Sumo

Hurumende dzinowanzova nyanzvi dzezviitiko zvedu zvezuva riri rose. Nepo mitemo yehurumende ichidzora misoro mikuru, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa mumadzimbahwe ehurumende izvo zvinoumba zvakananga nzira iyo vana vanodzidza nayo, nzira iyo vanhu vanofamba nayo, nzira iyo varwere vanogamuchira nayo tarisiro, uye kuti nzanga dzinogara dzakakotsekana sei. Hurumende iri yose ine murairo wayo imene, chibvumirano chehurumende, uye masangano anotungamirira anoumba mitemo inowirirana nokuisa zvinhu zvomunzvimbomo pakutanga. Kubva pamutero wekofi yamangwanani kusvikira kumugariro webhiriji raunoyambuka papasi pako, hurumende inotapura anenge mativi ose oupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kunzwisisa aya magariro enyika chaiwo kunobetsera vagari vemo vanobva mugadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye vatsigiriki vanowedzera kuvandudza nzanga dzavo.

Kungava uri mudzidzi, nyanzvi, kana kuti mushakabvu, mitemo yakaitwa munyika yako inotapura zvakananga mikana yako, kuchengeteka, uye kunaka kwoupenyu hwako.

Tsika Dzedzidzo

Dzidzo ndeimwe yemabasa makuru ehurumende. Maruwa ezvikoro omunharaunda paanenge achitarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva, matare okugadza mitemo ehurumende nemadhipatimendi edzidzo anotanga gadziriro yepamutemo neyemari inotema zvinodzidzwa navadzidzi, kuti vadzidzisi vanopupurirwa sei, uye kuti zvikoro zvinobhadharwa sei.

Kushandisa Mari Kunogara Kunzvimbo Dzakasiyana - siyana

Hurumende dzinodzora manyuko makuru okupinzwa kwemari nokuda kwedzidzo yavose K-12. Nzira inoparadzirwa nayo mari inoparira misiyano mikuru pakati pemaruwa akapfuma nearombo. Somuenzaniso, dzinotaura zvakadai seNew York neCalifornia kuti dzinoshandisa nzira dzakaoma kugovera yamuro dzakavakirwa pazvinodikanwa zvavadzidzi, mipimo yepfuma, uye chiverengero chavagari veruwa. Asi, mukuwirirana ne National Conference of State Legislatures[, inotaura kuti vanovimba zvikuru sei nemitero yepfuma yomunzvimbomo, inogona kuparira misiyano yezviuru zvemadhora pakati pemaruwa. Mu2023, Pennsylvania yakawanikwa kuva nemari yakawanda zvikuru munyika, inodzorwa dare rinotonga kuti itsigire kutsigira kutsigira kwayo.

Mipimo Yegadziriro

Masangano anoshandisa mipimo yedzidzo inorondedzera zvinofanira kuzivikanwa navadzidzi pamwero mumwe nomumwe wegiredhi. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa ndiwo Common Core State Digirations, iyo yakagamuchirwa nokuzvidira neruzhinji rwenyika mukuvamba kwama 2010. Chifo chezvo, dzimwe nyika dzakachinja kana kuti kutsiva. Muna 2023, Florida yakagamuchira mipimo mitsva yenhau inosimbisa "mipimo yetsika," nepo Texas inopfuurira kupesvedzera mabhuku anogamuchirwa munyika yose nemhaka yemisika yayo huru. Hurumende dzinosarudzawo kana zvikoro zvichidzidzisa dzidzo yevatano yevatano, kuchinja mamiriro okunze azvo enyika, kana kuti rondedzero yedzinza rinotsoropodza, kuita kuti kirasi resimendero yakananga yezvisarudzo zvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuvimbisa Nounhu Hwomudzidzisi

Hurumende iri yose inogadza zvinodikanwa zvayo imene nokuda kwokugadzira nokuvandudza mudzidzisi kwokutanga. Zvinodikanwa izvi zvinogona kubatanidza kupfuudza purogiramu yokugadzirira yenhau inotenderwa nehurumende, uye kupedza kuwana chikwereti chedzidzo zvinopfuurira. Mitezo yakadai seMassachusetts ine zvikwaniriso zvakakomba zvemaakaundi izvo zvinodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji sechinhu chikuru mumiedzo yenyika, nepo zvimwe zvakagadzira dzimwe nzira dzokutaura nevadzidzisi. Somuenzaniso, muna 2022, Arizona akavamba kubvumira vadzidzisi kushanda pasina dhigirizi redzidzo, uye Louisiana akabvisa chinodikanwa chokuti vadzidzi vaivapo vapfuure unyanzvi hwokuvandudza. Izvi zvinotapura zvakananga avo vanomira pamberi pechikoro.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvifambiso

Kubva panzvimbo inotakurwa matai ako kusvikira kumabhazi anotamisa mamiriyoni evafambi, hurumende dzehurumende ndidzo varidzi vakuru uye vashandisi vezvifambiso.

