Table of Contents
Dare rehurumende rinoumba musimboti wegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, kubata mativi makuru enhau dzapamutemo dzinomuka muUnited States. Iyi mhaka hurusa inosarudzwa mumatare epasi, ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti aya matare akarongwa sei, anobatira maari, uye mabasa api anoita anokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kushandisa gadziriro yapamutemo kana kuti anonzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inoitwa sei pamwero wenyika. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera chimiro chakaoma chematare ehurumende, mabasa evakuru vakuru vedare vakasiana - siana, uye mitoro yakananga yedare rimwe nerimwe inotakura.
Hwaro Hwematare Ehurumende
matare ehurumende akagadzwa kuva anowirirana nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe nemitemo. Kusafanana nematare ehurumende, ayo anowana chiremera chawo muChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., matare ehurumende anoshanda pasi pegadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo nedzemitemo dzakaumbwa nehurumende dzawo dzakatsaukana. Uyu musiano mukuru unoreva kuti nepo gadziriro dzedare rehurumende dzinogoverana mativi avose akawanda, hurumende imwe neimwe yakaumba chirongwa chayo chakasiana chamatonge chinenge chakabatana nezvinodikanwa zvayo zvayo zvakananga namagamuchidzanwa emitemo.
Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende dzine gadziriro dzadzo dzimene. Iyi gadziriro yamatare maviri inoratidzira chiziviso chehurumende yeAmerica, umo simba rinogoverwa pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. matare ehurumende ane chiremera chakafara. matare ehurumende zvikurukuru anobata nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, kubatanidza nhau dzoutsotsi, nhau dzehurumende dzakadai sezvinotaurwa kuvadziko yomunhu oga, nhau mudare remhuri, goverano yezvido nenzvimbo, uye nhau chaidzo.
Nepo gadziriro yematare ehurumende ichisiyana zvikuru, hurumende imwe neimwe ine matare edare rekomupiyuta rimwe nerimwe uye dare rimwe rinenge rimwe rinogona kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakaderera zvedare. Pasinei zvapo nemisiano mukududza kokorodzano noudzame hwakati hwesangano, miitiro yedare yakawandasaidzo inotevera mugadzirirwo wedare rinobatanidza chaizvoizvo mwero mitatu kana kuti mina, zvichitsamira pakuti hurumende ine matare apakati.
Zvirongwa Zvevafundisi: Kunzwisisa Matare Ematare
Gadziriro yedare rehurumende zvikurukuru inoratidzira chimiro chegadziriro yedare rehurumende mukuti yakaumbwa kazhinji kazhinji nemitengo mikuru mitatu: matare okutonga, matare ehurumende neDare Rapamusorosoro rehurumende. Uku mutoo unotevedzana unovimbisa kuti mhaka dzinogona kutongwa pakutanga pamwero wokutonga uye ipapo kuhwirudzurwa nematare makuru kana kuri madikanwa, kuchigovera mikana mizhinji yokuti nhau dzapamutemo dzinzverwe uye dziruramise kururamiswa.
Miitiro mitatu yeTier
Munenge hafu yenyika negadziriro yehurumende, mune nhurikidzwa mbiri. Muidzi mativi, dare ravafundisi rinoumbwa nemitengo mina: matare okutonga panzvimbo yechitatu, matare apakati pamwero wechitatu, uye dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende panzvimbo inoperera. Munzvimbo idzodzo dzine nhambo imwe bedzi, hamuna dare rapakati, uye Dare Rapamusoro riri dare pamwero wechitatu wedare ravakuru vakuru.
Munhau nematare apakati, aya matare anobata kukwirira kukuru, achibvumira dare rapamusoro zvikurusa kuisa ngwariro pamhaka dzoukoshi hwakati hwepamutemo kana kuti idzo dzinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha yomutemo wenyika.
Dare Rokutonga: Uko Ruramisiro Inovamba
Matare okutonga anomiririra kupindira kwedare panhau dzakawanda dzinotongwa, dzinotonga nyaya dzehurumende, kana kuti matare okutonga, dzinonzwa nyaya kokutanga.Aya ndiwo matare anopa uchapupu, anopupurira, uye kutsunga kwokutanga kwezvose zviri zviviri chokwadi nomutemo.
