Chiri Kubatana Uye Chikonzero Nei Kuchikosha

Federalism idivi rebumbiro remitemo resimba pakati pehurumende yepakati (yorudzi) nehurumende dzeruwa. MuUnited States, ichi chirongwa hachisi chidzongori chete kudzora(icho igadziriro yamaune yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba nepo zvichibvumira nyika kubatira semarabhoratori ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Understationism inokosha mukunzwisisa kuti American Controlcance inoshanda sei pamwero uri wose, kubva kukirasi kuenda kuCongress, uye kuti vagari vemo vanoshanda sei nehurumende yavo pahwaro hwezuva nezuva. Dzikano pakati pechiremera chomubatanidzwa wenyika nehurumende inoumba chinhu chiri chose kubva pamuitiro woutano hwavose kururamisiro youtongi hwehurumende yehurumende kururamisi mizhinji, kuchiiita kuti chive chimwe chenheyo huru zvikurusa nekurukurirano yetsikanomuU.S.

Mavambo Enhau Echiuto cheU.S.

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. vakatarisana nechinetso chikuru: kuti vangatanga sei mubatanidzwa wakasimba zvakakwana kuti ushande zvinobudirira vachichengeta rusununguko nokuzvitonga kwenyika dzimwe. Gwaro rapamberi, Articles of Confederation, vakanga vagadzira hurumende yakaneta isina simba rekutera, inodzora kutengeserana, kana kuti kudzikamisa mitemo. Izvi zvakatungamirira kunyongano yezvemari, kukakavadzana kwezvikamu, uye kusakwanisa kupindura njodzi dzakadai seRwisavis. Bumbiro remitemo, rakashaidzwa muna 1787, rakatsiva iyi bvumirano isina kubatana negadziriro yomubatanidzwa yakananga yaigoverwa, yakaganhurirwa kuhurumende yenyika apo inochengeta mamwe masimba ose enyika.

Gakava reReveration pakati pa vatsigiri venhau dzechiNgezi (ivo vakatsigira Bumbiro reMitemo) uye vaAnti-Fédalist [ (ivo vakatya udzvinyiriri hwesimba) vakaumba rugwaro rwokupedzisira. Mapepa eBotherinst `* , zvikurukuru [[FLT:]] Anogona kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu okushatisa. [10 FLT:5] uye [FLT:] Fideraris. [5] Nhamba inopesana.[5:] [5:]] [5] [5] .[FLT7] , kana kuti nyika inokamuraniswa namasimba anopesana, inobvumirwa namasimba anopesana.

Gadziriro Huru Dzomutemo Dzinorondedzera Kushanda Kwomubatanidzwa Wenyika

Asimbiswa, Akashandiswa, uye Masimba Akachengetwa

Constitution inosimbisa chimiro chesimba chine nhinhatu. masimba anonyorwa zvakajeka muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, kubatanidza simba rokuisa mari, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye kutanga mahofisi epositi. Anoshandisa masimba anobva muChinyorwa chaMaidi neFaane Classias (Chikamu 8, Classicle I, Chikamu 8, Claus 18), icho chinopa chiremera kuita mitemo yose kuti iite “idiwa uye yakafanira" nokuda kwokuita masimba ayo. Chirevo ichi chave hwaro hwemitemo mitemo inosa, kubva mukusikwa kwenyika kusvikira kumasangano azvino uno.

Masimba anodiwa [ anongova masangano. Anosanganisira chiremera chokusarudza, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kutanga hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, uye kutarisira utano hwavanhu nekotsekano. Hurumende yeTenteth [ inzvimbo inochengeterwa masimba aya akachengetwa, ichiita kuti hurumende isagona kutora basa rehurumende pasina mutemo wakajeka.

Masimba Achiripo uye Claus Ane Simba

Mamwe masimba anogoverwa nedzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende. aya masimba akabatana anobatanidza mano omutero, kukwereta mari, kutanga matare, uye kuisa mitemo. Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana. matare ehurumende anosungwa naClaus [Masimba] [[FLT]] (Arcle VI, Claus 2) anosimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo, mirairo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano i “Mutemo weNyika." izvi zvinoreva kuti matare emitemo anosungwa nomutemo kunyange kana achipesana nemitemo kana kuti mitemo. Chisaidzosa. Mhaka yedare reSivi renyika [FLT]] CLC. [FFFF]