Kuchengetedza uye Kutsigira Mumugwagwa

Madhipatimendi ehurumende ezvokufambisa (DOT) anochengeta anopfuura makiromita 160 000 emugwagwa mukuru muUnited States. Mari inobva zvikurukuru mumitero yepeturu yehurumende, mitero yemotokari, uye mipiro yehurumende. Zvisinei, sezvo motokari dzinova dzinoshanda zvakanaka zvikuru, nyika dziri kunzvera manyuko matsva emari inotambirwa. Somuenzaniso, Oregon, yakafambisa bhiridha yemitero yaishandiswa panzvimbo perita yegasi. Panguva ino, inotendwa nemugwagwa unotsamira pamitengo inotengwa nemari kuti itsigire zvirongwa zvikuru. Muganhuro wemigwagwa iyoyo inotapura zvakananga nguva dzinodzorwa, mari inodzorwa motokari, uye kunyange mwero yetsaona.

Gadziriro Dzokufambisa Pachena

Hurumende dzinowanzotsigira nokudzora masangano anotarisira vafambi anoshanda mumabhazi, zvitima zvinofamba nepasi pevhu, uye zvitima zvinofamba. Metropolitan Transportation Authority yeNew York (MTA) isangano rinodzorwa nehurumende rinofamba nevanhu vanopfuura mamirioni mashanu zuva rimwe nerimwe. Mukupesana, nyika duku dzakadai seVermont naMaine dzinovimba nebasa remari rezvitima zvemo dzinotakura vanhu uye mari shoma. Mwero wemari yemari inogona kugadziriswa kana vagari vemo vachigona kushanda, chikoro, kana kuti kurongedzerwa kwezvokurapa pasina motokari. Muna 2024, California yakaita mabhiriyoni 5 mabhiriyoni emadhora okuwedzera zvirongwa uye zvitima, kubatanidza daro rokutanga rezvitima zvezvitima zvehurumende.

Mitemo Yemotokari Nechengeteko

Hurumende dzinonyora mitemo yezvirongwa zvemotokari kuti iraira ganhuriro dzekumhanya, zvinodikanwa zvebhandi rapachigaro, DUI zvikumbaridzo, uye mitemo yokutyaira inotsauswa. Utah yakanga iri muganhu wokutanga kuderedza chitsama cheropa redoro repamutemo reDuI kusvikira ku 0.05%, uye inopfuura gumi nezviviri nyika dzakarambidza "kunyora paunenge uchityaira" nokuda kwavatyairi vose. Iyi mitemo ine miuyo yemadhemoni pakufa kwepanzira dzemugwagwa. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety[ mishumo iyo nemitengo inodzo yokudzika mira mireza yezvigaro ine mwero yakakwirira zvikuru yokushandisa uye mitengo yorufu kupfuura nokuchengetwa kwezviito.

Mitemo Yokutarisira Utano

Hurumende dzinobatanidzwa zvikuru mukutarisira utano, kubva kuvatarisiri vemari kusvikira kumabasa outano hwavanhu vose.Idzo dzine chiremera chokudzora misika yeinishuwarenzi ndokushandisa gadziriro huru dzomutemo woutano womubatanidzwa wakadai seAffordal Care Act (ACA).

Vagoveri Voutano Vanochengeta Mari

Vanachiremba, vanamukoti, vanogadzira mishonga, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzezvoutano vanofanira kunyoreswa nehurumende yavanoshandisa. Boka rimwe nerimwe rezvokurapa rinoronga zvinodikanwa zvedzidzo, rinoita bvunzo, uye rinzvere nzvero. Ikoku kunoparira kusachinja. Uku kunoparira kusachinja: mudzoresi akanyoreswa mune imwe nyika angada mamwe mapepa okushandisa mune imwe, kunyange zvazvo Mukoti Licensureation Convention (zvino akashandiswa nehurumende 42) kuisa muchinjika mubato wetsika. Muna 2023, dzimwe nyika dzakavamba kuziva kuti marezeresitiri esitemu inodzoserwa kusingaperi, kukwira nokupararira kwakapararira kwainosvika vanhu vanogara kumaruwa.

