Sumo: Mavambo Okubatanidzwa Kwomutemo

Gadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica haisati iri gadziriro yapachivande inochengeterwa magweta navatongi; igadziriro mhando iyo mugari wemo ari wose anopesvedzera uye anopesvedzerwa nayo. Kutora rutivi mumuitiro wemitemo kunoreva zvinopfuura kungoteerera mitemo kunobatanidza kuvhotera nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo vanonyora mitemo, vachibatira pamadare anosarudza maidi, vachiteerera zviitiko zvavo voruzhinji, uye kunyange kudenha zviito zvehurumende kupfurikidza nokunyoreswa. Nhau dzedare repamusorosoro dzakarondedzera miganhuro nebviro dzeiyi, dzichivimbisa kuti tsika inoramba ichigamuchira uye ichidzivirira kodzero dzinokosha. Nokunzvera izvi zvisarudzo zvinokosha, vanhu vanowana nzwisiso yakajeka yemabasa avo vamene mukati mejajitationi nemitoo inowanika nokuda kwokuvimbisana. Nyaya iyi inonzvera zviitiko zvakawanda uye nzira dzakakura zvikuru dzinogona kuumba nyika dzepamutemo uye kuita nyika.

Kodzero Yokutaura Norusununguko: Chivako Chehurukuro Yavose

First Amendment inovimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura, asi kudzivirirwa kwakazara kwedziviriro iyoyo kwakarondedzerwa neDare Rapamusorosoro.

[ .Des Moines Independent School District (11969)

Mune imwe yenhau dzavadzidzi zvikurusa dzakadudzwa, Dare rakati vadzidzi havaregi kodzero dzavo dzeFirst Amendment pageo rechikoro. Muna 1965, Mary Beth Tinker, mukoma wake John, uye shamwari vakapfeka zvisungo zvemaoko matema kuchikoro kuti vatsutsunge Vietnam War. Ruwa rwechikoro rwakatora mutemo unorambidza kubhanwa kwamaoko uye kuisa vadzidzi pasi. Dare guru rakatonga kuti kutaura kwokufananidzira kwavadzidzi kwakadzivirirwa mune zvokunyama uye kwakadzongova kusingadzongodzorwi nezvirongwa zvechikoro. Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa kuti vanhu vaduku vari mugadziriro yapamutemo, kwete kungova vanhu vane chiremera. Zvikoro hazvigoni kudzongodzongodzongova nemhaka yokuti havafariri shoko racho. [FLT:] [FLD:]

Brandenburg v. Ohio [1] (1 969)

.T. . . .[FLT:] Akaruramisazve miganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mutungamiriri weKlux Klan akawanirwa mhaka nedare raOhio ramatsotsi, Dare rakachinja, richisimbisa muedzo une simba wemativi maviri: kutaura kusiri kwapamutemo kunodzivirira kutoti kwa (1) kwakatungamirirwa kana kuti kuita chiito chokusaruramisira chiri pedyo uye (2) kunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro. Ichi “chiito chokusateerera mutemo chakakomba” chinotsiva mupimo we“ njodzi huru neikwokuvapo. ” Chinonyandura mutoo wezvamatongerwe enyika unorevesa. Kurevesa kunyange kupfurikidza nokunyandura masimba masimba masimba masimba masimba echiito chenguva refu, chinogona kusimudzira mufambiro wehurumende.

Texas v. Johnson (19989)

Zvichida hapana nhau inoenzanisira zviri nani simba rokutaura kwokufananidzira kupfuura . Johnson. Mukwiridzi akapisa mureza weAmerica mukati meRepublican National Convention kuti atsutsunge miitiro yaPrezidhendi Reagan. Dare, muchisarudzo chapamutemo, rairangarira kuti mureza waipiswa wakadzivirirwa neFirst Amendment. Chisarudzo chacho chakanyandura ruzhinji uye chinoraira kuti murairo utsivike, asi pakupedzisira chakasimbisa nheyo yokuti hurumende haigoni kudzivisa nemhaka bedzi yokuti unoshatiswa. Kubatanidzwa mumuitiro wapamutemo pane dzimwe nguva kunoreva kudzivirira maruramiro aavo vatisingabvumirani. Ichi chiito chinoratidzira kuti bazuro chedare idiro yokupedzisira yekutaura kwavazhinji.

Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvaka Nokusafunga: Kodzero Dze Amendeko Yechina Dziri Kuitwa

Kutora rutivi mumuitiro wepamutemo kazhinji kazhinji kunoda kuziva apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungatsvaka kana kuti kutora zvinhu, uye mishongai iripo kana ganhuriro idzodzo dzikaputswa. Dare Rapamusoro rakavaka mutumbi wakasimba wenhau uyo unopa simba vanhu kudenha kunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo uye kuita kuti zviremera zvizvidavirire.

Mapp v.O.[[FLT] [1961] uye Kutonga kweExclussion

Dollree Map yakawanwa ine mhaka yokuva nezvinhu zvinonyadzisa pashure pokunge mapurisa anzvera musha wake pasina pamutemo. Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokuputswa kweFreadmerment yeChina hunofanira kubviswa mumitongo youtsotsi hwehurumende. Uyu “mutemo wehurumende” wakanga wamboshandiswa bedzi kumatare ehurumende. Nokuparidzira kumatare enyika, Mapp yakaumba kudzivisa kune simba kunzvera kusiri pamutemo. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, izvi zvinoreva kuti kutora rutivi mutsika yapamutemo kunobatanidza kodzero yokudenha kusazvibata kwamapurisa pakutongwa. Kana ufakazi husiri pamutemo hukadzvinyirirwa, nhau yacho ingawa, ichisimbisa pfungwa yokuti mhedziso hairuramisi mitoo yacho. Chisarudzo chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru nokuda kwekupesana.

Terry v. Ohio (1968) uye Stop-afrisk

[[FLT:][10] `[FT]] ` yakasimbisa kuti mapurisa angamisa munhu ndokuaisa musengwa nokuda kwezvombo kana ane nyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti mubato woutsotsi itsoka uye munhu ane zvombo. Ikoku “kumisa nafrasik] chiremera chiri chiduku zvikuru kupfuura chikonzero, asi chikuru kupfuura danda. Chinoenzanisira chienzaniso chapachivandika pakati pemunhu nemitemo zvinoda kutemwa. Nokuda kwomugari wemo akapirwa, nzwisiso yenhau [[[FLT:] TY] [FLT:] yakakomba: kana ikamira pamugwagwa, mumwe angabvunza kana mukuru mukuru mukuru achinyu achiva nefungira kuva anonyurwa zvine mufungo, uye kana akadzikisa kupfurikidza nokunzvera nokuda kwezvombo, angaputsa maruramiro.[5]

Katz v. United States (1967): Tariro ine mufungo yokuva woga

Pamberi pa Katz, Supremement yaidzivirira vanhu panzvimbo: kana munhu ane nzvimbo inonzverwa, ivo vaiva nekodzero; kana kuti, vaisazo. Charles Katz akawanwa mhaka yakavakirwa paufakazi hwewadi yefoni yakaiswa kunze kwetende ravose. Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti Iwechinaichidzivirira vanhu, kwete nzvimbo. Kuedza kwacho kwakava kana munhu ane “kariro ine mufungo yokuva wogaro. iyo nzanga inobvuma seyapamutemo. Uku kuchinja kukuru kwakazarura suo renhau dzapamberi dzinobatanidza serura dzeserura, GPPS, uye mazati ezvinyorwa. Kubatanidza mumuitiro wapamutemo nhasi kudzivirira vanhu semichina yokuzvigadzirwa, kazhinji kupfurikidza nokunongedzera kupfurikidza nokushandisa ruzivo rwezvinhu zvakavanzika.[FKK]

