Chitanga: Nheyo Yokutanga Yokuva Mungozi Kaviri

Ngozi mbiri idzidziso yapamutemo yakare inodzivirira vanhu pakutongwa kana kuti kurangwa kanopfuura kamwe nokuda kwemhosva imwe. Iyi nheyo inoshanda senzvero yokungwarira pasimba rehurumende, ichidzivisa hurumende kusashandisa mari yayo yakawanda kudzoserazve mugari wemo nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. Yakavakirwa mumutemo wakare uye yakabatanidzwa mumitemo yazvino uno, ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri dzinovimbisa kuguma, kururama, uye kutsiga kwemitemo. MuUnited States, inodzorwa muFindromendi muFindber Amendment, inozivisa kuti hakuna munhu achazviisa mungozi imwe cheteyo mungozi youpenyu kana kuti makumbo.. Nhevedzo dzakafanana dzinovarira kukuvadziko dzakawanda dzapamutemo dziripo mudzimwe nyika dzose kudzivirira vanhu mumugariro unosarira kudzivirira vanhu mumugariro unosavapo.

Kunzwisisa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri kunokosha kwete bedzi kunyanzvi dzemitemo asiwo kune munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa dzikamo pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nezvinofarirwa nevanhu mukuranga zvakaipa. Nyaya ino ichaongorora kwazvakabva, kudzivirira kukuru, kusiyana, maonero akasiyana - siyana, uye nharo dzepanguva ino dzakapoteredza ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri.

Mavambo Enhau Nokukura

Mavambo engozi mbiri akadzokera kuGirisi neRoma yekare, umo pfungwa ye bine musimu ("hazvinei kaviri nokuda kwechinhu chimwe chetecho") yakavamba kuumbwa. Zvisinei, dzidziso yazvino uno yakatorwa zvakananga zvikuru kubva kumutemo weChirungu. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi12, matare eEngland akaziva kuti munhu haafaniri kutongwazve pashure pokuzvidzwa. Nheyo yacho yakasimbiswazve muzana ramakore rechi17 nenyanzvi dzemitemo dzakafanana naSir Edward Coke, uyo akanyora pamusoro pekusaruramisira kwokushorwa kwadzokororwa kwadzokororwazve.

Dziviriro yakaunzwa kunyika dzeAmerica sorutivi rwenhaka yenhaka yavose. Pashure pekuchinja kweAmerica, Vavambi vakaibatanidza muFindromendi yeshanu secherekedzo mukurwisana neudzvinyiriri hunobvira hwehurumende itsva. Dare Guru gare gare rakabatanidza Dare guru raMaviri re Jeoparde Claus padzimwe nyika kupfurikidza neKinneth Amendment mumhaka ye Benton v. Maryland[ [1969]. Nhasi, dzidziso yacho ibwe rekona remitemo youtsotsi muUnited States uye yakapesvedzera mimwe mitemo inobatanidza Canada, Australia, uye United States.

Munyika dzehurumende, nheyo inowanzoratidzirwa se bies muupem mukati memitemo yavo, kunyange zvazvo nhevedzano chaiyoiyo ichigona kusiana. European Convention on Human Rights inobatanidzawo shanduro muChikamu 4 cheProtocol No. 7, ichirambidza kuurawazve pashure pokuva asina mhaka kana kuti kupwiswa kwokupedzisira mukati menyika imwe cheteyo.

Dziviriro Dzengozi Yakaviri

Kuisa Mapfundo Akashata Panzvimbo Yakakodzera

Kudzivirira kwenjodzi dzinopetwa kaviri kusati kwashanda, ngozi inofanira kutanga kunzi "batanidza." Mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, njodzi dzinobatanidzwa apo vatongi vanopikirwa. Mukutonga kwebhenji, kunonamatira apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa. Kana angopikirwa mhaka inoiswa mungozi yapamutemo yokutenderwa nechirango. Kana kutonga kukaguma nokuregwa dare risati rasvika mutongo, kana kuti kana mhaka yawanikwa, kutongerwa mhaka kwapashure nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo inorambidzwa.

