Ukama pakati pomufungo wavose nemitemo yekodzero dzeroorano hunopa chiono chine simba chokunzwisisa nacho udzori hwehurumende yehurumende yazvino uno. Roorano, sesangano rapamutemo, inogara pawirirano yorusununguko rwomunhu oga, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye muitiro wenzanga. Naizvozvo, chinjo kumitemo yeroorano haiwanzoitika mukusava nezvamatongerwe enyika. Panzvimbo pezvo, ibasa rekukakavadzano huru pakati pezvinodiwa navanhu, izvo vagadziri vemitemo vanodisa kupa, uye izvo bumbiro remitemo rinobvumira. Kunzwisisa iyi iri rondedzero inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotora kodzero yekodzero dzavagari vemo muzana ramakore rechi21, sezvo hondo pamusoro pokuenzana kweroorano yazova nhau inoumba yesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika yetsika dzenzanga kuti ichinjike sei tsika kuva pamutemo.

Nheyo Yokutanga: Nei Mafungiro Avanhu Achikosha

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinomirira, kuva pamutemo kwomutemo kwakasungirwa nenzira yomuzvarirwo kubvumirano yavadzorwi. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akapokanidza kwenguva refu simba rewirirano yemasangano ezvokubatana. "Muenzaniso wetsika," unokarakadzwa nenyanzvi Christopher Wlezien naStuart Soroka, posit kuti murangariro wavose unoshanda sechibvumirano chokururamisa; sezvo muitiro unofamba zvikuru murutivi rumwe, murangariro wavose unochinja murutivi rwakasiana, kuumba chitendiso. Uyu muenzaniso unokarakadza kupindura, gadziriro inoshanda umo vaiti vemitemo vanogamuchirwa kuti varambe vachiwirirana nevhoti yenhau.

Zvisinei, kodzero dzeroorano dzinowanzodenha uyu muenzaniso nemhaka yokuti dzinobatanidza mipimo yetsika yakadzika, kududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzevoruzhinji. Kunyanduka pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nechinetso chavanhu chakakomba nechamagariro avanhu (kunorova matare anorova mitemo inopiwa nemitumbi yakasanangurwa) hakuoneki zvikuru kupfuura mumhindumupindu yokuenzana kweroorano. Mubvunzo unova: Ko mutenzi wemitemo anofanira kutevera murangariro wavose, kana kuti unofanira kutungamirira, zvikurukuru apo inodzivirira vashomanene vasina dziviriro?

Chirango Chenhau: Kubva Pakurambidzwa Kusvika Pakuenzana

Chizvarwa chakapfuura, pfungwa yokuti vakwanyina vounzenza vaigona kuroora mumwe cheteyo yakanga iri yokunyanyisa mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Sezvinobvira nguva pfupi yapfuura sezvo ma1990, tsigiro yavose yeroorano yevatano imwe cheteyo muUnited States yakapera pakati pemakore 20. Mukuwirirana naGallup, 27% bedzi yavaAmerica vakatsigira kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kweroorano yevatano yevatano yoga yoga muna 1996. Nhasi, kutsigira kunoitika munenge muna 71%. Uku kuchinja kunoshamisa ndiimwe yemisiano huru zvikurusa mumurangariro wavose muAmerica pamusoro penhau yenzanga yazvino uno.

Kunzwisisa kuti kuchinja uku kwakaitika sei (uye kuti kwakashandurirwa sei muzivo yapamutemo yapamutemo.) Kunoratidzira miitiro yakaoma inobatanidza mirangariro yavanhu nechiito chemitemo. Rwendo rwacho rwakanga rusiri rwomutsetse kana kuti rusingadzivisiki. Rwakabatanidza mhinganidzo dzine ngozi, dzakadai sokupfuudzwa kweDefense of Marriage Act (DOMA) muna 1996, iyo yakarondedzera roorano somurume nomukadzi nokuda kwezvinangwa zvehurumende. DOMA yakapfuudzwa netsigiro yebipartisan purezidhendi weDhemocratic, inoratidzira bvumirano yezvamatongerwe enyika yenhambo yenhambo yacho. Makore makumi maviri gare gare gare, Dare rapamusoro rakairova muUnited States. Winds (2013), chiito chakasanoratidzira tsinhano yenhau yenhau yenhau yenhau mumurangariro wavose.