Basa Rematare Okutonga
Dare rinotonga rinoita zvose zviri zviviri zviwanwa zveidi nomutemo kupfurikidza nokutonga kwakazara kutsanangura ufakazi hwenhau yacho. matare oruwa anopedza nharo kupfurikidza nokusarudza maidi nokushandisa mutemo kumaidi iwayo. Iri basa ramativi maviri rinosiyanisa matare anotonga mumatare edare, ayo zvikurukuru anohwirudzura mibvunzo yomutemo bedzi panzvimbo pokuramba zvisarudzo zvechokwadi.
Iri murairo wakafara unoreva kuti vatongi vanotonga mhaka kubva mukuronga kwavo kwokutanga kusvikira kumugariro wokupedzisira, vachitarisira chinhu chiri chose kuvambira pakutonga kwokutanga uye muitiro wokufamba kusvikira kumiedzo chaiyoiyo yapashure pekutongwa.
Mumitemo yavose zvikurusa, dare rinotonga kazhinji kazhinji rinogara nedare rinobetsera vatongi uye mutongi mumwe; mukutonga kwakadaro, vatongi vanoshanda sechinhu chisina mufungo cheidi.Mune dzimwe nhau, mutongi kana kuti vatongi vanoshanda sevasarudzi vezvose zviri zviviri maidi nomutemo, kupfurikidza nomutemo, tsika, kana kuti chibvumirano chemasangano; ikoku kunonongedzerwa kwazviri sokutongwa kwebhenji. Kuvapo kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kunotsamira parudzi rwenhau nedare umo rinonzwa.
Kuganhurirwa Kwakaitwa Mitongo
Dare rokutonga rinokamurwa kuva mapoka maviri akavakirwa pachiremera charo: matare ehurumende dzose uye matare ane simba rakaganhurirwa.
MuUnited States, dare rinotonga rinodzora rinobvumirwa kunzwa rudzi rwakati rwenhau dzevagari vemo kana kuti dzeutsotsi urwo rusati rwapiwa kuimwe dare. matare mazhinjisa okutonga haaganhurirwi kunhau yakati asi angabata nemativi ose. matare aitonga akadaro anowanzorondedzerwa seane simba ravose chifo chaapo ose zvawo (ndiko, asina kusiiwa) nharaunda dzomutemo.
Mamwe matare, anonzi matare ehurumende yakaganhurirwa ane chiremera bedzi chokuedza kudarika, kuputsa, uye mhaka duku (vatongi) nepo mamwe matare, anonzi matare ehurumende, ane chiremera chokuedza mhaka dzakakomba (mhosva dzakakomba) pamwe chete nemhosva duku nemhosva. dare rinotonga rehurumende yakaganhurirwa ringanzwa bedzi marudzi chaiwo emhaka dzakavakirwa panhau, mwero mugakava, mutemo unobvumira, kana kuti nhau dzehurumende.
Matare Okunobhaisirwa uye Emunharaunda
Dare remo rinozivikanwawo sematare emanisiparati, imatare ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa pamusoro pemhosva duku uye mhaka dzisina kururama dzinoitwa muguta rakati. Aya matare anowanzobata kuputswa kwemigwagwa, kutyorwa kwemitemo kwomunzvimbomo, uye nhau duku dzoutsotsi. Mitemo inodzora matare emanisiparati ndeiyo inogadzwa nemitemo yehurumende, uye nemhaka yaikoku, muitiro wapamutemo unosiana muhurumende nehurumende.
Matare Okutonga Ane Chienzi
Matare aya anonyatsotaura nezvemhaka dzakananga, achibvumira vatongi kuti vatange unyanzvi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomutemo uye kazhinji kacho vachishandisa nzira dzinoenderana nezvinodiwa nenyaya idzodzo.
Nzvimbo dzinonyanya kupiwa kumatare chaiwo zvido uye zvinzvimbo (zvinowanzozivikanwa sematare eprobate), kurambana, kurera mwana asiri woga, kana kuti mamwe mativi omutemo wemhuri (mhuri kana kuti matare eukama hwemhuri), uye zviito zvinobva pamutemo weEngland weequity (matare edare rehurumende). Masangano akawanda ane matare ehurumende anoparadza anobatanidzwa panhau dzakananga dzokutarisira.