Kuregwa Somutoro Wakakwana

Kudzivirira kune simba zvikurusa kwengozi dzakapetwa kaviri ndekwokuti kudzivirirwa, kungava nechisarudzo chedare rinobetsera, mutongo unorayirwa, kana kuti kuwana kwokutonga ufakazi husina kukwana, ndokwokupedzisira. Muchuchisi haagoni kukwirira kusunungurwa, uye mukwirirwi haagoni kudzorerwa (kunyange kana ufakazi hutsva hwokuva nemhaka hwakazobuda. Mutemo uyu unoratidzira ukoshi hwakakwirira hwetsika yepamutemo pamugumo wedare redare kana kuti chisarudzo chedare chokuwana mukwidzwa asina mhaka. Dare Rapamusoro mu ] Ruvaraki. United States[FLT:] [1957]]) wakasimbisa kuti "Hurumende nepfuma yayo yose haifaniri kubvumirwa kuita kuedza kwokudzokorora kupomera munhu."

Kubvuma Kunodzivisa Chimwe Chirango Nokuda Kwechirango Chimwe Chete

Kupwiswa kunodzivisawo kutongwa kupi nokupi kwapashure nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Pashure pokunge mukwirirwi awanikwa ane mhaka ndokutongerwa, havagoni kupiwazve mhaka iyoyo (kunyange kana kupwiswa kwacho kukadzorwa gare gare pakwidzwa. Zvisinei, kana kutenderwa kuchichinjwa nemhaka yezvikanganiso zvokutongwa (zvakadai semirayiridzo isina kufanira yedare kana kuti kusazvibata kwedare), mukwirirwi anogona kubviswa nemhaka yokuti ngozi yapakuvamba haina kuguma muchisarudzo chokupedzisira. Iyoyi inozivikanwa senheyo ye "kuramba kukanganisa kwedare redare redare".

Colterateral Estonk Mumhaka Dzoutsotsi

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inobatanidzawo dzidziso yokubhadharwa kwetsoro, kana kuti kubudisa nhau. Ikoku kunodzivisa hurumende kuzivisa nhau yeidi iyo yakasarudzwa hayo munyasha dzomukwirirwi muchinoitika chisati chaitwa. Somuenzaniso, kana mukwirirwi akasunungurwa pautsotsi kuti akanga asiri muparadzi, hurumende haigoni gare gare kuvapa mhaka inotsamira pakubvumikisa chizivikanwo chimwe chetecho. Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva nheyo iyi mu Aspe. Swenson (1970).

Zvikamu Neganhuriro Kumutemo

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rayo, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haisati iri yakakwana.

Changamire Akaparadzana

Chimwe chezvisingawirirani zvikuru i "vatongi vakaparadzana" dzidziso. Mumutemo uyu, munhu angatongwa navose vari vaviri hurumende yehurumende nehurumende yehurumende nokuda kwechiito chimwe chete chiripo. Chiremerera chimwe nechimwe chine mitemo yacho chimene nefariro yacho amene mukuranga chakaipa. Somuenzaniso, nhau ine mbiri ye [[FLT:] TELD] NIZ[[FLT:] [1] [1] inobatanidzwa navose] kuponda nokubhomba kwehurumende nokuda kwebasa rake muOklahoma City. Dare Guru rakasimbisazve iyi dzidziso mu [[FLT:] v. [20]], richiita kuti irege kuputsa kushatisa Findmer., munhu anogona kuedzwa nenzira yakafanana nezviito zviviri nokuda kwemitemo yakasiyana.

Vatadzi Vakasiyana Pasi paChangamire Mumwe Chete

Chisino musiyano chechipiri chinomuka apo mhaka yechipiri inobatanidza mhaka yakasiana, kunyange kana ichimuka nechiito chimwe chetecho choutsotsi. Kuedza kwakatangwa mu stamburger v. United States [kukapoka] (1932): kana mhaka imwe neimwe ichida chibvumikiso chechinhu icho imwe isingaitiri, zvinorangarirwa kuva mhaka dzakasiana, uye kukwidziridza kunobvumirwa. Somuenzaniso, munhu anoshandisa chombo mukati mokuba anogona kupiwa mhaka dzose dziri mbiri neutsotsi hwakaparadzana hwokushandisa pfuti mukati moutsotsi hwamasimba masimba, kunyange zvazvo zvose zviri zviviri zvichimuka muchinoitika chimwe chetecho.

Kusarurama Nokutongwazve

Dare rakaipa rakazivisa nokuda kwe "kudikanwa kukuru" — zvakadai sedare rinobetsera vatongi vakarembera, vatongi vakavharwa, kana kuti chikanganiso chakakomba chedare rinovharwa zvisina kufanira — haridzivisizve. Kubvumirana kwomukwiridzirwi kudare rakashata kunowanzoparadzawo njodzi mbiri. Zvisinei, kana [[FLT: 0]] muurayi aidenha namaune dare rakashata[[FLT:] kunyandura dare kuti awane betsero yenzira, Dare guru rakataura nezvaro mu .[FLT] [198], richida chibvumikiso chomuchuchishushi.

Matsotsi Anofambira Mberi

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inoshanda bedzi kumatare. Munhu anogona kupomerwa mhosva nokuda kwezvirango zvinoparirwa nemhosva imwe chete, kunyange pashure pokunge tsotsi raregiwa. Nhau dzakakurumbira dze O.J. Simpson[ (kuregererwa kuponda asi kuonekwa seanosungirwa mudare ravagari vemo nokuda kwerufu rwakaipa) dzinoenzanisira izvi. Nenzira yakafanana, munhu angatarisana nezvirango zvokudzorwa, zvakadai sereziro kana kuti chirango chenyanzvi, kuwedzera kuchirango chemhosva. Izvi zvinorangarirwa sezvizvarwa zvechizvarwa uye hazvikudzoreri njodzi dzinoitika kaviri.

Kutongwazve Pashure Pokukwirira Kunobudirira Kwakaitwa Nemudziviriri

Apo mukwirirwi anosvika nenzira inobudirira kupwiswa ndokuwana jana, chitsama chenjodzi chakapetwa kaviri chinowanzobvumidza kutongwazve. Chibvumikiso ndechokuti njodzi yapakuvamba haina kumiswa norutongeso rwokupedzisira(inoramba inopfuurira kutozosvikira kutenderwa kwapamutemo kana kuti kusunungurwa kwawanwa. Zvisinei, kana kuchinjwa kwacho kwakavakirwa paufakazi husina kukwana, hurumende haigoni kudzokorodza mhaka yacho nemhaka yokuti ingava yakaenzana nokuregeredzwa. Mutemo uyu wakatangwa mu Bursks v. United States[FLT] [FF:1] [17]] [788]).

Kubatwa Nengozi Kaviri Mumiitiro Yakasiana - siana Yemitemo

United States

Gadziriro yeU.S. ndiimwe yenzvero inodzivirira zvikurusa yamaruramiro ane ngozi aviri, zvikurukuru pamusoro pekuregeredzwa. Sezvacherekedzwa, kupiwa mhaka ndokwekupedzisira uye hakugoni kukwidziridzwa. Zvisinei, zviremera zvakaparadzana nedzidziso staker [ inoparira miganhu inokosha. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti izvi zvinosekesa donzo renheyo, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zveutsinye hwamapurisa kana kuti kuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo umo zvose zviri zviviri hurumende nemiedzo yehurumende zvingaitika.

United Kingdom

Mutemo wechiNgezi waizivikanwa navose waiva nomutemo wakasimba wengozi mbiri, asi wakadzorwa muna 2005 nokupfuudzwa kwemhosva dzakakomba (zvikurukuru, kuponda, kuba nechisimba), muchuchisi anogona kushanda kuDare rokukwidza dare kuisa ungwaru kana u 'ufakazi hutsva uye hunogutsa" huchibuda. Kuchinja uku kwakadzorwa nenyaya dzepamusoro dzeGNA payakazoratidza kuti une mhosva. Scotland ine mhosva yakafanana, kunyange zvazvo iripo, kunze.

Canada

Mutemo weCanada unobvuma njodzi yakapetwa kaviri muChikamu 11(h) cheCharter of Rights and Freedoms, iyo inodzivirira kutongwa ndokurangwazve nokuda kwemhosva iyo munhu akasunungurwa pakupedzisira kana kuti kupiwa mhaka. matare eCanada kazhinji kazhinji akaita mutoo wakakomba, kunyange zvazvo kunze kwegadziriro yeU.S. iripo, zvakadai sedzidziso yakatanhamara yakaparadzana pamusoro pehurumende nehurumende.

Nyika Dzine Mutemo Wehurumende

Mumitemo yavagari vemo yakadai seFrance, Germany, uye Japan, dziviriro dzine ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri kazhinji kazhinji dzakakwaniswa zvikuru, nokusasiyana kushoma. Nheyo ye bices muimor inoshandiswa zvakatanhamara, ichidzivisa zvose zviri zviviri kupiwa mhosva nechirango nokuda kwechiito chimwe pasinei zvapo nechapamutemo. Zvisinei, mhosva dzamarudzi ose nemhosva dzinopamhenga.

Nharo Dzomunguva Ino uye Kutsoropodza

Chinetso Chouchapupu Hutsva

Kumwe kwokutsoropodza kunopfuurira zvikurusa kwengozi dzakapetwa kaviri inzvimbo yakwo yokuongororazve apo ufakazi hutsva hunooneka pashure pokuzviwanira mhaka. MuUnited Kingdom, sezvacherekedzwa, mutemo wakachinjwa kubvumira kutongwazve kwemhosva dzakakomba apo ufakazi hutsva hunobudisa pachena. MuUnited States, nyanzvi dzapamutemo dzakawanda namapoka okusagona kudzora akatapurwa akakumbira nokuda kwechinjo dzakafanana, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemhosva dzamasimba masimba dzakadai sokuponda nokubata chibharo uko ufakazi hweDNA hunogona kubvumikisa chose chose chose kuva nemhaka. Vatsigiriki vanotaura kuti kuchinja mutemo wacho kungasekesa mhedziso yokupedzisira yechisarudzo ndokupa mugariro simba rakanyanyisa rokurega mufambiro.

Zvibvumikiso Nezvisakarurama

Ngozi mbiri dzinoitawo rutivi munhau dzokutendeseka kwakaipa. Nepo mukwirirwi achigona kuidzwazve pashure pekukwirira kunobudirira, kana mhaka yomuchuchisi yakanga isina simba uye kupwiswa kwakashandurwa pamusoro pokusashanda kwoufakazi, kutongwazve kunorambidzwa. Ikoku kunogona kudzivisa hurumende kururamisa zvikanganiso zvakatungamirira kukurevererwa kwakaipa, asi kunodzivirirawo vakapomerwa mhaka zvisina kururama munzvero dzisingagumi. Kuoma kwendangariro pakati pokupedzisira nokururama kunoramba kuri kurukurirano huru.

Zvirango Zvakawanda: Kurohwa Woga

Kurambidzwa kwezvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kunomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pomutongerwi. Apo mukwirirwi anowanirwa mhaka mbiri dzinomuka mumufambiro mumwe chetewo, dare rinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti chirango chinowedzerwa hachisi chakawandisa. Dzimwe zvitendero zvine "medzero" dzidziso dzinoda kuti mhosva shoma dzinobatanidzwa dzivepo, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira mitongo inotevedzana mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. stager inoshandiswa kuona kana zvirango zvakawanda zvichibvumirwa.

Nhau Dzenyika Yose Nedzemuchinjikwa

Munyika inowedzera kuva yakapararira, nheyo dzengozi dzinoedzwa noutsotsi hunopfuura muganhu. Somuenzaniso, munhu asina mhaka mune imwe nyika angatarisana nokupomerwa mhaka mune imwe nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho. Tsamba nekokorodzano dzamarudzi ose, dzakadai seRome Sigte of the International Criminal Court, dzinotsvaka kutsinhiranisa idzi nhau, asi kusawirirana kunoramba kuripo. European Union yakapinza bis muIndem[ nheyo muChikamu 54 cheSchengengen, barring-rection remotivement mukati me EURO yemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pechisarudzo chokupedzisira mutezotezo.

Matambudziko Anoshanda Kuvatambi Vanokosha

Kudzivirira Varwi

Ngozi mbiri dzinogovera rugare rwakakomba rwendangariro urwo hurumende isingagoni kuvanetsa nokusingaperi pashure pokurevererwa. Inokurudzirawo batira pamwe negadziriro, seizvo vakwirirwi vanoziva kuti kukumbira kunounza mhedziso. Zvisinei, vakwirirwi vanofanira kuziva nezvepomero dzinopesana nehurumende — zvakadai sokutarisana nepomero dzehurumende pashure pokuva muregirwo (nazvo) uye rongedzero yavo. Gweta resavvy richanzvera kana mufambiro mumwe chetewo ungagona kuparira mhaka dzakawanda kana kuti kupomera kwakawanda.

Nokuda Kwavatongi

Vatongi vanofanira kusarudza nokungwarira kuti ipomeroi yokunyora uye mui dare. Kutonga kunogona kutungamirira kupwisa papomero duku iyo inodzivisa kurovererwa mhaka kwapashure nokuda kwemhosva yakakomba zvikuru. Nenzira inopesana, kupomerwa kungaguma neparadzo inodzivisa chiito chipi nechipi. Dzidziso yacho inomanikidzawo varovereri vemhosva kupa ufakazi hwose hunowanika pakutongwa, sezvo ivo vasingagoni kusunungurazve mhaka yacho pashure pokuzvidzwa. Mumhaka dzakawanda dzemhosva, kubatana pakati pehurumende navachuchidziripo kunokosha kudzivisa kusava nengozi yakapetwa kaviri.

Nokuda Kwavanyajambwa

Nokuda kwavanyajambwa voutsotsi, njodzi yakapetwa kaviri inogona kunzwa isina kururama zvikuru apo kupomerwa kunodzivisa mupari mhaka kuzvidavirira zvakare -- zvikurukuru kana ufakazi hutsva hukajeka gare gare. Mapoka etsoropodzwa anowanzosunda nokuda kwokuchinja kuti abvumire kutongwazve muzvinoitika zve "ufakazi hwakajeka hwemhosva." Zvisinei, nheyo inodzivirirawo vanyajambwa kuti varege kurangarira kuvadziko yokupupurira mumiedzo yakadzokororwa. Dzikamo yacho inova yakakomba.

mhedziso

Ngozi mbiri dzinoramba dziri dziviriro inokosha pavezvematongerwe enyika vanonyengerwa, vachivimbisa kuti vanhu havasati vachipiwi mufunganyo, ndyiko, uye kunyadziswa kwokupomerwa kwakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo.Imba yavo mumutemo wavose uye kubatanidzwa kwawo muFindth Amendment kunoratidzira kuzvipira kukuru kururamisiro nomugumo.

Sezvo gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinochinja uye utsotsi hunoparirwa nemuganhu hunowedzera, nheyo ichapfuurira kutarisana nedenho. Gakava pamusoro pokubvumira kutongwazve kwakavakirwa paufakazi hutsva, ukuru hwezvirango zvakawanda, uye kutsinhiraniswa kwemitemo yamarudzi akawanda zvichaumba nguva yemberi yengozi mbiri. Nokuti zvino, inoramba iri dziviriro inokosha, ichidzikamisa simba rehurumende namaruramiro omunhu.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Kurangarirwa kweGavhuna kwapamberi peTsvene yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri, U.S. Dhipatimendi renhungamiro dzeSarudzo, uye murangariro weDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu [[FLT:][FLT][5]] Grogs v. United States (20:9). Kurapa kwedzidzo kwakakwana kunogona kuwanikwa mu iyi nyaya yomutemo [[FLT:]]