Kutenda Kwakazara Nechikwereti Neukama Hwevanhu

Chikamu IV cheBumbiro reMitemo chinobatanidza gadziriro dzinobatanidza nyika pamwe chete serudzi rumwe. Kutenda kwakazara neCurbes inoda nyika kukudza zviito zvavose, zvinyorwa, uye miitiro yokutonga yedzimwe nyika. [[FLT:] Prigegeges] naImmunites Claus zvinodzivisa miganhu kubvisa vagari vedzimwe nyika mumaruramiro makuru. Kuzivisa kuti vapoteri kubva kururamisiro vanodzoserwa kumugariro apo utsotsi hwakaitika. Idzi dzino dzinoita gadziriro dzomutemo dzorudzi apo dzinochengeta mutemo.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwemagariro: Kubva Pakubatana Kuenda Kukushanda Pamwe Chete

Dual Federationlism (1789-1930)

Nokuda kwenhau zhinji dzeAmerica, hurumende yaishandiswa mu “keke rependi. Hurumende yehurumende yaibata nhau dzerudzi (yava nehondo, nhau dzokunze, kutengeserana kwenyika dzenyika) nepo nyika dzakatarisira itiro dzomunzvimbomo dzakadai sedzidzo, mitemo yeroorano, uye maruramiro ezvinhu. Iyi nhambo, inozivikanwa se unani , yairatidzirwa nemirairo yakajeka yechiremera. Dare repamusoro raidzivirira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji uchangamire hwehurumende, kukunda mitemo yehurumende yaipfuura masimba enyika. Somuenzaniso, mu United States. E. C. CON.[FLD:] [F] [595]], Dare raikanga risiri kugadzira bhizimisi, rinodzosera pamutemo, rinodzorwa dare rinodzonesa.

Kodzero yeFederalism (1930s -1970)

Great Depression and Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt purogiramu dzeNew Deal dzakabvisa ganhuriro huru. Hurumende yehurumende yakavamba kugovera mari-imo yokugovera nokuda kwemiganhu, shopu, uye basa, ichiita “keke rehurumende” umo mitoro yakavhengana uye yakagoveranwa. Kuchinja kweDare repamusorosoro mu NLB. Jones & Laughlin Sel Corp. [197]) yakabvumira murairo wakafara webasa remari pasi poKutengesa Claus. Nguva ino yakaona kukura kwesimba renyika kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zveSocial Security, Médid, uye mari yomumugwagwa.

New Federalism (1970säPresenters)

Mumhinduro kukukura kwesimba rehurumende, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon naRonald Reagan vakatsigirawo New Federalism [[FLT: 1], vachivavarira kudzorera chiremera nemutoro kunyika. Ikoku kwakabatanidza kugoverana kwemari, mari inopa, uye kudzorwa. Dare Rapamusoro pasi peChirevo chePuerce Gost William Rehnquest muzvinoitika zvinoverengeka, zvakadai se [[FLT:] United States v. Lopez [19595], iro rakarovanya pasi peGun-Fod Schools Actives reconcureat , sechiremera chikuru chePress congress, na[FOct:] v. United States [FLT]

Kushanda Kwemagariro Evanhu Mumuitiro: Kuumba Mitatu

Kurapwa

Act yeYamuro yeIndaneti (ACA) ya2010 inoratidzira kubatanidzwa kwazvino uno kwesimba rehurumende nerehurumende. Mutemo wakakudziridza chinyorwa cheMedicaid, asi chisarudzo chapashure cheDare Gurusa mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLT] [[FLT]] (20:2] akaita Hurumende kutora rutivi nokuzvidira. Somugumisiro, dzimwe nyika dzakakudza Médicaid apo dzimwe dzakarega, kuchiparira misiyano yakakomba mutsinharo nemiuyo youtano. CHATAUSA yakatangawo puro yemipi yezvoutano yemubatanidzwa yeInishuwareji yezvoutano, asi masangano mazhinji akasarudza kushandira zvose zviri zviviri kushambadzadzo.