Nheyo yenhau yeiyi rondedzero yakatangwa neLoving v. Virginia (1967), umo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakagumisa kurambidzwa kwemitezo yeroorano yemadzinza. Panguva ino, voruzhinji veAmerica vanoshora madzinza akasiyana - siyana. Gallup kuvhota muna 1968 yakaratidza kuti 72% yevagari veAmerica yakatenderwa mitemo inorambidza roorano dzemarudzi akasiyana - siyana. Pano, Dare rakaita mukurwisana nemurangariro wavose, kusimbisa Kudzivirira Clause re 14 Pramendment. Mhaka iyi inoramba iri muenzaniso wenheyo yematare inodzivirira kodzero shomanene kubva pakufungira mano akaipa makuru, uye inopa musiyano mukuru wemitezo, iyo inowana kukunda kwaro yokupedzisira bedzi pashure pokunge ruzhinji vevoruzhinji vatoita kuti itsigire.

Kuyera Tai: Maonero Atakaita Kunzi Vanhu Vaite

Chishandiso chikuru chokuyera pfungwa dzevanhu kuongorora kwesayenzi.Masangano akadai seGallup, Pew Research Center, uye General Social Survey (GSS) akaongorora maonero anoitwa kodzero dzeroorano kwemakumi emakore.

Somuenzaniso, Pew Research Center inoratidza kuti kukamukana kwemikana yokuenzana kwevakaroorana kwakakura. Masangano maduku anoramba achiratidza mwero yakakwirira yokutsigira kupfuura vakwegura. Muna 2006, Pew akawana kuti 42% yevagari veAmerica vane makore 18-29 vakatsigira muchato mumwe chete. Pakazosvika 2023, nhamba iyoyo yakanga yakwira kusvika ku80%. Sezvo zera rakwegura kubva kuvagari vemo, mutezo wetsigiro yavose unokwira zviri nyore kuzivikanwa sechitsivi chechizvarwa. Iyi itsika yave iri itsika huru, injini inononoka, yokuchinja kwenzanga inowirirana zvikuru nechetevedzerwa mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Manyuko esocial network akabuda sezvishandiso zvokuwedzera murangariro munguva chaiyoiyo. Zvikamu zvakafanana naTwitter naFacebook zvinogovera kutarira kusina kugadziriswa, kusina kugadziriswa pahurukuro yavose. Zvisinei, maturusi aya ane mirangariro ine revo huru, sezvo anoratidzira zvikurusa vashandisi vanonyanyisa. Kunzvera kwesayenzi kunoramba kuri mupimo wendarama kuyera kukura kwechokwadi kwemurangariro wavose.

Kuongorora Nyaya Mupfungwa Dzevanhu Vose uye Kuchinja Kwomutemo

Ireland: Kumukira kweReferendendum

Zvichida muenzaniso wakachena zvikurusa wemurangariro wavose wokupinza mutemo weroorano zvakananga iko kurongerano imwe cheteyo yeIrish yevatano yeIrish. Munyika ine pesvedzero yeKaturike yakasimba yenhau nebumbiro remitemo retsika, hurumende yakasarudza kubvunza vanhu zvakananga. Dare reMitemo re 34 reIrish reMitemo rakaitiranwa nharo zvikuru pamatafura emicheto yekicheni uye muzvinobudisa nhau. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri rukundo rukuru: 62% yavavhoti vakakanda zvivhoti zvavo vachitsigira kuenzana kweroorano, uye vanopfuura 60%.

Pano, murangariro wavose hauna kungopesvedzera bedzi vaiti vemitemo (jenags) kudarika michina yenguva dzose yemitemo kuva mutemo zvakananga. Chisarudzo cheIreland chinoratidzira kuti apo bvumirano yakajeka yenzanga inogona kubuda, gadziriro yapamutemo inogona kugadziridzwa nokukurumidza kuti iratidzire. Yakaratidzawo kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga inogona kuva chishandiso chokupa rusununguko, kwete bedzi nokuda kwokudzivisa maruramiro.

