Bazu rinotonga rehurumende rine nzvimbo yenheyo munzanga ipi neipi yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, rinoshanda somuchengeti womutemo, mudziviriri wekodzero dzavanhu, uye mupi weruramisiro. mutoro waro mukuru kutsanangura ndokushandisa mutemo, kupedza gakava, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvamapazu emitemo neanotungamirira zvinowirirana nenheyo dzemitemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera chimiro, mabasa, uye zvinotsungirira revo yebazu rinotonga, kunzvera kuti rinotsigira sei ruramisiro neruramisiro kupfurikidza nematare aro, vatongi, uye musengwa kumutemo.

Gadziriro Yebazu Rokutonga

Bazu redare rinoumbwa nedare ravafundisi rinoshanda pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende. dare rimwe nerimwe rine chiremera chakarondedzerwa() chiremera chokunzwa marudzi akati enhau(*) uye zvinoshanda pamwe chete kupa ruramisiro nenzira inobudirira. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira gadziriro kubata misiyano mikuru yenhau dzapamutemo, kuvambira pakupunzwa kwemikoto miduku yemotokari kusvikira kudenho dzomutemo dzakaoma.

Matare Ehurumende

Dare rehurumende rinoumbwa pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinobata nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, gakava pakati pehurumende, uye nhau umo United States iri mubato. Dare rehurumende rakarongwa kuva mitsetse mitatu:

  • Matare eruwa: Kune matare oruwa 94 munyika yose, achibatira sematare okutonga umo mhaka zhinjisa dzehurumende dzinobva. Vatongi vanotungamirira matare avagari vemo napautsotsi, vanonzwa ufakazi, uye vanoita zvisarudzo.
  • Matare eNhau eApismo: matare amatunhu 13 anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa. Haaiti kutonga kutsva asi anonzvera chinyorwa nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Zvisarudzo zvawo zvinogadza muenzaniso unowirirana mukati menzvimbo dzazvo.
  • Dare repamusoro reUnited States: Dare rapamusorosoro, rinoumbwa nematare mapfumbamwe, kuhwirudzura zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare edunhu uye matare makurusa ehurumende pamibvunzo inokosha. Zvisarudzo zvaro ndezvokupedzisira uye zvinobatanidza nyika yose.

Nhau dzechikwangwani dzakadai se Marbury v. Madison [1] [1] (1]) uye Brown v. Boka reDzidzo [ (1954) rinoratidzira simba rematare ehurumende kuumba nzanga yeAmerica. Dare rapamusoro rinoita mibato yemavambo [[[[FLT:]]] muchiverengero chakaganhurirwa chenhau, dzakadai segakavadzano pakati pedzimwe nyika, asi zhinjisasaro yaro idete.

Matare Ehurumende

Dare rehurumende rinobata mativi makuru ekakavadzano dzemitemo muUnited States. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine gadziriro yayo imene yedare, yainowanzoratidzirwa negadziriro yehurumende, asi nemisiano. matare ehurumende anonzwa mhaka dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, kukakavadzana kwemhuri, mhaka dzoutsotsi, nhau dzezvinhu, uye zvakawanda. Sangano rehurumende chairo rinobatanidza:

  • [ Dare reSangano reDare: Rinowanzonzi matare makuru kana kuti matunhu, iri ipfundo rokutanga rokupinda nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa. Idzo dzinonzwa ufakazi, dzinotonga dare redare rinobetsera vatongi, uye kubudisa rutongeso.
  • Dare reIntetermeter Appellate : Nyika dzakawanda dzine chivako chematare anoongorora zvisarudzo zvedare rinotonga. matare aya anoruramisa zvikanganiso uye anovimbisa kushandiswa kwakafanana kwomutemo wenyika.
  • State Courts: Dare rakakwirira zvikurusa munyika imwe neimwe, rinowanzonzi dare gurusa kana kuti dare rezvikumbiro (muNew York neMaryland). Rinonzwa kukwirira kubva kumatare akaderera uye rine shoko rokupedzisira pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo neremitemo.