Kodzero Yokutongwa Zvakanaka: Kuenzana uye Kukwanisa Kururamisirwa

Kutongwa kwakanaka iko kuisa panzvimbo yegadziriro yemitemo. Pasina iko, kutora rutivi mumuitiro wapamutemo hakubetseri. Sixth Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro anoverengeka akananga: kutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwavose, vatongi vasina rusaruro, ziviso yepomero, kodzero yokunangana nezvapupu, uye betsero yezano. zvisarudzo zvenzvimbo zvakavimbisa kuti idzi maruramiro anoshanda kuna vose, pasinei zvapo nepfuma kana kuti mugariro.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Kodzero ku Zano

Clarence Earl Gideon akapomerwa kuti aida kupaza muimba yokupinda. Haana kugona kubhadhara gweta uye akamanikidzwa kuzvimirira. Iye akawanwa ane mhaka ndokutongerwa makore mashanu mutorongo. Muchitokisi chake, akaisa chikumbiro kuDare Guru, achitaurira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo raida kuti hurumende ipe murwiri wevapomendi. [FFG:] Genide [[FF:] Ayamuke] [FFF:] anomirira mumwe wevagari vemo vazhinji veAmerica. [FLT] [FFON] [12] [42] (192]) uye kuti kodzero yezano inokosha kukutonga uye inoshanda kupfurikidza nedare repamutemo nemhaka yedare.[FFFFFF]

Brady v. Maryland[[FLT] [1963] uye Kodzero dzeDzorowa

Kodzero dzokutonga dzakanaka dzinobatanidzawo kuwanikwa kwoufakazi. Mu Brady v. Maryland, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti vachuchisi vanofanira kuzivisa ufakazi hwezvinhu hunopa ufakazi kudziviriro. Kana varovereri vemhosva vachidzvinyirira ufakazi hunotsigira mupomerwi, kupwiswa kungapinzwa. Uyu “mutemo weBrady” ichenjereso yakakomba pasimba romuchuchireveri. Vagari vanoshanda pamajuri kana kuti savacherekedzi vanobetserwa negadziriro inoda kujeka; magwetai uye vatsi vanogona kushandisa [[FLT:] Brady [[FLT]]] kuvimbisa kuti vakwidziridzi vagamuchire simba ravo rakazara uye vasakanaka.

[[FUNDO:0] Duncan v. Louisiana (1968): Kodzero kuMutongo weJury

Chinenge tsotsi rimwe nerimwe rine maruramiro okutonga kana chirango chinobvira chinopfuura kusungwa kwemwedzi mitanhatu. Duncan v. Louisiana yakabatanidzwa dare reSandmentment toption pahurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kutora rutivi mugadziriro yapamutemo hakungoganhurirwi kugweta navashushi vane mhaka kana kuti vagari vemo vanobatira savatongi ndokusarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka. Basa reJury ndirimwe rezvimiro zvakananga zvikurusa zvebvumirano yehurumende. [[FLT:] Duncan[FL:3]] yakavimbisa kuti ichi maruramiro haagoni kurambwa nomutemo. Mhaka inosimbiswa kuraira vatongi panzvimbo panzvimbo pokutonga bedzi, kunzvera simba rehurumende.

Kuitawo Muchirongwa Chepamutemo Nhasi: Kunze Kwedare

Nyaya dzinoratidza kuti kodzero dziri kunze ndedzipi, asi kutora rutivi mumitemo zuva nezuva kunoitika nenzira dzakawanda.

Kupa Mutoro Nokubatanidzwa Nomutemo

Mitemo inoumbwa navamiriri vanosarudzwa, uye kuvhota ndiyo nzira huru iyo vagari vemo vanopesvedzera nayo gadziriro yapamutemo. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura rataurazve maruramiro okuvhota, kubva ku Reynolds v. Sims (1964) achigadza “munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe” Shelby County v. Raker [2013]) kurova zvirongwa zvinokosha zveVoting Rights Act. Kupfurikidza nevota, vagari vemo vanotora rutivi mukusarudzwa kwomutemo, vatongi (mune mamwe magariro), uye kunyange magweta. Muitiro wapamutemo haungori pamusoro pezvinoitwa nematare asi pamusoro pemitemo.