Mitemo Yeinishuwarenzi

Madhipatimendi einishuwarenzi yehurumende anotarisira gadziriro dzeinishuwarenzi yezvoutano dzinopiwa kuvanhu, mabhizimisi maduku, uye mapoka makuru. Vanohwirudzura mwero wemipimo yesocial communist, uye vanotarisira miraudzo yeinishuwarenzi yezveutano yakavakirwa pahurumende yave iri pakati pezvisarudzo zvoutano zvikurusa zvakagadzirwa muACA. Kusvikira muna 2025, 21 hurumende pamwe chete nePriority yeColumbia inoshandisa misika yavo vamene, nepo vamwe vasara vanovimba nemusika inorerutsiranwa nomutemo. Zvisarudzo pamusoro pokuti kana kuti kukudza Mdid pasi pemionioreveri pasi pasina kupfumba, zvinotapura kudzivirira migariro inotambudza.

Kutanga Kwoutano Hworuzhinji

Madhipatimendi ezvoutano ehurumende ane zvirongwa zvenhomba, kuongorora zvirwere, uye zvirongwa zvedzidzo. Mukati medenda reCHOVID-19, hurumende dzakatungamirira kuraira kwokuzvidzora, kuvhara majekiseni, uye mashoko anoshuma. Mumigumisiro yakwo, nyika dzakawanda dzakapa mitemo pamusoro pemasimba outano oruzhinji. Mitengo yakadai seMaryland neWashington yakawedzera mari yokutsigira njodzi yeutano hwepfungwa, nepo dzimwe dzakaganhurira mitemo youtano. Iyi nzanga yakagadzira sei nzanga nokuda kwekuvamba kwomunguva yemberi uye kuti mabasa makuru outano anobvira sei.

Kuchengeteka Kworuzhinji Nomutemo

Hurumende ndidzo dzinotanga kugadzira mapurani emitemo yematsotsi, uye dzinoronga kuti mapurisa ehurumende, mapurisa omunharaunda, matare, uye zvivako zvokuranga nazvo, uye dzinosarudza kuisa mitemo yokudzorera kumashure.

Kushandisa Mutemo Muchinzvimbo

California yakaita chinjo. California yakapfuudza AB 392 muna 2019, iyo inoganhurira kushandiswa kwesimba rinouraya kumigariro apo kunenge kuri ku "kwakafanira" panzvimbo pa "kunzwisisa". Kolorado, New York, uye Washington zvino inoda kuti vakuru vakuru vose vanotarisira mutemo vapindire apo shamwari inoshandisa simba rakanyanyisa. Nenzira yakapesana, dzimwe nyika dzakapfuudza kuti mitemo inowedzera kuiswa kwe‘chibharo chebhuruu" kumira miraudzo nokuda kwokudenha vakuru vakuru vakuru navasasiri varwi. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinotapura zvakananga kuti mapurisa anofambidzana sei nenzira yakachengeteka nenzanga vanoshumira.

Mhinduro Yekurumidziro

Masangano ehurumende anotarisira njodzi dzinoda kukurumidzira anoronga njodzi dzakadai semadutu, masango anopisa, mafashamo, uye njodzi dzoutano. Somuenzaniso, Division of Emergency Management progress uye inofambisa pokuvanda pasati pava nechamupupuri, nepo Dhipati reCalifornia reForestry and Fire Protection (CAL MVULA) rinoita kuti njodzi dzirambe dzichiramba dzichipisa. Kumhanya uye kubudirira kwehurumende kunogona kureva musiyano pakati poupenyu norufu. Muna 2023, apo njodzi dzeMaui dzakaparadza mhepo dzinopisa dzakaparadzwa, nyika nenzanga dzakatanga kuongororwa zvikuru, zvichiita kuti kuchinja kwemitemo yechamuchina wekukurumidziro muHawaii.

Gadziriro Yeruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Dare reHurumende rinotonga mativi mazhinji emhosva dzoutsotsi(kubva pakuputswa kwemigwagwa kusvikira kuuori). Hurumende dzinotarisirawo majeri, mabhodhi, uye zvirongwa zvokudzosera. Mitemo yokudzosa inosiyana zvikuru: dzimwe nyika dzakabvisa chirango chorufu (23 hurumende sere-2025), nepo dzimwe dzichiri kuuraya vasungwa. Manyika ari kuedzawo kutsiva zvinotsiva kusungwa. Somuenzaniso, Oregon akaisa mari yakawanda mumatare okurapa mirimo, uye North Dakota inowedzerwa kuchengeterwa pamutemo panzvimbo pejeri nokuda kwevapanduki vasina masimba. Mitevero iyi inotapura vasungwa, mitengo yejeri, uye mutengo yokuranga kubhadhara vateresi.