United States: Nzira Yokutonga Yakawedzerwa Nechinjo Yenzanga

Chinoitika cheAmerica chakanga chakasiana zvikuru nereIreland. Rwendo kubva kudare reroorano renyika imwe cheteyo reHawaii ramatongo kudare revatano kudare reSango guru reUnited States ra 2015 mu Obergefell v. Hodges rwakanga rwuri rwisano yakasiyana zvikuru inobatanidza matare ehurumende, matare ehurumende, uye hurumende inotonga. Nhanho dzapakuvamba, dzakadai seDare reMassachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ra 2004 rinotonga pamutemo, rakatarisana nepfuuremhe yapa zvamatongerwe enyika. Sangano dza 2004 dzakaona pamutemo dzinopfuudza kudzo dzapamutemo dzakarambidza kuroorana kwehurumende.

Zvisinei, sezvo murangariro wavose wakachinja nokukurumidza mukupera kwama 2000 namavambo ama2010, vezvematongerwe enyika vakatanga kuchinja zviito zvavo. Purezidhendi Barack Obama we "mhindumupindu" panhau yacho muna 2012 akawana avhareji yenzvero yorudzi. Panguva apo Dare Gurusa renhau rakatonga muna 2015, tsigiro yavose yakanga yapfuura 55% uye yakanga ichiri kukwira. Dare, mupfungwa yakati, rakabvuma chinjo yakanga yatovapo mudare remifungo yavose. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy ai airangarira vazhinjisaisimbisa chiremera nerusununguko rwevaroora vezvene mitezo mimwe chetevo yevatano, anoratidzira kutsigira kwakanga kwave kubudirira zvikurusa mumurangariro wavose.

Australia: Chinobudiswa Pashure Pezvipo

Australia yakapa muenzaniso wakavhengana wezvinhu zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nemitemo inomiririra. Pashure pemakore ehurumende dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoda kuchinjwa muhurumende yeAbott neTurnbull, vatarisiri vakaraira nzvero yokuzvidira, isingasungiri papositi yorudzi muna 2017. Pasinei zvapo nechishoro chakabva kuLGBTQ qha vaitya nhimbe yavose inovenga, 61.6% vaibvunza vakavhotera kuti "Eehoo!"

Hurumende yeAustralia yakabva yangoronga kuti muchato wevane mitezo yakafanana yevatano unyoreswe pamutemo muna December 2017. Iyi nyaya inoratidza kuti hurumende dzinogona sei kushandisa zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa nevanhu kuti dzibve panhau dzezvematongerwe enyika dzinoparadzanisa vanhu. Kusabatanidza kwaiita kuongorora kwacho kwakabvumira vezvamatongerwe enyika kuti vataure kuti vaitevera kuda kwevanhu pasina kuputsa hana dzavo kana kuti zvikuva zvepapati.

Kuparadzana Kwenyika Yose: Kunochinja Magwenya

Nhoroondo yefambiro mberi haisati iri yavose. Mumativi akawanda enyika, murangariro wavose unoramba wakapesana zvikuru neroorano yevatano, uye mutemo wakatanga murutivi rwakapesana. Hungary yakapfuudza mutemo muna 2020 zvinobudirira kurambidza vakwanyina vamwe voutevedzani vokubereka kuva vanogamuchira, uye muna 2021 yakachinja bumbiro remitemo yawo rokurondedzera roorano somurume nomukadzi. Russia yakasimudzira zvikuru "mipimo yegamuchidzanwa" mutemo, uye Uganda yakapfuudza mumwe wemitemo inorwisana neLGBTQ yehamurosa renyika muna 2023.

Muaya mashoko akapoteredza, murangariro wavose unoshandiswa navatungamiriri vehurumende uye vane chiremera kururamisa maruramiro anoganhurirwa. Chido chakakurumbira chinokumbirwa kudzvinyirira rusununguko rwavanhu vashoma. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti murangariro wavanhu unogona kushandiswa nokuda kwokutendeudzira kana kuti zvimwe kutsigira, kuchitsamira patsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano orudzidziso, uye utungamiriri. Mutoo mumwe chetewo wakasunda maruramiro echiIrish anogonawo kushandiswa kusimbisa rusaruro.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kufurira: Maonero Anoita Pfungwa Anoita Mutemo

Kushandura pfungwa dzavose kuva mutemo hausi chinhu chinongoerekana chaitika.

