Hwaro Hwoutongi Hwehurumende

Munzanga ipi neipi yedemocracy, kuiswa kwesimba kunoisa tyisidziro huru kurusununguko. Nheyo yemipimo yechero nedzikamo — mutoo webumbiro remitemo uyo mapazu akasiyana ehurumende anogona kuganhurira nawo chiremera chomumwe nomumwe — inomira seimwe yedziviriro inogara nguva refu zvikurusa mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. Pasina iyi gadziriro, kunyange vatungamiriri vanosanosanovakirwa vanogona kubvisa rusununguko rwomunhu oga, kubvisa utarisiri hwemitemo, kana kuti kushandisa kuzvimirira kwedare. Kudzora kune simba rakasimba rakasimba zvikuru uye kudzikama hakusati kuri kungovawo muitiro wedzidzowo zvawo; ibasa rinoshanda rokuchengetedza masangano edemocracy munhambo inokwira yesimba roukuru, rukwidza, rune, uye kudzorwa kwavose.

Nyaya ino inoongorora kwakabva nhau uye kutsiga kwemazano ouzivi, iongorora zvinetso zvepanguva iyoyo zvinonetesa zvinhu izvi zvinodzivirira, uye inopa nzira dzechokwadi dzokushandisa kuti zvisimbiswe nevagari vemo, vatsigiri, uye vagadziri vemitemo.

Mavambo Nemhindumupindu Yemichero Nedzikamo

Murangariro wokukamuranisa chiremera chehurumende kudzivisa kudzikamiswa kwemitemo wave wakatoitika kare. Rome Republic, somuenzaniso, yakashanda nebumbiro remitemo rakavhengana iro raidzikamisa masimba evamiriri, Dare, uye magungano akakurumbira. Zvisinei, kuumbwa kwazvino uno kwecherekedzo nedzikamo kwakabuda mukati mekujekeswa, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nebasa raBaron de Montesquieu mu 1748 Mudzimu weMitemo yeMitemo [.Montesquieu akarangarira kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerweu enyika runoda paradzaniso yeChibvumirano, mukuru, uye mabasa okutonga, kuti apo vaiti vehurumende nemasimba makuru, vanonyevera kuti apo vakabatana mumunhu mumwe chete, kana kuti mumuviri mumwe chete wevatongi, haugoni kuva nerusununguko.

Vagadziri veUnited States Constitution vakakweva zvikuru pfungwa idzi. James Madison, achinyora mu Federalist No. 51, vanozivikanwa kuti "rudado runofanira kuitwa kuti rukurire zvishuvo. Saka Bumbiro remitemo rakaita gadziriro yemasimba anorongeka: Purezidhendi anogona kudzora mutemo, Congress anogona kudzora masangano nebvumirano, dare rinogona kuhwirudzura mitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo, uye Congress anokwanisa kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru. Iyi yakagadzirirwa kwete kuti ishande zvakanaka asi kuti igadzirire chiito chokukurumidza kudzosa.

Nokufamba kwenguva, tsika yacho yachinja. Kukwira kwemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, kukura kwehurumende, uye kutonga kwedare repamusorosoro kwakaumba zvose kuti nzvero nedzikamo zvinoshanda sei. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda munyika yose, misiano youyu muenzaniso iripo, yakachinjirwa kumagamuchidzanwa emitemo akasiyana - siyana — kubva kugadziriro dzemitemo dzine reveration dzakasimba kusvikira kugadziriro dzedare dzinenge dzapamberi pezviviri.

