Kodzero yokuvhota ikongiriro yenzvimbo yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, inoumba nhungamiro yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, yenyika, uye yehurumende. Zvisinei, kana iri hofisi yakakwirira zvikurusa munyika yacho — purezidhendi — rwendo rwemurwi wemugari wemo isati iri mutsetse wakananga kuImba inovhota. Panzvimbo pezvo, inopfuura nomumanikidzi: Electoral College. Iyi yakasiana uye inowanzosanzwisiswa ine tapuro huru pamarwire anoitwa sarudzo yapurezidhendi, kuwina, uye kurasika. Kunzwisisa kuti Electoral College inoita sei simba rako rokuvhota kunokosha nokuda kwomuvhotera upi noupi anoda kufamba munzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kutora rutivi rwechokwadi mukuvhotera kwapurezidhendi.

Electoral College Chii?

Electoral College ibasa, kwete nzvimbo chaiyo, yakatangwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1 cheBumbiro reMitemo reU. National Archives [, ine 538] vavhoti. Mubatanidzwa unofanira kuchengetedza voruzhinji vane 270 vavhoti kuti vawine. Nyika imwe neimwe inogamuchira nhamba yavavhoti yakaenzana nenhamba yayo yeSenators (nguva dzose mbiri) uye vamiririri muNzvisaro (zvinosiana pavagari vemo). Ruwa rwaColumbia runogoverwa vatatu vakasarudzwa pasi pe 23rd Amegend. Iyi tsika yakasanogadzirirwa kudzikaniswa kuti iwirirane simba rehurumende duku nereyi huru, sechiito chakanangana chigadziko chakakurumbira.

Mavambo Enhau: Kubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira Kwakareva Tsika

Kuti vanzwisise Electoral College, munhu anofanira kutarira zvinangwa zvokuvakwa kweVanababa mukati meConstitution of Constitution ye1787. Nhume dzakatarisana nechinetso chikuru: kuti vangasarudza sei mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Vhoti yakakurumbira yakarangarirwa kuva isingabviri nemhaka yedaro guru uye kushaikwa kwekurukurirano yenyika. Kupfuurirazve, nyika dzokumaodzanyemba, dzaiva nevagari vakawanda vevanhu vaiva varanda vaisagona kuvhota, vachinetseka kuti tsika yokuvhota yakakurumbira ichaita kuti idereredze simba ravo rakati. Vatatu vanobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, vairangarira vanhu vaiva varanda savatatu nokuda kwezvinangwa zvomufananidzo, chinhu chakananga muchisiko cheElctoral College, chinogovera pesvedzero yavaranda mukusarudzwa kwapurezidhendi.

VaFramers vaityawo "chikamu chevoruzhinji". Vairangarira Electoral College sechisero, uko vasanzveri vakatanhamara, vazivi vaigona kushandisa rutongeso rwavo kusarudza purezidhendi akakwaniriswa zvikurusa. Ivo havana kukarira kumuka kwamapati ezvematongerwe enyika kana kuti pfungwa yokuti vavhoti vaizovimbiswa kuva vanoda kutendwa chaivo. Mumazana amakore, tsika yakava muitiro webato zvikuru, asi gadziriro yayo — apo pesvedzero inosarudzwa nemiganhu yenyika panzvimbo pevagari vemo vemo — inoramba iripo.

Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Tsika

Muitiro wokusarudza purezidhendi muUnited States unozaruka mumativi anoverengeka akasiyana, mumwe nomumwe une revo dzawo umene nokuda kwesimba romuvhoti.

Danho 1: Kusarudza Kukuru uye Mutambo Wakakurumbira

Apo unokanda bhoti nokuda kwomutsigiri woupurezidhendi muna November, uri kuvhota maererano namazivikanwo nokuda kwechirevo chavavhoti avo vakavimbisa kutsigira muvhoti. Mazita chaiwo avavhoti ari pavhoti, kunyange zvazvo vavhoti vazhinjisa vasingazivi kuti vaani. Muuyo wevhoti yakakurumbira mukati mehurumende imwe neimwe unosarudza kuti ndipi chiredhi chavavhoti chakasarudzwa chakagadzwa.

Nhano 2: Muwiri Anoita Utongi Hwose

Mune 48 maruwa nePurgati yeColumbia, mukundi wevhoti yakakurumbira anogamuchira mavhoti ose ehurumende iyoyo. Ikoku kunozivikanwa se "winner-tables-all" kana kuti "utongi hweboka". Maine neNebraska dzinosiyana, achishandisa mutoo woruwa apo mukundi weruwa rumwe norumwe runowana vhoti imwe yovhota, uye muwini wenyika yose anogamuchira vavhoti vasaruri vaviri vedare. Uyu mutemo unokosha zvikurusa mukushatisa simba romunhu mumwe nomumwe, sokudzosa chose chose chose mavhoti edaviti yorutsi.