Mitemo Yemhoteredzo

Hurumende dzine simba rakafara rokudzivirira zvinhu zvakasikwa nokudzora kushatiswa, kazhinji kacho zvichipfuura mipimo yehurumende.

Kudzora Kushatisa

Nyika dzine mutoro wokusimbisa Engez Air Act yeIndaneti neVease Water Act mumiganhu yadzo. Dzinogadza ganhuriro dzokubudisa nokuda kwamafekitari, nzvimbo dzemagetsi, uye motokari, uye kuongorora mhepo nemvura. California yave iri mutungamiriri munharaunda ino(Its Air Resources Board) inoisa mipimo yetsika yetsika yetsika yerudzi, uye dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzinogamuchira mipimo yeCalifornia. Muna 2024, mutambo unoda kuti marori matsva ose anorema anotengeswa munyika ave zero-get-ooctives Board panosvika 2036.

Kutarisirwa Kwemanyuko Okusikwa Nawo

Hurumende dzinotarisira mamirioni amaeka epaka, masango, uye nzvimbo dzemhuka. Dzinopa marezeresa okuvhima nokuredza, dzinodzora kucheka matanda, uye dzinochengetedza nzvimbo dzokugara. Somuenzaniso, Adirondack Park muNew York ipaki yakasiyana nehurumende yakakura kupfuura Yellowstone, ine rongedzero yayo yevhu. Kumadokero, nyika dzakadai seColorado neMontana dzinotarisira kutarisirwa kwemhezi nedzimwe mhuka dzemhuka huru. Kunze kweimba inharo imushandi mukuru wezvemari: mukuwirirana ne Bureautau yePSCS, nyika dzemarimarika, nyika dzinotsigira mabasa anopfuura mamirioni 5 munyika yose.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Kunoita Kuti Zvitange

Nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza zvipfuro zvadzo zvimene zvokuderedza gasi rinodziyisa uye mirairo inomutsidzirwa. California inovavarira kusatora rutivi kwecarbon pakasvika 2045. Chibvumirano cheClimate Leadership and Community Act cheNew York chinoraira 70% yemagetsi anomutsidzirwa pa2030. Mibatanidzwa yehurumende muRegional Greenhouse Gas Initive (RGI) chirongwa chekapu neradhibhu chakaderedza kubudiswa kwesimba rekambani nemhepo chakaderedza kubudiswa kwemagetsi ne50% kubvira muna 2009.

Tsika Dzemari

Hurumende dzinoita kuti pave nebhizimisi rinotema kuti makambani anowanikwa kupi uye kuti vashandi vanowana mari yakawanda sei.

Mapoka Omutero

Mitero inobhadharwa inosiyana zvikuru. Nyika pfumbamwe hadzina mutero womunhu oga wemari yadzinotambira (zvikurukuru, Texas, Florida, Tennessee), nepo dzimwe dzakafanana neCalifornia neHawaii dzine mwero inofambira mberi inopfuura 13%. Sayenzi dzinosiyanawo: Oregon haina mutero wokutengesa, nepo Louisiana neTennessee dzine mwero inoshanda. Iyi misiyano inotapura mari inorambwa nemhuri uye kukwezva kwehurumende nokuda kwavapunziridzi kana kuti mabhizimisi. Mitero yemitero inoderedza mwero yemitero yemakambani yazvo: somuenzaniso, North Dakota inoderedza mwero yayo yebato yebhizimisi kubva pa 5.2% kusvika ku 4,3% muna 2023.

Mitemo Yebhizimisi

Nyika dzakagadza mari shoma inotarwa, mitemo yomuraudzo, uye zvinodikanwa zvekotsekano zvebasa kupfuura mipimo yehurumende. Kusvikira muna 2025, mari yakakwirira zvikurusa yehurumende iri muWashington D.C. ($17.50), nepo Georgia neWoomang ine mari yakaderera pa $5.15 (kuno rumwe mutemo wehurumende unokunda nokuda kwavazhinjisakawanda). Mitemo inodzorawo mibatanidzwa: mitemo yokushanda yakarurama (zvino iri mumitezo 27) inorambidza mitezo yebatanidzwa semugariro webasa, inoparira kukwidziridza simba. Occational fimingsss inosing inosing inosiyana, uyewo Massachusetts (a mudia maawa 1 500 okurovedza), nepo paAlabatagota 750 bedzi inodikanwa. Iyi misiyano inoparira miganhuro kana kuti mikana nokuda kwavashandi vanotanga basa.