Dzidzo

Kunyange zvazvo Department of Education iripo, muitiro wedzidzo ihurumende nemo. United States inogadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, zvinodikanwa zvemari, uye nzira dzokushandisa. Mudzidzi ari wose Wese Wese Wends Succes Act (ESSA) wa 2015 akapa hurumende udzori hukuru pamusoro pemipimo yokuzvidavirira yakaenzaniswa neyayo yakazvitangira, No Child Led Bend. Zvisinei, mitemo yehurumende yekodzero dzavagari vemo ichiri kumanikidzira nokudzivirira vadzidzi nokuremara. Mabhodhi echikoro omunharaunda nemitemo yehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inorwisana nevakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende pamusoro penhau dzakafanana nokuedza kwakafanira, chikoro, uye LGTQ, kuratidzira kusawirirana kwedzidzo yehurumende yehurumende.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nomutemo

Mutemo weutsotsi zvikurukuru ibasa rehurumende. Hurumende inorondedzera mhosva zhinjisa, mapurisa anosungisa mitemo, uye matare ehurumende anotonga vapari mhaka. Hurumende inonangidzira ngwariro pamhosva dzemirayiro dzinoparwa negumo, kutengesa mirimo, ugandanga, uye kuputsa kodzero dzavagari vemo. Zvisinei, muganhu wacho hauna kujeka. Somuenzaniso, kuputsa kwehurumende yehurumende mari yembanje /a Shedyor I I promone pasi peGuerdey Substances Act / yakakakavadzana nemitemo iyo yakanyoresa mishonga kana kuti chikaro. Departmenta rezvo kuchengetedza pamutemo pasi pezvirongwa zvakasiyana - siyana zvehurumende kuisa ngwariro pakudzokoroko kukuva kusingachinjiki uye kusavika kwapamutemo nokuda kwavagari vemo nebhizimisi.

Fiscal Federalism: Grants, Mandays, uye Nheyo

Huzhinji hweukama hwehurumende nhasi hunorevererwa nemari. Fiscalism yehurumende inonongedzera kukushandiswa kwezvipo zvehurumende kusimba rehurumende. [FLT:][g., Community Development Grants] [[FLT]] (g.g.]) inopa mari inopa. [[FLT:]

Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, hurumende yehurumende yakatungamirira. Hurumende yehurumende yakagovera mamirioni ane betsero kuhurumende uye vanhu kupfurikidza neCaRES Act neAmerican Replation, ichibatanidza migariro kumari yedzidzo nebetsero dzourovha. Dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa mari kupedza zvinodikanwa zvinoda kupararira; dzimwe dzakapa mhaka pamusoro pezvadzakaona sezvisakarurama. Iyi njodzi yakabatanidza zvose zviri zviviri kudikanwa kwezviwanikwa zvehurumende uye rwisano inoparirwa nokushandisa kwemitengo.

Matambudziko Nenharo Zviripo Iye Zvino

Hurumende Nechiremera Chehurumende Panhau Dzezvitunha

Nhau dzakadai sokubuda munyika, kubvisa mimba, uye kudzora pfuti zvinoedza zvakamwe ganhuriro dzehurumende. Mu Arizona v. United States (2021], Dare Rapamusoro rakarova mativi makuru eSB, rinobata mutemo wehurumende wekubuda munyika ino unoputsa nhamburiko dzehurumende. Pakubvisa mimba [FLT:]] Dobts v. Jackson Vakadzi vakaona mitemo yezve yezve utano hweArie $2022]) chisarudzo chokudzosa [[FLT]]. Wade v [FLT] inoramba kudzorwa kwemitemo inodzorwa kwemitemo, sezvinetso zvehurumende.

Kukwana uye Kuwana Nyika Dzakawanda

Ganhuriro inogona kuparira paradzano huru. Vagari vehurumende dzine gadziriro dzenzanga dzorupo vangafarikanya mutengo weMedicaid, zororo remhuri rinobhadharwa, kana kuti dzidzo yakakwirira iyo vagari vedzimwe nyika vasina. Nenzira yakapesana, mamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa angakwezva mabhizimisi asi anosiya vashandi kana kuti vatengi vasina dziviriro. Dambudziko reCHOVAD rakasimbisa izvi zvikamu: nyika negadziriro dzoutano dzakasimba dzinogona kurarama zviri nani pane idzo dzisina, uye kukwanisa kudzivirira nokuedza zvakasiyana - siyana.

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nechibvumirano

Sezvo mapoka makuru maviri achiva akarongwa zvikuru mumugariro wenyika, hurumende inogona kuisa mhoteredzo yapasi. Nyika tsvuku nehurumende dzebhuruu dzinopfuudza mitemo inopesana pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kodzero dzokuvhota, uye nhau dzenzanga, kusimbisa tsika nenzvimbo. Ikoku simba dzimwe nguva kunotungamirira kurwisano dzenyika, zvakadai seapo hurumende dzinokwidza vavakidzani pamusoro peshatiso yemhoteredzo kana kuti apo vatongi vanoramba kuva vasungwa vakawedzerwa nokuda kwemhosva mune dzimwe nyika. Ganhuriro yehurumende inogonesawo kudzivirira pamutemo wenyika, sezvinoonekwa ne “nhamburiko dzehurumende pamusoro pemitemo yepfutiputi nedzo. Nepo kudzivisa kushatiswa kwehurumende kuchigona kunzvera kubatana kwehurumende kana kuti kubatana.