Zviitiko Zvinokosha Zvenhau

  • Magna Carta (1215): yakasimbisa kuti mambo akanga ari pasi pomutemo, ichiganhurira maruramiro oumambo uye ichiisa hwaro nokuda kwomuitiro wakafanira.
  • French Bill of Rights (1689): Chiremera chapaparamende chakasimbiswa pamusoro poumambo hwehurumende, chichidzivisa mauto akamira pasina mvumo uye kuvimbisa sarudzo dzapachena.
  • U.S. Constitution (1787): yakaita hurumende yehurumende yemubatanidzwa ine masimba anorongwa uye kunzvera kwakavakwa.
  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): yakasimbisa nheyo yokuhwirudzura muUnited States, ichibvumira matare kurova mitemo isiri yetsika.
  • Ziviso dzeZiviso dzeHondo Yenyika II: marudzi mazhinji (mutoo, Germany, Japan, India) akabatanidza nzvero dzakajeka nedzikamo kudzivisa udzori hwomunguva yemberi.

Nheyo Dzemitemo dzeHurumende Yakadzikama

Kunzwisisa nheyo idzi kunokosha kuti pave nourongwa hunobudirira hwokudzidzisa.

  • Kuparadzaniswa kwaMasimba: Mabasa okuita mitemo, kuuraya, uye kutsikirira zvinogoverwa kuparadzanisa mapazi, kuchidzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kudzora gadziriro.
  • Mubatanidzwa Muutariri: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvishandiso zvokutarisira nokudzvinyirira zvimwe — somuenzaniso, kutonga kwemitemo, vadzori vakuru, uye hwirudzuro yedare.
  • Kuzvidavirira kuvanhu: Sarudzo yenguva dzose, chinobudisa nhau chakasununguka, uye nzanga yavagari vemo inovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru varambe vachizvidavirira kuvagari vemo.
  • RWIMIRO Rwomutemo: Mabasa ose ehurumende anofanira kuva mumutemo, uye hapana munhu — kubatanidza vakuru vakurusa — asina kuongororwa nemutemo.
  • .FT] Mumiitiro mizhinji, simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende dzenyika nedzisiri dzamarudzi, zvichiwedzera imwe nhevedzo.

Nheyo idzi dzinoshanda pamwe chete kuparira gadziriro yokuzviruramisa. Apo rimwe bazu rinonyengera, rimwe rinogona kudzokera shure.

Tyisidziro Dzazvino Uno Dzokunzvera Nokudzikama

Pasinei nokuti zvinhu izvi zvinoramba zvichiitika, kuongorora uye kuongorora zvinhu zvinosangana nematambudziko akakura muzana remakore rechi20.

Kukudzwa Kwechiremera

Imwe yemitoo inozivikanwa zvikurusa kukura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru pakudziviswa kwedzimba dzomutemo nematare. Mapurezidhendi navakuru vakuru vanodzora vanodzora nenzira inowedzera kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, murairo, kana kuti masimba ekurumidziro, vachifuratira muitiro weparamende wekubvisa rusununguko. Vangapa dare namasangano akavimbika, vanganetesa masangano anozvimirira, kana kuti vachuchisi vanodzvinyirira kuti varege kunzvera. Chinoitika ichi, pane dzimwe nguva chinonzi "kuuraya munyengeri," chakanyorwa mumarudzi kubva kuHungary kusvikira kuUnited States.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kudenga

Apo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anenge ava akaparadzana zvikuru, kushanda kwenguva dzose kwechekero nedzikamo kunogona kuputsika. Mitemo ingaramba kusimbisa zvikamu, bhajeti yemitemo, kana kuti kuva nenzwi rokutarisira risina kutsamira panheyo asi pabetsero yeboka. Nenzira inopesana, boka rakabatana rinodzora ose ari maviri mapazu evakuru vakuru neapamutemo ringarega kutarisira chose chose chose, mabasa echiremera anoiswa rabha pasina kunzvera. Ikoku kunoparira kuiswa pasi nesimba kunyange kana paradzano yakarongwa ikaramba yakabatana.

Kuzvimirira Mukutonga Kunodenhwa

Matare anokosha kunzvera nokudzikamisa nemhaka yokuti anodudzira mitemo uye anogona kubvisa zviito zvisina murairo. Zvisinei, hurumende dzakadenha nenzira inowedzera kuzvimirira kwokutonga kupfurikidza nokupambwa nedare, kubviswa kwavatongi, tyisidziro, kana kuti kusawirirana nezvisarudzo. Mune dzimwe nyika, vatongi vanopanwa matare pachena nebato rinodzora, richiideredza kuva chishandiso chokudzora zvamatongerwe enyika.