Mamwe matare chaiwo angabatanidza:
- Dare reMirimo: Madare eMirimo anotonga mhosva chaidzo dzinoitwa navanhu vakapindwa muropa nemirimo kana kuti chinwiwa chinodhakisa, vane nhau dzoutano hwendangariro, kana kuti vari varwi vakare vehondo, vachitsvaka kudzorera vapari vemhosva kupfurikidza nokushandisa zvisina kufanira zvinodhaka, zvinetso zvoutano hwendangariro nenhau chaidzo dzinotapura vagara nebasa.
- [[FOLT:0] Dare reJuvenile: matare eJuvenile ane simba pamusoro penhau dzokutsamira pamunhu neusindimari dzinobatanidza pwere.
- [ Dare routano hwetsinga: Matare akagadzirirwa kubata mhaka dzinobatanidza vakwirirwi vane nhau dzoutano hwendangariro
- Dare redare: matare akanangana nezvinodikanwa zvakasiana zvavarwi vakazvigara mugadziriro youtsotsi yeruramisiro
- [[FLT :0] Dare rokuranga: Matare akanangidzira ngwariro pagakava remuridzi uye kuputswa kwemitemo yedzimba
- Kutaura Kuduku Dare: Dare rinobata nekakavadzano dzavagari vemo dzinobatanidza zvitsama zviduku zvikuru zvemari, zvikurukuru nemiitiro yakapfava
Vanhu Vanoshanda Mumatare Okutonga
Mutongi mukuru ndiye mutongi, anotungamirira nyaya dzinotongwa, anotonga panhau dzepamutemo, anotarisira dare, uye mumatare epabhenji, anosarudza zvose zviri zviviri maidi nemutemo unoshanda.
Dare rokutonga rakawanda rinoshandisawo vatongi vamajaji kana kuti vamiririri vanobata marudzi akati enhau dzakadai sepokutanga kutonga, kudzorwa kwemhosva, kutsunga kwebheyili, uye mhaka duku dzoutsotsi. Ava vakuru vakuru vanotonga vanobetsera kudzora mutoro wedare uye vanova nechokwadi chokuti mhaka dzinofamba zvakanaka mugadziriro yacho.
Kunze kwevatongi, matare okutonga anotsamira pane dzimwe nyanzvi dzakawanda kusanganisira vanamabharani vedare vanochengeta zvinyorwa uye vanotarisira mafaira emhosva, vachengeti vemhosva vanopa kuchengeteka uye vanochengeta nhevedzano mudare, vatori venhau vedare vanogadzira marekodhi epamutemo enyaya, uye vakuru vakuru vanoongorora vaipomerwa uye vanogadzirira mishumo isati yaitwa.
Matare Anodenha: Kuhwirudzura Mutemo
Dare redare rapamberi pedare rinowanzorondedzerwa sedare repakati redare rehurumende, richibatira somwero wokutanga wehwirudzuro nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakaitwa nematare anotonga. Dare rokutanga, iro ringava pamwero wechitatu muboka ravafundisi, rinowanzorondedzerwa sedare rapakati.
Basa Rokuda Kudya
Basa redare redare rinotonga nderokusarudza kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mudare rokutonga kana kuti sangano rinotarisira dare. matare edare redare haasati achichengeta matare matsva. Anoongorora chinyorwa chacho kubva kudare rinotonga ndokusarudza kana zvikanganiso zvepamutemo zvakaitwa.
Matare akawanda haana simba rokunzwa uchapupu kana kuti kuita ufakazi, asi anongotonga nyaya dzemutemo chete. Vatongi vanodzokorora mapepa akanyorwa enyaya dzokutongwa, vanoongorora uchapupu hwakapiwa pakutonga, uye vanorangarira nharo dzepamutemo dzakanyorwa nematare.
Kodzero Yokukwirira
Mumiganhu mizhinjisa, boka rinorasikirwa pakutonga rinopiwa maruramiro akakwana kumwero mumwe wehwirudzuro, uye mugadziriro ine dare rapakati, maruramiro akakwana emukwirirwi anodzokororwa kutambanukira bedzi kudare iroro riri pakati. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mapoka asingagutswi nechisarudzo chedare rokutonga anowanzova ane kodzero yokuva nedzinenge dare rimwe rinohwirudzura mhaka yacho.
Zvisinei, iyi maruramiro okukwirira haana kuganhurirwa. kana dare iroro richifanira kutonga mhaka mukurwisana naye, mukwirirwi anogona kukumbira Dare Rapamusorosase kuhwirudzura mhaka yake, asi rinofanira kuita saizvozvo bedzi nokungwarira kwaro. Kuhwirudzurwazve nedare rapamusoro zvikurusa rehurumende kunowanzova kwakasarudzwa panzvimbo pokuzviitikira.