Nhano 3: College Inoonana Nemisangano uye Dare Rinoverenga

Muna December, vavhoti vanosangana mudzimbahwe renyika ravo rakatsaukana kuti vakandire mavhoti avo. Izvi zvibereko zvinotumirwa kuCongress, uko vanoverengwa nenzira yapamutemo murusando rwomubatanidzwa muna January, vachitungamirirwa naMutungamiriri weHurumende. Ndopano apo sarudzo yapurezidhendi inopupurirwa pamutemo. Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki, zvirambidzo zvinogona kusimudzirwa kuva vhoti dzehurumende, zvichitungamirira kukurukurirano nevhoti mumakamu ose ari maviri eCongress, sezvinoonekwa mushure kwezvakasarudzwa kwe202020.

Kutapura Kunoita Electoral College Yako Simba Rokutamba

Simba rako rokuvhota harienzani nemugari womune imwe nyika; rinonyanya kutsamira pamakwikwi uye kuwanda kwevanhu vehurumende kwaunogara.

Mutambo Wakakodzera Pamapurazi

Mukundi anotora pesvedzero yetsika yose inopa pesvedzero ku "zvikamu zvehondo" kana kuti "Battlebrown diviti" — inotaura uko vavhoti vanokamuraniswa zvikuru pakati pamapoka makuru maviri. Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anopedza yakawanda yepfuma yavo, nguva, uye kuzivisa muchiverengero chiduku chemari sePennsylvania, Michigan, Continella, Georgian, ne Nevada. Majerite muidzi mune aya enyika anotukwa nemira, anovimbisa, uye anowana kunze-nyika. Kana uchigara munyika, vhoti yako ine bviro yakakwirira zvikuru yokupesvedzera murusarudzo. Iyi mitoo inodzoro inowanzoitwa kuti ikwidzirirwe kuidzodzodzodzo dzakateverwa.

Zvomene yeNyika Dzakachengeteka Nekufamba Dzakaora Mwoyo

Nenzira inopesana, voruzhinji veAmerica vanogara mu "nyika dzakakotsekana" — inotaura kuti nguva dzose vhoti nokuda kwomumwe mubato kana kuti mumwe. Kana uri muRepublican muCalifornia kana kuti Democrat muAlabama, vhoti yako yapurezidhendi inonyimwa zvikurukuru nemukundi anokunda. Sangano yako inotsigira kuvhota kwakakurumbira wenyika, asi haina mukana chaiwo wokuita mavhoti evota. Iyi tsika inogona kutungamirira kukusakendenga uye kudzorwa kwavakaora mwoyo, sokufunga kunoita vagari vemo vakawanda "kuti havagoni kutora mavhoti." [[FTL:] sangano revota] , asi harina mukana chaiwo wokuita kuti pave neanonzi "vhotation" nokuda kwenyika zhinji.

Kurema Kunoderedza Nyika duku

Nemhaka yokuti hurumende iri yose inowana zvitsama zviduku zvamavhoti matatu akasarudzwa. California ine vamiririri vane 522 uye vanhu vanodokusvika mamirioni 40, pasinei zvapo navagari vemo, nyika duku dzinomirirwa muElectoral College. Somuenzaniso, Whoming ine mumiririri mumwe uye vanenge 600 000 vagari vemo, inopa chivhoti chimwe chete chavanhu 200 000. California ine 522 vamiririri uye vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 40, inopa vvuti imwe chete yavanhu vari vose vanosarudzwa. Iyi purofiti yeSangano inoreva kuti muvhotera muWyoming ane simba remasvotal rinopetwa katatu kuti apesve simba reElctoral College muCalige muCalifornia. Ichi chakanga chiri chinhu chakajekerwa nemutemwaro wetsika yokudzivirira nyika duku, asi chinorwisana netsika yehurumende yazvino unotonga nyika yede yazvino uno uno uno uno.

Kukakavadzana Nokurwisana Nekoreji yeElectoral

Kwenguva refu yave iripo, Electoral College yave iri manyuko ekurukurirano huru.