Dare rehurumende ndirowo nzvimbo huru yemitemo yemhuri, probate, uye kutongwa kwamatare amatare maviri ehurumende nehurumende izivikanwo yehurumende yeAmerica, ichibvumira gadziriro dzose dziri mbiri kushanda dzakazvimirira asi dzichibatira pamwe.

Matare Anokosha

Kupfuura gadziriro dzedarewo zvadzo, matare chaiwo aripo kuti ape mhosho dzakati.Aya anobatanidza matare anoona nezvokubhuroka kwemari (dare rematare eruwa rehurumende), matare emitero, matare emauto, uye matare okutarisira.

  • Matare ezvinodhaka (anonyanya kuisa pfungwa pakugadziridzwa kwevatadzi vanoshandisa zvinodhaka zvisina kufanira)
  • Matare evaduku (kubata nyaya dzinobatanidza vaduku)
  • Matare emhuri (anobata nokurambana, kodzero yokuchengeta mwana, uye ukama hwomumba)
  • matare maduku anotaura nezvenyaya dzemari (achitaura nezvenyaya dzinowanikwa, dzisina kurongwa nokuda kwekakavadzano duku dzemari)

Aya matare anobvumira miitiro neunyanzvi zvakarongeka, zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka nokukwana kwemhinduro dzokutonga.

Basa Ravatongi

Vatongi ndivo vanhu vakatanhamara vebazu rokutonga. vanotungamirira kutonga kwedare, vanoita kutonga panhau dzapamutemo, uye vanopa marutongeso anotapura upenyu hwavanhu vamwe navamwe nokududzirwa kwomutemo. kusasarura kwavo, perero, uye zivo yapamutemo zvinokosha kuti vachengete chivimbo chavose mutsika yokutonga.

Kududzira Mitemo

Nyaya iri yose inoda vatongi kududzira mirau, mirau, uye gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza kurava rugwaro, donzo remitemo, uye kushandisa muenzaniso wemitemo. Uzivi hwakasiana - siana hwokutonga hwakadai semanyoro, mavambo, uye mabumbiro emitemo emitemo (zvinopa mitoo yakasiana - siana yokududzira. Pasinei zvapo nouzivi, vavariro ndeyokushandisa mutemo nguva dzose uye nenzira inodeya kutaurwa nenzira isingachinjiki. Kupfurikidza nokududzira, vatongi vanopedza rondedzero nerevo, nokudaro vachiumba mutemo munzira dzinotungamirira mufambiro womunguva yemberi.

Kuedza Miedzo Yakanaka

Vatongi ndivo vane mutoro wokuchengeta nhevedzano mudare. Vanotonga pamiitiro yezviito, vanosarudza ufakazi hungapiwa, uye vanorairidza vatongi pamutemo. Vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti vose vari vaviri `kutambudza nokuzvidzivirira, kupomera kana kuti kudzivirira, kuranga nokukwidziridza dare. Izvi zvinosanganisira kudzivirira kodzero yokupa zano, kodzero yokutarisana nezvapupu, uye kodzero yokukurumidza kutongwa. Vatongi vanewo chiremera chokururamisa kusazvibata, zvakadai sokushora kana kuti kutyora mitemo yetsika. Kuteerera mitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo, kudzivirira kutendeka kwedare.

Kudzivirira Kodzero

Vatongi vanobatira savachengeti vekodzero dzevanhu. Vanonzvera mitemo nezviito zvehurumende kuva nechokwadi chokuti havaputsi dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakadai semuitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana, rusununguko rwokutaura, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso. Munhau dzoutsotsi. Vatongi vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakwirirwi vanobatwa nenzira isina ruramisiro, kuti kunzvera nokubatwa kwehosha zvinobvumirwa nomutemo, uye kuti zvirango zvinobvumiranwa. Mumhakaha, vanomanikidza zvibvumirano, vanodzivisa rusaruro, uye vanopa mishonga yezvakaipa. Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevoruzhinji ibasa rinokosha zvikuru: matare anoparadza mitemo inopesana, anoderedza ganhurira patsika, uye anosimudzira kodzero dzemapoka anosarura.