Kushanda Kunoita Matare Anoongorora Zvirongwa
Kusiyana nedare rinotonga, iro rinowanzokomberedzwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akabatikana, dare rinowanzogara muchivako chehurumende kana kuti nzvimbo yaro, kazhinji kazhinji rine raibhurari yakakwana yomutemo, uye tsvimbo iri muchivako umo matare anenge ari mudare anowanzova akarongwa uye kazhinji kazhinji ane mifananidzo yevaichimbova vatongi inorangarirwa savazivisi vomutemo.
Dare rokubvunzurudza rinoshanda chaizvoizvo kupfurikidza namasangano avatongi panzvimbo pavatongi vamwe. Aya mabhukwana anohwirudzura chinyorwa chakanyorwa kubva kudare rinotonga, anorava mipfupiso yapamutemo yakapiwa namativi ose ari maviri, uye kazhinji kazhinji anonzwa zvibvumikiso zvomuromo apo magweta anopa nzvimbo dzawo ndokupindura mibvunzo kuvatongi. Pashure pokurangarira izvi zvose, boka rinopa murangariro wakanyorwa unotsanangura chisarudzo charo.
Mabharani eMitemo, anowanzova akapedza kudzidza pachikoro chemitemo nguva pfupi yapfuura, anoita basa rinokosha mugadziriro yokuongorora nhau dzepamutemo, kuongorora zvinyorwa zvenhau, uye kubatsira vatongi kuti vanyore mirangariro yenhau.
Dare Rokubvunzurudza
Mukuwedzera kudare gurusa, maruwa mazhinjisa anewo matare mamwe kana kuti akati kuti, anogona kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvematare edare muchinoitika chokutanga. aya matare anobata mativi makuru ezvikumbiro mumashoko ayo ane, achihwirudzura zviuru zvenhau gore rimwe nerimwe uye achivimbisa kuti matare anotonga akashandisa mutemo nenzira yakarurama.
Matare anoshanda mabasa anokosha anoverengeka. Anogovera nzvimbo inowanika nokuda kwemapati kuti adenhe zvisarudzo zvedare rokutonga, anobetsera kuvamba ndokujekesa mutemo wehurumende kupfurikidza nemirangariro yavo yakabudiswa, uye nhau dzokuchenesa dzisati dzasvika dare guru rehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokubata zvikumbiro zvenguva dzose, matare apakati pedare anobvumira dare rapamusoro zvikurusa muhurumende kuisa ngwariro panhau dzinopa nhau dzapamutemo dzamano kana kuti nhau dzoukoshi hwenyika yose.
Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reHurumende: Shoko Rokupedzisira
Mwero unotevera wedare rinotonga dare idare rapamberi pezvigaro zvokupedzisira; idare rakakwirira zvikurusa uko nhau inogona kupiwa. aya matare akakwirira zvikurusa anowanzonzi, matare makurusa. Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinowanzonzi dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende, kunyange zvazvo mamwe marudzi achishandisa mazita akasiana.
Kusiyana - siyana Kwezita Rokutumidza Zita
Nyika pane dzimwe nguva dzine mazita akasiyana- siyana emwero yamatare ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, muNew York, Dare Rapamusorosoro harisi dare rakakwirira zvikurusa. Dare redare redare repamusorosoro, rinogona kuvhiringidza sezvo nyika zhinjisa dzinoshandisa shoko iri kunongedzera kudare rakakwirira zvikurusa muhurumende. Dare reNew York rezvikumbiro idare rakakwirira zvikurusa rehurumende. Uku kusiana mumashoko kunogona kuparira nyongano nokuda kwaavo vasina kurovedzana negadziriro yedare rehurumende rakati.
Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa mazita akadai se "Dare Rokukwirira," "Dare Rokutonga," kana kuti "Dare Rezvikumbiro" nokuda kwedare radzo rapamusoro-soro. Pasinei zvapo nezita, matare aya anobatira basa rimwe chetero rinokosha: kugovera kududzirwa kwokupedzisira kwomutemo wenyika mukati moudzori hwawo.
Kuongorora Nouchenjeri uye Certiorari
Kukumbira kuhwirudzurwa kwokungwarira kwakadaro kunonzi chikumbiro checertiorari. Kana dare rikasarudza kuhwirudzura nhau yacho, rinopa chinyorwa chinoraira kuti chinyorwa chiri mumhaka yacho chiendeswe kwachiri nedare rapakati.