Simba Ramasanga

Hadzisi tyisidziro dzose dzinobva muchinjo dzechirongwa. mibatanidzwa yamasanga — yakadai sekuvimbika kwebato, gadziriro dzokutarisira, kana kuti vatsigiri vane simba vari kunze kwokuzvidavirira kwapamutemo — inogona kupa simba pasina kuchinja rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru anodzora zvinobudisa nhau rehurumende, zviremera zvechengeteko, uye fariro huru dzebhizimisi zvingashandisa chiremera chokusavimbika kupfuura izvo bumbiro remitemo rinoraira.

Kuparara KwemaNorm Nechivimbo

Apo vatungamiriri vanoputsa iyi tsika isingabvumirwi kuwana miuyo yesarudzo, kudenha vatori venhau, kana kuti kufuratira vapurisa — tsika inoderera. Kuvimba kwavanhu mumasangano kunodererawo, kuchiita kuti vagari vemo vasave nomukana mukuru wokuvadzivirira pakunyengera.

Nzvero Yemhosva: Kunzvera Nokudzikama Mumuitiro

Kuongorora kwakaitwa nyika dzakasiyana - siyana kuti dzione kuti zvinhu zvinodzikanganisa sei uye kuti dzione kuti dzaifanira kumira sei kunobatsira pakudzidzira.

United States

Gadziriro yeU.S. yakatarisana nenzvero dzakawanda. Mukati mekunzvera kweWatergate, kuongorora kwedare, uye mapepanhau kushuma kumanikidzwa Purezidhendi Nixon kurega — muenzaniso wakatanhamara wecheki dzinoshanda. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kunyorwa kwaPrezidhendi Trump kaviri, nepo kusati kuchiguma nokubviswa, kwakaratidzira muitiro webumbiro remitemo wokuita kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru azvidavire. Zvisinei, vatsoropo vanocherekedza kuti gadziriro yacho yakarwisana negiradhi, zviratidzo zvevakuru vakuru vehurumende zvinodzorwa, uye muitiro wokuranga kwapa Dare gurusa izvo zvazova zvinova zvinozivikanwa zvikuru.

Hungary

Chifo cha2010, Hungary yakadudzwa zvikuru senhau umo kunzvera kwehurumende yeruzhinji nedzikamo zvakabviswa nenzira yakarongwa. Vatongi veFidesz vakashandisa kutsunga kwavo kukuru kunyorazve bumbiro remitemo, kurongedza dare rebumbiro remitemo, kudzora zvinobudisa nhau nesangano rinovhota, uye simba guru muhofisi youtungamiriri. Masangano amarudzi ose akadai seEuropean Union neVenice Commission akamutsa itiro yakakomba, asi kunzvera kwetsika kwakanga kusina kukwana kumisa kushandurwa. Mhaka iyi inosimbisa kuti kunzvera neganhuriro zvinofanira kuiswa mumasangano akasimba, kwete chete dziviriro dzepepa.

Germany

Ratime reGermany rapashure pehondo reSicretal rakaita gadziriro yakasimba yenzvero nedzikamo, kubatanidza Federal Constitutional Court ine simba reCourt, chirongwa chehurumende chine hurumende dzakasimba, uye vhoti inovaka yechivimbo chinodzivisa kusagadzikana kwehurumende. Nyika yacho yakachengeta kazhinji kazhinji idzi dziviriro, kunyange zvazvo denho dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzichibatanidza kukwira kwamapati akakwirira nenharo pamusoro pokuzvimirira kwomutemo. Muenzaniso weGermany unoratidza kuti nhau dzebumbiro remitemo, asi dzinofanira kudziviswa nguva dzose.