Kukosha Kwokuhwirudzura

Kuhwirudzura dare isimba rokunzvera kudzika kwebumbiro remitemo nerehurumende. Nepo risina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, iri chiremera rakatangwa neDare Rapamusorosa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Kubvira ipapo, razova ibwe rekona rehurumende yeAmerica, richivimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rinopfuura ganhuriro dzaro dzemitemo.

Kutsvaka Simba Romutemo

Kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yorutongeso, matare anogona kushatisa mitemo inopiwa neDare remitemo kana kuti matare ehurumende kana akapesana neBumbiro reMitemo. Iri simba rinodzivisa chigaro chemitemo chisati chaita mitemo inoputsa maruramiro makuru kana kuti inopfuura masimba acho anorongwa. Somuenzaniso, mu United States v. Lopez [1955], chiremera cheDare reParamende rePasimende yakaganhurirwa pasi peClace, inotonga kuti Gun-Free Schools Social Act inopfuura simba romubatanidzwa. Zvisarudzo zvakadaro zvinosimbisa maruramiro anotara masimba uye zvinochengeta chiyero pakati pehurumende nechiremera.

Vane Simba Rinotungamirira

Bazu redare rinoongororawo zviito zvakaitwa nebazi guru, kubva pamirairo yapurezidhendi kusvikira kumirau yamasangano. Dare rinovimbisa kuti zviito zvevakuru vakuru zvine hwaro hwepamutemo uye zvinowirirana nezvinodiwa nebumbiro remitemo. Muzviitiko zvakaita se Youngstown sheep & Lamp; Tube. v. Sawyer [1952], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti Purezidhendi Truman abhadha zvigaro zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea nemhaka yokuti yakanga isina mvumo yemitemo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, matare akahwirudzudza mirayiro yezvokudzo pamusoro pokutama, mirairo yakapoteredza, uye chengeteko yamarudzi.

Kudzivirira Ruramisiro Huduku

Kuhwirudzura kunonyanya kukosha nokuda kwokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu nemapoka angavharwa nomutemo mukuru. Matare anogona kuputsa mitemo inosarura yakavakirwa parudzi, zvitendero, kana kuti mirangariro yevatano. Somuenzaniso, Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[ [1954] yakaguma nokusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose, uye yaitenda v. Hodges (20) yasimbisa maruramiro enyika ose omuchato waidzorwa kudiax. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira basa rejastiary sekumira kudzokera shure kunofungira zvakaipa kwakakurumbira, kuvimbisa kuti kodzero dzinokosha hadzibayirwi kuruzhinji.

Kusvika Kururamisiro

Kusvika kururamisiro kunoreva kuti vanhu vose, pasinei zvapo nemari, dzidzo, kana kuti mugariro wekare, vanogona kutsvaka mishonga yapamutemo ndokuita kuti nhau dzavo dzinzwiwe zvakanaka. Bazu rinotonga rine mutoro wokuderedza mhinganidzo kugadziriro yedare. Pasinei zvapo nefariro yeruramisiro yakaenzana, mhinganidzo huru dzinosara.

Masangano Okuyamura Nomutemo

Masangano eyamuro epamutemo anopa rubatsiro rwepamutemo rwepachena kana kuti rwakaderera kuvanhu vanowana mari. Anobetsera nenhau dzevagari vemo dzakadai sedzimba, mutemo wemhuri, dziviriro yevatengi, uye betsero. Masangano eMitemo apamutemo (LSC), mhindu isingavakirwi neCongress, mapurogiramu emari eyamuro yapamutemo munyika yose. Zvisinei, mari inowanzova isingasviki kudiwa. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti mhuri dzakawanda dzinowana mari shoma dzinowana chinetso chimwe chepamutemo gore rimwe nerimwe, asi vakawanda havagamuchiri betsero yapamutemo. Kuwedzera mibato yeyamuro yapamutemo kunokosha nokuda kwokuita chitsauko cheruramisiro.

Vadziviriri Voruzhinji

Vadziviriri vahurumende magweta anogadzwa nedare kumirira vakwirirwi vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta munhau. Sixth Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro ezano, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatambanudza iyi maruramiro okutaura vakwirirwi mu Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]. Mahofisi avose anodzivirira anotakura mitoro mikuru, kazhinji kazhinji inopfupikisa mipimo yenyika. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukusakwaniriswa, kukwidziridza kumikwidza, uye zvitendero zvakaipa. Zvinowedzera dziviriro zvapachena injo inodenha.

Basa reProBono

Magweta mazhinji avanhu voga anopinda mupro bono (basa rapachena) rapamutemo. Masangano eBar anokurudzira magweta kupedzera chikamu chenguva yawo kubatira vatengi vakaderera vanogamuchira. Mipiro yeBono inobetsera kuzadza mikaha mumibato yapamutemo, zvikurukuru nokuda kwenhau dzakaoma kuti mahofisi eyamuro apamutemo arege kubata. Makambani emitemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anobatirana namasangano asingapi purofiti kuti agovere makiriniki, kumirira, uye muitiro. Basa rezvo rinobatanidza musengwano wapamutemo webasa kururamisiro neruramisiro.

Muitiro waJury

Sayenzi yeSandth Amendment inovimbisa kodzero yedare mumatare, uye Seventh Amendment inopa kodzero yacho kumhosva dzakati dzevagari vemo.

Gadziriro yedare redare redare inokurudzira kutora rutivi kwavose nokujeka. Inovimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinoratidzira mipimo yenzanga nechisarudzo chavose. Zvisinei, gadziriro inotarisana nedenho, kubatanidza fungidziro, kuvhiringidzika pamusoro poufakazi hwakaoma, uye mutoro webasa. Dare rakaita matanho okuvandudza kusarudzwa kwedare redare, zvakadai sokubvumira zvinetso zvakawanda zvokupa mhaka uye kushandisa vapikicha kuti vazive rusaruro. Vatongi vanoramba vari sangano rinokosha nokuda kweruramisiro mugadziriro yedare reU.S.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba uye Kuchinja uye Kudzikamisa

Bazu rinotonga rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yokuparadzana kwamasimba. Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu(_glasititititi, mutariri, uye mutongi) kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuti risadzore. Nzvero nedzinodzikamiswa zvakavakwa mugadziriro inobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira masimba amamwe. Somuenzaniso, bazu remitemo rinoumba matare uye rinogona kuisa vatongi vehurumende uye rinoisa dare rinotonga; uye bazi rinotonga rinohwirudzura pamutemo wemitemo nemibato yapamusoro.

Iyi rondedzero inovimbisa kuti simba rinoshandiswa mukati memiganhu yapamutemo. Uzvimiriri hwedare nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika (* rusununguko kubva mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika) inokosha kuti bazu rokutonga riite basa raro rokunzvera. Vatongi veFederal vanoita kugadza kwoupenyu hwose mukati momufambiro wakanaka, vachidzivisa kubviswa kwezvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi. Hurumende dzinowanzogovera dziviriro dzakafanana kupfurikidza nokusarudza kwakafanira namashoko marefu. Chigadziko chejaji chakazvimirira chiratidzo chomutemo.

mhedziso

Bazu redare ikokuyera ruramisiro neruramisiro munzanga. Kupfurikidza negadziriro yaro yedare yakaumbwa, vatongi vasingasaruri, uye simba rokuhwirudzura, rinotsanangura mitemo, rinopedza gakava, uye rinodzivirira maruramiro avanhu. Chibvumirano chokusvika kururamisiro(kupfurikidza neyamuro yapamutemo, vadziviriri voruzhinji, uye probono ivimbiso kuti matare anoshumira munhu ari wose, kwete bedzi vapfumi kana vane simba. Sangano redare redare nemapoka zvinosimbisazve kuva nomwero zvehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti nzanga yehurumende yehurumende inokosha inokosha sei kutsigira mutemo nebvumirano yehurumende. [[2]][Foctal Association][3][3][3]