Nguva Yemberi Yechirongwa Chokurwisa

Kudzora Kwezvigadzirwa uye Kwemagetsi

Intanenzi netrugs zvinopa denho itsva nokuda kwemitemo yehurumende. Kuvanza miganhu yemitemo, somuenzaniso, ibasa rehurumende repachivande: California’s Consumerficial Act (CCPA) inosiana zvikuru kupfuura mitemo yehurumende, uye dzimwe hurumende dziri kugamuchira mitemo yakafanana. Kushaikwa kwomutemo wehurumende wezvakavanzika wehurumende wakakwana kunoreva kuti mabhizimisi anofanira kufamba mumirayiro wenyika. Panguva imwe cheteyo, commerce Communicale at communices control arguay anopa chiremera kudzora engradicercery, asi matongerwe enyika akadzivisa sei muitiro mumwe chete. Mararamiro ehurumende anoitwa nemitemo youpfumi yemari achaita kuti nyika aumbirwe mubatanidzwa woumbiko audzo wenyika kwamakumi amakore.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nokushandira Pamwe Kwezvakatipoteredza

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo ndiimwe nzvimbo umo mabasa ehurumende nehurumende anokwikwidzwa. Cea Air Act inosimbisa mipimo yehurumende, asi nyika inoshandisa. California, nemuparadziri chaiye pasi poMutemo, inogadza mipimo yayo amene yokubudisa motokari iripo iyo dzimwe nyika dzingagamuchira. Apo hurumende inodzongonyedza mitemo yemhoteredzo, inodzora kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuipinda nemirau yakakomba. Zvinetso zvamajekerwe okushatsa (umg, kukwira mumitsetse yehurumende) inoda kubatana kwemitengo yehurumende. Chinjo yenzvimbo, nemhaka yetsika yenyika yose nemhesano, ingasunda kuchiremera chikuru chehurumende, asi kugadzirwa kwehurumende kuNew York kucharamba kuri madikanwa.

Makambani Nemadhiragi Anokonzera Simba

Federalism inogadzira mapfundo akawanda edzvinyiriro nokuda kwechinjo yenzanga. Masangano anogona kutsigira pamwero womunzvimbomo, kukunda mumitengo yehurumende, uye ipapo kumanikidza kugamuchirwa kworudzi. Sangano rekuenzana reroorano, somuenzaniso, rakavamba nezvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende nezviito zvemitemo pamberi pedare gurusa Obergefell v. Hodges chisarudzo chinodikanwa munyika yose. Nenzira yakafanana, vatsigiriri vekuchinjwa kweruramisiro, mari inowedzerwa, uye kodzero dzokuvhotera kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshanda kuzivisa simba. Gaswo inobatira sezvose zviri zviviri chiteshiviso chenyika nechinjo yenyika nechirongwa cherabhoritari yomura mavaratori anofambira mberi kana kuti zviwane.

mhedziso

Federalism inoramba iri rutivi rukuru rwehurumende yeAmerica, ichidzikamisa kudikanwa kwechinzwano chorudzi nebetsero dzezvigaro zvomunzvimbomo. Kuvambira pamavambo arwo murwisano dzavatangi kusvikira kuratidziro yazvino uno muzvoutano, dzidzo, uye mutemo woutsotsi, kupesana kwesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende kunopfuurira kuva kwechinjo. Kunzwisisa udzori hunoreva kuziva kuti udzori muU.S. hahuna kudzorwa chose chose chose kana kuti kupfaviswa chose chose chose. Chiri chisungo chikuru, kazhinji kazhinji chinowanzova chikakava chegakava. Sezvo zvinetso zvitsva zvinobva muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvichaedzwa, asi kusimba kwahwo hunokarakadza kuti gadziriro yaVavambi vehurumende ichiripo. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, vagariki vemo vomunyika, uye vagari vemo vomunyika yehurumende yehurumende inoziviswa nokuda kwokushanda kwehurumende inotongedzerwa.