Kungwarira Kuzvidzora Nokuda Kwemaketi Okusimbisa Nedzikamo

Kuti munhu ave nyanzvi pakudzidzisa, audze vanhu kuti vazoroorana, aende kumatare uye agadzirise zvematongerwo enyika.

Zvidzidzise Uye Udzidzise Vamwe

Zivo ndiyo fandesheni yokuva nyanzvi. Nzwisisa chimiro chebumbiro remitemo renyika yako umene, miitiro chaiyo yechekeso nedzikamo, uye tyisidziro dzazvino uno dzinotarisana nadzo. Rava magwaro enheyo akadai seFederalist Papers, constitution yenyika yako, uye mashoko anobva kuVenice Commission. Goveranai zivo iyi kupfurikidza nemabasa okugadzira zvinhu, zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga, mapeyi, uye hurukuro dzavose. Mugari wemo akadzidza ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro pasimba rinotakurwa.

2. Masangano Okuzvimiririra Okutsigira

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinotsamira pamatare akazvimirira, maredhiyo akasununguka, masangano esarudzo asingasaruri, uye masangano anodzivisa uori akasimba. Mutsigiri nokuda kwemari yakakwana nokuda kweidzi masangano uye kushora matanho anotyisidzira kuzvitonga kwawo. Vatori venhau vanotsigira vanonzvera kusazvibata kwehurumende. Kupa matare epamutemo anodenha hurumende. Pinda kudare ravose uye shuma pamusoro padzo.

3. Ita Kudzora Kunoita Mutemo

Ona vamiririri vako vakasarudzwa kuti varatidze tsigiro nokuda kwechinjo dzakananga:

  • Kutsvaka mvumo yehurumende nokuda kwezviito zvikuru zvevakuru vakuru
  • Kusimbisa kudzivirira kwemapilidzi
  • Kuchinja zvinhu kunobatsira kuti mari ideredze zvematongerwo enyika
  • Kugadza mapepa okuzvimirira
  • Miganhu yenguva yakati yedzimwe hofisi

Gadza mibatanidzwa namapoka ane pfungwa dzakafanana kuti awedzere dzvinyiriro. Shandisa kukumbira, runhare, maemail, uye mumisangano ye-opera kuti inzwi rako rinzwike.

4 Shandisa Mashoko Akanaka

Matare anogona kuva vatsigiri vane simba mukudzivirira chekero nedzikamo. Tsigira denho dzapamutemo kukushandiswa kwesimba kusingawirirani nehurumende. Basa namasangano erusununguko rwavagari vemo kuti aunze nhau dzemiedzo panhau dzakadai seropafadzo yechiremera, kuparadzana kwemasimba, kana kuti kuzvitonga. Kunyange kudonongodza kusingabudiriri kunogona kuparira kuziva vanhu uye kuderedza kunyengera.

5. Kuderera Kwekubudisa Mashoko Nezvoruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Madhipatimendi anobvumira vatsigiri kuti vakurumidze kusvika vanhu vakawanda. Sarudza mashoko anotsanangura nhau dzebumbiro remitemo dzakaoma kunzwisisa mumutauro unosvikika. Kushandisa magrains kutsigira kuchinja kwakati. Kuongorora uye kufumura simba raunoshandisa nemagazini. Zvisinei, funga nezvenzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nemunhu anenge achitaura mashoko enzwi uye kubudisa mashoko emashoko; iva nechokwadi chokuti zvawabudisa ndezvechokwadi.

6. Matura Akaita Chikamu Chemuchinjikwa

Kutsvaka vanhu vari mumapoka ezvematongerwe enyika vanoitirana hanya pamusoro pesimba rehurumende.

7 Kubatanidzwa Muchinjo Yakanaka

Gadziriro dzeElectoral dzinoumba kuti simba rinoparadzirwa sei. Mutsigiri wezvinjo dzinosimudzira kuratidzwa zvakanaka ndokuderedza zvinowana simba zvose zvinogona kupa ngwariro. Ikoku kungabatanidza masangano anoyera akasununguka, mamiririre, kuvhota kwakarongwa, kana kuti miganhu yemari. Sangano yezvirongwa zvakanaka inodikanwa nokuda kwegadziriro yakanaka yecheki nedzikamo.