Kukurudzira Kunoita Kuti Uite Zvematongerwe Enyika

Vezvematongerwe enyika vanotsigira zvinoparira zvakakurumbira sezvingabvira zvikuru vakasarudzwazve. Sezvo tsigiro nokuda kwokuenzana kweroorano yakapfuura 50% muUnited States namamwe marudzi okuMadokero, mutengo wezvamatongerwe enyika wokuitsigira wakaderera, uye ndyiko yokuishora yakakwira. Uku kuverenga kwakawedzera. Iyi dzvinyiriro yavose zvichida iwirirano yakananga pakati pemurangariro wavose nechiito chemitemo. Vatsigiri veRepublican avo vakashora kuenzana muva 2000 vakazviwana vamene vari munzvimbo yakaoma savana vavo vamene navazukuru vakaratidzira tsigiro nokuda kwakwo. Iyi dzvinyiriro yomunhu oga, yechisarirano yakaitwa sechinjo hurusarudzo munzanga.

Boka Rinofarira Roufundisi

Masangano akadai seHuman Rights Campaign (HRC), Rusununguko Kuroora, uye Lambda Mapamutemo akashanda seminhevedzo yakakomba. Akaita kuvhota kwakatanhamara, mafregimu okutumira mashoko, uye vaiti vemitemo vakarongeka. Akabatsira kutsigira nzanga mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inoshingaira. Chisarudzo chakajeka nesangano rokunangidzira ngwariro pa "Ruchato" panzvimbo pe "masangano echikwata avanhu" chakanga chakavakirwa pamifungo inoratidza kuti mugariro wakaparadzana asi wakaenzana wakanga usingabviri mutsikanowirirana nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kugadzira Maredhiyo

Maratidziro anoita nhau inochinja pfungwa dzevanhu. Nokufamba kwenguva, kufukidzwa kwevakaroorana vezvevatano imwe chete kwakachinja kubva pakuisa pfungwa pa "mararamiro engochani" kunyaya pamusoro pemhuri dzakaitwa, rudo, dziviriro dzapamutemo, uye basa rehondo. Uku kupfuudza nhau yacho kwakachinja zvikuru kuvanavhoti vane mwero vangave vakanga vasingafariri pfungwa dzevatano. Kukwira kweLGBTQ muterevhizheni nemifananidzo kwakawedzera ruzivo rwevakaroorana vezvevatano, zvichiisa chikonzero chetsika nokuda kwokuchinja kwepamutemo.

Kutungamirira Kwokutonga

Matare anogona kuita sezvinoparira kuchinja kwemirangariro, kwete chete zviratidziro zvayo. Nepo Dare repamusorosoro reUS muObergefell rakanga richitevera zvimiro zvendangariro zvavanhu zvakatekeshera, mirau yedare rakaderera yakaritangira (//na Massachusetts atonga muna 2004) akasunda mamirioni avaAmerica kuva echokwadi eroorano youtevedzeri hwevatano yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose. Iyi "nyanzvi dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose" yakabvumira vanhu kuona miuyo inotyiwa, yakadai sokuderera kweroorano yevatano yavanhu vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo, haina kuvapo. Kuona kutera, kworudo mhuri dzevatano nevatano munzanga dzavose kwakapfavisa chishoro chevo.

Miganhu Yokusarangarira: Apo Mutemo Unova Pamberi (kana Kuti Seri Kwawo)

Kukanganisa kufunga kuti mutemo unongova chiratidziro chemaonero evanhu.

[[FLT:][FLT] , Dare rakakunda roorano dzemarudzi akawanda [[FTLT:1] idiscdromatic trademocracy. Mu Lovating v. Virginia [1967], Dare rakakunda roorano dzemarudzi akawanda kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda dzeAmerica dzinoshora roorano dzemarudzi akawanda. Iyi inhau yakakurumbira yematare inodzivirira vashomanene kubva muudzvinyiriri hukuru. Murangariro wetsika wakaputswa nenheyo yemitemo yemitemo yedziviriro yakaenzana. Nenzira yakafanana, mu [FLT:] Lwnce. v[FLT] [FLT] [FFD] 5:] [200], Dare rakaita mitemo inodzosa, inodzosa pamutemo inodzosa pamutemo.