Mhaka Yokuchengetwa

  • Gadziriro yeFederalism: Gadziriro inosimbisa basa rehurumende savatambi vakuru mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika worudzi. Inoda kuti vadaviri vavake mibatanidzwa yakafara, yakasiana - siana muruwa panzvimbo pokungokwidza micheto mihombe munzvimbo dzamaguta dzine vanhu vashomanene.
  • Kubudirira neClarity: Tsika inokunda inowanzoita muwiridziri akajeka (mutendi anosvika 270), achidzivisa bviro yenyika yose kana kuti gadziriro yakakamukana zvikuru. Inobetsera kuchengeta gadziriro yemativi maviri, iyo vamwe vanoramba kuti igovere tsinga huru yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Dziviriro duku: Kupfurikidza nokupa hurumende iri yose musiyano wevhoti nhatu dzevavhoti, gadziriro yamauto anotarisira purezidhendi kurangarira zvinodikanwa zvenyika dzisina kuwanda zvikuru, kuchidzivisa chiitiko umo nharaunda dzomumaruwa dzine vanhu vashoma dzinofuratirwa chose chose mudariro renzvimbo huru dzomumaguta.
  • [[FLT: 0] Confessines Disputes:[[FLT: 1] Mugakava rakasanokwikwidzwa, gakava kazhinji kazhinji rinoganhurirwa kunyika shomanene huru, kuchiita rondedzero kana kuti denho yapamutemo inokwanisa zvikuru kupfuura kurondedzerwa munyika yose kwamakumi amamirioni amavhoti.

Mhaka Yokuzvidzwa Kana Kuti Yechinjo

  • Vaiolates One-Person-Vote: Gadziriro inoparira kusaenzana kwemifungo umo vhoti munyika duku nehurumende dzinochinjana inokosha zvikuru mumitemo kupfuura mavhoti munyika huru, dzakakotsekana. Ikoku kunopokanidza donzo redemocracy rokuti mugari wemo ari wose anofanira kuva neshoko rakaenzana mukusarudza mutungamiriri wadzo.
  • Plaintes Voter Turnout: Muzhinjisa yemitemo iyo isingarangarirwi se "Nhaka dzehondo," vavhoti vanganzwa varashwa, kuchitungamirira kumwero yakaderera yokutora sarudzo yapurezidhendi uye kuvimbisana nezvamatongerwe enyika zvorudzi.
  • Chisarudzo cha"Wrong Wine" Kutsoropodza kunooneka zvikurusa ndokwokuti Electoral College inogona kusarudza muvhoti inorasikirwa nevoruzhinji. Ikoku kwakaitika kashanu munhau yeU.S., nguva pfupi yapfuura muna 2000 (George W. Bush akarasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira kuAl Gore) na2016 (Derrard Trump akarasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira kuna Hillary Clinton). Chiono ichi chinogona kusekesa chiremera chinotendwa chama.
  • Mitemo yePropotione Ghession on Swing States: Vasingatarisi nzvimbo huru dzenyika. Nharo dzinokosha kunyika dzakakotsekana (mutoo wengwavaira yomusikirwo muFlorida kana kuti California, maruramiro emvura muMadokero) anogona kuiswa parutivi mukutsigira itiro hanya dzeparioch yezvikamu zvishomanene zvehondo.

Zvikarakadzo Zvokuchinja

Pamusana pegakava racho, zvikarakadzo zvinoverengeka zvakaoneka kuti zvichichinja kana kuti kushanda kupota gadziriro yacho pasina kubvisa Electoral College.

Nhamburiko yakatanhamara zvikurusa yazvino uno yokuvandudza gadziriro yacho iNational Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC). Iyi ibvumirano pakati pehurumende dzinotora rutivi kunzvimbo dzose dzevoti dzavo kumunhu anowana muvhoti yakakurumbira yavose[, pasinei zvapo nomuuyo mumugariro wavo. Kubatana kuchatora bedzi kana kwagamuchirwa nehurumende kudzora ruzhinji rwevota (270). Sezvinoreva nhasi, mavhoti anopfuura 190 akabatana neboka. Brenan Center yeMutongi [FFOct:3] inopa dzidzo huru yemitemo nerevoti yeNacc C. Nepo inomirira mamiriro enyika anomirira kudzorwa kwapamutemo.

Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Vatsigiri vevhoti yakakurumbira yakananga nokuda kwegadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo yokuparadza Electoral College chose chose. Uku inzira yakananga zvikurusa asi uyewo kuoma zvikurusa mune zvamatongerwe enyika, kunoda voruzhinji vane mativi maviri muzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare uye kurashwa nemativi matatu. Mitengo miduku, inobetserwa netsika yazvino, haingabviri kuvhota kuti idzikire, ichiita kuti iyi nzira ive yakaoma zvikuru muzvose zviri kuitika mumhoteredzo yazvino yapasi.

Nzira Yoruwa YeCongress

Maine neNebraska dzinopa kusvika kwapakati pevhu. Kupfurikidza namavhoti omubayiro akavakirwa pamukundi weruwa rumwe norumwe rwesangano, panzvimbo pemukundi anotora hwaro hwose munyika yose, gadziriro inova yakaenzana zvikuru. Nepo nenzira inowirirana, vatsoropodzi vanoramba kuti inogona kutungamirira kugerrymaning, uko masangano ehurumende anokweva mitsetse yoruwa kuti adanezve betsero inodzorwa mukuparadzirwa kwamavhota anovhota.