Kufambira Mberi Kwebasa

Nyika dzakawanda dzinoita mapurogiramu okurovedza kuti dziwirirane unyanzvi hwevashandi nezvinodiwa nebasa romunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, purogiramu yeProjekiti yeMichigan ye "Going Pro" rovedzo yemari yavashandi varipo, nepo California Community College inogovera kurongedzerwa kwapachena kwepurogiramu dzayo dzebasa kupfurikidza "Strong Workfoctive Program". United States inokwikwikwidzawo nokuda kwenzvimbo huru dzebhizimisi. HQ2 yeAmazon's yakaona masangano akawanda aipa mabhiriyoni ezvirongwa zvemitero(*a arongwa anenge acherekedzwa. Muna 2024, mabhodhi evashandi ehurumende munyika dzakadai seIndiaa neUtaian yakashuma kuti aza nzvimbo dzinopfuura 90 000 kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzinodzorwa.

Kudzivirirwa Kwevatengesi Nedzimba

Hurumende dzinoitawo basa rinokosha mukudzivirira vagari vemo sevatengi uye kuva nechokwadi chokuwana dzimba dzakakotsekana, dzisingadhuri.

Mitemo Yokudzivirira Yemutengi

Magweta ehurumende anomanikidzira kumanikidza mhatsa huru yemitemo yedziviriro, kurwisa kunyengera, mutengo, uye miitiro yebhizimisi inonyengera. Somuenzaniso, muna 2023, Attorney General weNew York akawana rutongeso rwe $1,1 bhiriyoni pakambani yakatsausa vatengi mumifungo. Manyika anopawo "mitemo yemajemusi" inovimbisa kuiswa mari kana kuti kutsiviwa kwemotokari dzakashata, uye anomanikidzira kuputsa zvinodikanwa zvekuzivisa. Consumerkhocy Act (CPA) yakapa vagari vemo vazive izvo makambani emipi anounganidza mashoko anoaapoka nokuabvisa, achigadza muenzaniso uyo mamwe masangano akafanana neColorado neVirginia akatevera. Iyi dziviriro dzinotapura dzinobva mukutenga motokari dzezuva riri rose mukutenga motokari kuti vashandise zviteshina.

Dzimba Nenzvimbo Zvinoshandiswa

Hurumende dzinopesvedzera kuwanikwa kwedzimba kupfurikidza nemitemo yokuvaka, kudzora, ganhuriro dzokuvaka, uye dziviriro dzezvikwata. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, yakadai seOregon neCalifornia yakapfuudza mitemo yokukurudzira dzimba dzakakora. Oregon yakanga iri yokutanga kubvisa mhuri imwe chete bedzi munyika yose, kubvumira duplexes munzvimbo dzose dzinogara vanhu. Dare reCalifornia Bill 9 rinogonesa varidzi vemo kuti vaparadzane voga voga uye vavake migodhi, kunyange zvazvo Florida, iri nzvimbo dzakakwirira.

Mabumbiro okuvaka iimwe nharaunda inodzorwa nehurumende inotapura zvakananga chengeteko nendyiko. Pashure peHurricane Andrew muna 1992, Florida yakagamuchira imwe yemitemo yokuvaka yorumano zvikurusa munyika, ichida mafafitera anobatira pamwe namagetsi anosimbiswa. Zvivako zvitsva muFlorida zvinokwanisa zviri nani kutsungirira madutu, mitengo yeinishuwarenzi uye kuderedza kuvadziko.

mhedziso

Hurumende dzinoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva munzira dzakawanda dzinooneka nedzisingaoneki: kubva paukoshi hwedzidzo yomwana kusvikira kukotsekano yomugwagwa mukuru, kubva kumutengo weinishuwarenzi youtano kusvikira kumhepo yatinofema. Musiyano wechienzi wemitemo yehurumende imwe neimwe unoratidzira mipimo yayo yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinhu zvemari, uye nhau. Sezvinoratidzirwa nemienzaniso munyaya ino yose, misiano pakati pehurumende haisati iri bedzi yedzidzo yezvidzidzo nechakavanzika nokuda kwomukana, utano, uye zvakanaka.

Kuvagari vemo, kunzwisisa idzi pesvedzero dzenzvimbo yehurumende ndiro nhanho yokutanga kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Kuzivisa muvhota dzehurumende, kuonana navaiti vemitemo vehurumende, uye kutora rutivi mukunzwa kwavose zvishandiso zvinogona kuumba mitemo inorondedzerwa pano. Murudzi umo hurumende dzinowanzorondedzerwa se "nyanzvi dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," kuedza kunobudirira kunogona kuva mienzaniso nokuda kwavamwe. Kuramba uchiziva pamusoro pokuti hurumende yako inoshanda sei haisi bedzi dzidzo; rutivi runokosha rwokurarama upenyu hwakasanorongwa mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa wehurumende.