Mapurisa eInteria neFederalism anononotsawo kushandurwa kwomurangariro mumutemo. Kunyange apo vazhinjisa vanorangarira kuti mitemo inogona kuva inononoka kupindura nemhaka yemhinganidzo dzourongwa seDare reReliefbuster kana kuti dare rasachigaro rakagadzwa rakaitwa navashori. Sangano reUnited States rinobvumira nyika kuedza, asi rakaparirawo basa rekodzero. Kwamakumi amakore, varoorani vorudzi vamwe muAlabama vakanga vasina dziviriro yapamutemo, nepo avo vaiva nekodzero dzeroorano dzakazara muMassachusetts iyo imene yakava mutyairi wemitemo yorudzi, sokushaidzwa kwezviteshivi zvezviteshi zvezviteshi zvedare.

Ukuru hunobvumira kuronga nenzira inobudirira, uye kunonotsa chinjo kunyange sezvo tsigiro yavose. Mabhuku ezvamatongerwe enyika anonakisa. ibasa rakakomba. Vashori vekodzero dzeroorano kazhinji kazhinji vakava nezvisarudzo zvikuru kupfuura vatsigiri mumakore apakuvamba. Uku kukura kwakavabvumira kuronga nenzira inobudirira, kudzora hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kunonotsa nhano yechinjo kunyange sezvo tsigiro yavose yakawedzerwa. Mabhuku esayenzi ezvamatongerwe enyika anoratidza kuti vashomanene vanogona kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kukunda voruzhinji. Ndicho chikonzero nei, kunyange muzvinhu apo kunzvera kwakaratidza ruzhinji kutsigira roorano, vapisveri vaiwanzozengurira kuita chiito nokuda kwokutya kudzokera shure kwokutaura kubva kuvaduku vatsvene vezvitendero.

Kutarira Mberi: Maganhu Anotevera Ekodzero Dzeroorano

Kunzwisisa simba rakaumba mutemo weroorano wevatano mumwe chetewo kunopa mepu yokunzvera nharo dzenguva yemberi pamusoro pekodzero dzeroorano. Nhau dzakadai sokunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwebarika, maruramiro avanhu muroorano, uye dzikamo pakati porusununguko rworudzidziso norwusiri rwechidhinamende sezvingabvira ichaumbwa namasimba mamwe chetewo.

Murangariro wavose uchava nzvimbo yehondo huru. Sezvo zvizvarwa zviduku, zvakasiyana zvikuru zvinova vazhinjisa vavavhoti, zvimiro zvavo zvendangariro zvichapfuurira kuvandudza nzvimbo yapamutemo yemhuri. Maturusi mamwe chetewo okuvhota, masangano enzanga, uye gadziriro dzokutonga idzo dzakashandiswa kuwana wirirano yeroorano dzichashandiswa muidzi hondo itsva. Rubudiriro rwomunguva yemberi rwekuvhota ruchatsamira pakunzwisisa masimba chaiwo omuitiro wokutamba, ukuru hwechishoro, uye nzira dzesangano dzinowanika nokuda kwechinjo.

Kupedzisa: Mutambo Wokuchinja - chinja

Ukama pakati pomurangariro wavanhu nemitemo yekodzero dzeroorano hahuna kurongeka. Ibasa guru, rinoshamisa apo murangariro unochinja mutemo, mutemo unoumba chokwadi chenzanga, uye chinhu chaichoicho chenzanga zvinodzokera kumurangariro wavose. Rukundo rwekuenzana kweroorano mumativi akawanda enyika rwakanga rusati rwuri bedzi nhau yavagadziri vemitemo vainzvera pfungwa uye kuita maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu. Yakanga iri mugumisiro wesangano renzanga rinofambira mberi iro rakachinja mwoyo nepfungwa, rakaparira kurudziro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye rakabudirira kutungamirira masangano akaoma kunzwisisa ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Nepo murangariro wavose usati uri chisakiso bedzi, unoramba uri musimboti wehwaro apo chinjo yemitemo inogarisa inovakwa. Mitemo inonyanyova mberi kwengozi yemirangariro yavose nechero mirau, nepo mitemo inononoka kuva zvishandiso zvokusaruramisira. Sangano rekuenzana reroorano rakaita budiriro dzaro hurusa kupfurikidza nokuumba bvumirano itsva yetsika, kushandisa chishandiso chiri chose kubva kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga kuhwirudzura kurukurirano iyoyo mumutemo. Kunzwisisa iyi rondedzero inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa maruramiro ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munzanga yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji.