. Vane chengeteko — izvo hazvibvi — asi kuzvitarisira munzira idzo dzose dziri mbiri dzokuda kudzivirirwa, kudzivirira nemipimo yatinotsvaka kudzivirira.