Basa Ravazivisi Vasina Kutenda

Vavhoti vasina kutenda imitezo yeElectoral College iyo isingavhoti mutengi wavakapikira kutsigira. Nepo munhau isingawanzowaniki uye isinganyanyi kushatiswa, vakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro peperero yetsika. Muna 2016, vavhoti vanomwe vakatsauka kubva kuvatengi vavo vakapikirwa. Muna 2020, Dare Rapamusoro raitonga mu Chifalo v. Washington iyo inotaura kuti ine kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yokuda vasarutsi kuti vade vasarudze vavhoti vavo vakakurumbira uye kuranga kana kuti kubvisa avo vasingarangi. Ikoku kwakaderedza zvikuru ngozi yavasarudzo isina kutenda inoshandura mugumisiro, ichisimbisa pfungwa yokuti Elector iboka, kwete munhu anozvimiririra.

Kuita Kuti Inzwi Rako Rinzwiwe Mugadziriro Yazvino

Kunyange zvazvo Electoral College ingaratidzika sesangano riri kure, risinganyanyi kuoneka, haridzikisi kukosha kwokuvhota.

  • Kuzvidzora muMitsara Yose: Kunyange kana mamiriro ako ezvinhu ari "mugariro wakakotsekana," muganhu wemijaho yakaderera nokuda kweDare, Imba, Gavhuna, uye dare rehurumende rinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva. Hurumende dzinopa mitemo yemitemo, zvikurukuru, dzine simba rokukweva maruwa anosarudzwa ndokusarudza mitemo yokuronga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuwana nzvimbo mumitambo: Mumaruwa akawanda, sarudzo huru nerusarudzo zvemakwikwi zvikurusa zvezvamatongerwe enyika ndezvinoitika. Nemhaka yokuti miuyo yesarudzo yavose inowanzofanotaurwa munyika dzakakotsekana, muitiro wokutanga unova nzvimbo inosarudzwa nokuda kwokuumba chikuva uye kusarudza vanoda kuoneka parusarudzo.
  • Paricipate muNational Conference: Kana uri mumugariro unochinja kana kuti mugariro wakakotsekana, inzwi rako mumapoka ehurumende omunzvimbomo, pazvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, uye pahoro dzetaundi zvinobetsera kukurukurirano yorudzi yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvikuva zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoumbwa neidzi kurukurirano.
  • Funga nezveBroader Impact: Electoral College inosimbisa zvikuru simba ramapoka akarongwa amapoka mashoma ari mukati menyika dzinochinja. Varimi muIowa, vashandi vomubatanidzwa muMichigan, uye vavhooti veAmerican muFlorida vanowana ngwariro yavengwa. Kana boka renyu rokugara munyika riri rutivi runokosha rwemubatanidzwa wehurumende inochinja, simba renyu rakakwirira zvikuru.

Mugumisiro: Kuchinja Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Nayo

Electoral College rutivi rune simba uye runokakavadzana rwesarudzo yapurezidhendi weAmerica. Yakagadzirirwa nokuda kwedare rapamberi pezvikamu zvapamberi pezvi, nyika ine nzvimbo yapamberi pezvikamu uye yakashanduka nenzira inokosha kupfurikidza nokushandisa uye muenzaniso wapamutemo. Inopfuurira kuumba gadziriro dzenhimbe, mutoo wekurukurirano yenyika, uye nhevedzano inorangarirwa yemiuyo yesarudzo.

Pakupedzisira, mubvunzo wokuti Electoral College inotapura sei inzwi rako unopindurwa nokutarira panzvimbo yako yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kana uchigara mumugariro wamakwikwi, une simba guru. Kana uchigara mumugariro wakakotsekana, vhoti yapurezidhendi yako iratidziro yokufananidzira yezvaunoda kupfuura shandiro rinotapura zvakananga mugumisiro. Zvisinei, muzviitiko zvose, kutora kwako mativi ose. Kutora rutivi kwako kunokosha zvikurusa apo vagari vemo vemo vayo vanoziviswa nokurongeka. Kunzwisisa makambani eEl Colleges kukupa simba rokuita kuti inzwi rako rinzwe zvakanakisisa — kupfurikidza nokubudisa vhiya, kana kuti kusimudzira simba rako pamitengo yehurumende apo kuvhotera kwako kunotakura kurema kukuru. Kunzvera mashoko enhau namajekero ezviwanikwa zvamaza [Frectal College]