Basa Redzidzo Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Chinjo yenguva refu inoda tsika idzo dzinokoshesa hurumende yakaganhurirwa nesangano rokuzvidavirira. Zvikoro zvinofanira kudzidzisa vadzidzi pamusoro penheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, nhau yerwisano yorusununguko, uye ukoshi hunoshanda hwechekero nedzikamo. Masangano ezvinobudisa nhau anofanira kudzivisa kunyandura nokushuma nokungwarira nhamburiko dzokupa ngwariro. Vashambadziri venhau vane kuzvimirira vanogona kubetsera kudzivisa kuparadzirwa kwemashoko anoparadzirwa.

Vagari vemo vanewo mutoro wokushandisa nhau nenzira yokutsoropodza, kusimbisa maidi, uye kuita kuti zvinobudisa nhau zvizvidavirire nokuda kworusaruro kana kuti kusaruramisira.

Kuchinja Nyika Yose

Nemhaka yokuti tyisidziro dzokunzvera nedzikamo kazhinji kazhinji dzinopfuura miganhu, batira pamwe yamarudzi ose inokosha. Masangano akadai se Freedom House[, International Bar Association, uye World Justice Project inotarisira utano hwedemocracy uye inogovera zviwiro nokuda kwavatsigiri. Hurumende namasangano amarudzi ose anogona kuita yamuro mukuremekedza pamutemo. Vagari vemo vanogona kutsigira nhamburiko idzodzi kupfurikidza nokutevera komba dzedemo yedemocracyism uye kudana hurumende dzavo vamene kusimudzira mipimo yedemocracy munyika yose.

Kuwedzera kune izvi, mibato yenharaunda seyoutongi hweEuropean Union yegadziriro yemitemo kana kuti Inter-Democratic American Chater inogovera zvikuva nokuda kwokunangana kwecheki nedzinodzika. Mapoka ezvipfuro anogona kushandisa aya ma encum kukudza zvinetso zvemhuri nedzvinyiriro hurumende kuti dziwirirane nezvisaro zvadzo.

Mupedzi: Basa Rinopfuurira Rokuzvitonga

Macheki nedzikamo hazvisati zviri masangano okuzvichengetera amene. Anoda ngwariro yenguva dzose, kuvandudzwa, uye dziviriro. Vavambi vehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno vakanzwisisa kuti simba rinowanzova rinokura nenzira yomuzvarirwo uye kuti gadziriro yamaune bedzi inogona kuridzivisa. Asi kugadzira bedzi hakuna kukwana; vagari vemo vanofanira kuva vanodisa kuita apo dzikamo inorembera.

Kutsigira kunzvera kwakasimba zvikuru nedzikamo kunoreva kutsigira nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu kana kuti bazi rehurumende riri pamusoro pomutemo. Kunoreva kuraira kuoneka, kuzvidavirira, uye kunamatira kumiitiro yebumbiro remitemo. Kunoreva kudzivisa muedzo wokurega utano hwenguva refu hwesangano nokuda kwemhindu dzenguva pfupi dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Uye kunoreva kuziva kuti utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu hahusi chinhu chinoitwa chapanguva imwe chete asi muitiro unopfuurira — uyo chizvarwa chiri chose chinofanira kudzidza nokudzivirirazve.

Basa racho harisi nyore, asi rinokosha. Nokuzvidzidzisa, kutsigira masangano, kutarisira kwokuzvimirira, uye kuvaka mibatanidzwa, tinogona kubatsira kuti gadziriro dzakarongedzerwa kudzivirira rusununguko rwedu dzirambe dzakasimba. Munyika umo kudzokera shure kwehurumende yazova yakapararira zvikuru, kuedza kutsigira kuongorora uye kudzikama ndechimwe chemabasa okutsigira nyika anokosha zvikuru atingazoita.