Basa reJury: Basa Romugari Wemo

Sezvacherekedzwa, vatongi chishandiso chakananga chokutora rutivi muvagari vemo. Kubatira mudare rinobetsera vatongi kunopa vanhuwo zvavo simba rokududzira maidi ndokushandisa mutemo mumirayiridzo yomutongi. Mhaka yeDhunno inovimbisa kuti zvakarurama. Dare rinotsamira pavagari vemo kuita iri basa, uye avo vanobatira kuwana nzwisiso yavo vamene mutsika yeruramisiro. Kukundikana kushuma nokuda kwebasa redare redare rinotonga rinobvisa mhaka.

Tsinhiro Dzavose, Kushora, uye Amicus Huru

Masangano okutungamirira asati apa mirau, anowanzogamuchira tsinhiro dzavose. Vagari vanogona kuumba mhoteredzo, utano, uye chengeteko kupfurikidza nokupa tsinhiro dzine mufungo. Zviratidzo nemienzanisiro, zvakadzivirirwa ne TINK] uye Brandenburg [[[FLT:]], kupesvedzera murangariro wavose, uye kunogona kutungamirira kuchinjo yomutemo. Rumwe rudzi rwechienzi rwokutora rutivi ndirwo rupfupiti. Nepo ruchipiwa nenzira yakatanhamara namasangano, vanhu vamwe navamwe nezivo chaiyo kana kuti fariro yakasimba muchinoitika cheDare gurusa. Iyi inobvumira vanhu nguva dzimwe nguva kutora rutivi muvarati yemitemo yakakwirira.

Kuchinja Kwemashoko Nedzidzo Yepamutemo Yenzanga

Vamwe vagari vemo vanotora rutivi kupfurikidza nokuunza matare anodenha mitemo kana kuti miitiro. Zviitiko zvakakurukurwa pano Gideon, Mapp[[, [[FLT]], [[FLT][4]] Katz [[[[FLT]] [5]] apo vanhu vairamba kugamuchira kodzero dzavo. Kuchinja kazhinji kazhinji kunoda kubatana namasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo akafanana neACLUU kana kuti NaACP, asi inoramba chimiro chakasimba chokutora rutivi. Dzidzo iimwe nzira yemitemo apo vagari vanonzwisisa kodzero yavo, sezvingabvira zvikuru vaidzikamisa. Sangano se-FLT: [F6][F][5]

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Mhenyu Yemhosva Dzepasi

Kutora rutivi mumuitiro wapamutemo ikodzero uye mutoro. Nhau dzeDare Rapamusorosasanoita zvinopfuura kupedza makakatanwa \ zvinodzidzisa rudzi pamusoro pemipimo yarwo. .Timei [ inodzidzisa kuti ushingi hwokupesana hunodzivirirwa; [ Machisarudzo [[[FLT:]] inodzidzisa kuti nyika inofanira kuremekedza kuva yakavanzika; [[FLT:]] Gideon inodzidzisa kuti ruramisiro haigoni kutsamira papfuma. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoramba zvichiva nechokuita kuti vagari vemo varambe vachitaura mumashoko matsva. Kana kupfurikidza nokuvhotera, kunyunyuta, kana kuti kushora mudare, munhu ari wose anogona kubatanidzwa. Dare guru reDare repamusoro rinoitwa nevanhuwo nenhau, uye kutsanangurwa nomutemo womutemo wedare renyika. Zvitendero zvinobatsira kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu zvapamutemo.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve panhau dzinooneka uye nzira yokubatanidzwa nayo nedare remitemo, bvunza zviwanikwa pa nzvimbo yapamutemo yeDare Gurusa [, SCOTBlog[ nokuda kwokunzvera mhaka kwazvino, uye mapoka ezvokunyora anonangidzira ngwariro padzidzo yapamutemo. Yeuka: Mutemo ndewavanhu, uye kutora rutivi kunouchengeta uri mupenyu.