Dare guru iroro rine chiremera chinodzora rinowanzoramba kupa zvikumbiro zvizhinjisa nokuda kwecertiorari, kuchiganhurira kuhwirudzuro kunhau dzinokosha zvikurusa.Mugumisiro, kunyange apo dare rinotonga rine mwero mina panzvimbo pemitatu, mhaka zhinjisa dzevagari vemo kana kuti dzoutsotsi hadzisati dzichizopfuura mwero wechitatu. Uku kutonga kunobvumira matare makurusa kuti atarisire matare uye kuisa ngwariro pamhaka dzichava netapuro hurusa pakukudziridzwa kwomutemo wenyika.
Basa Rematare Ehurumende Akakwirira Zvikurusa
Matare makuru ehurumende anoshandisa mabasa akawanda anokosha mumatare awo, anopa kududzirwa kwokupedzisira kwemitemo yehurumende uye mitemo, kupedza kurwisana kuri pakati pematare epasi, kugadza muenzaniso unoshanda kumatare ose ari muhurumende, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutemo wenyika wakabatana mukushandiswa kwemitemo yehurumende.
Zvisarudzo zvematare makurusa ehurumende zvinosungirwa pamatare ose akaderera ari mukati mehurumende uye zvinogona bedzi kuchinjwa nedare rimene kana kuti, mumigariro yakaganhurirwa inobatanidza mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, neUnited States Supreme Court.
Dare guru rehurumende rinewo mitoro yokutarisira gadziriro yose yedare rehurumende kazhinji kazhinji rinogadza mitemo yemiitiro nomufambiro weunyanzvi, rinotarisira chirango chokutonga, uye rinotarisira zvinodikanwa zvedzidzo zvinopfuurira zvavatongi namagweta.
Kurongedza uye Kusarudza
Kunyange zvazvo vatongi vehurumende vachisarudzwa napurezidhendi, vatongi vehurumende vanosarudza nenzira dzakasiyana - siyana: kugadza gavhuna kana kuti mitemo yokutonga kana kuti sarudzo.
Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa sarudzo dzinoshandiswa nevatongi padare parinomira mapepa ebato, nepo dzimwe dzichishandisa sarudzo dzisina kuiswa pabato. Kunyange zvakadaro dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzokugadza, apo gavhuna kana kuti mugadzi anosarudza vatongi, pane dzimwe nguva kubva pandandanda yavanoda kutemwa nedare rinodzorwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa gadziriro yakavhengana inozivikanwa seMissouri Plan kana kuti jastifiti, apo vatongi vanogadzwa pakutanga asi vanofanira kutarisanazve neSarudzo kuti varambe vari muhofisi.
Kunzwisisa Kupomerwa: Inhau Dzipi Dzinoenda Kuyo
Jurisdition() chiremera chedare chokunzwa ndokusarudza nhau — ipfungwa inokosha mukunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei. Kuedza mhaka kana kuti kupa chisarudzo, dare rinofanira kuva namarudzi ose matatu ehurumende: chiremera chenharaunda pamusoro poutsotsi, chiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pomukwirirwi, uye chiremera chenhau pamusoro penhau pamusoro pechisakiso.
Nhau Yemhosva
Nhau ine chokuita nechiremera chedare chokunzwa rudzi rwenhau kana kuti nhau iri kukurukurwa. Rudzi urwu rwehurumende runosarudza kuti idare ripi mukati megadziriro yokutonga yehurumende rinotenderwa kunzwa mapoka akati enhau. Somuenzaniso, dare remhuri rine chiremera pamusoro pechatanuro nenhau dzekodzero yokuchengeta mwana, nepo dare remo rine chiremera pamusoro pezvido nenzvimbo.
Kana dare risina chiremera chenhau pamusoro penhau chinokosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti harigoni kubviswa namapoka kana kuti kuitwa nebvumirano yavo.
Kuzvipa Mutongo
Hudzo yomunhu oga hunobatanidza simba pamusoro pomukwirirwi. Kuti dare rishandise udzori hwomunhu oga, panofanira kuva nebatano yakakwana pakati pomukwiridziri nehurumende uko dare rinogara. Uku batano ingatangwa kupfurikidza nokugara kwomukwirirwi muhurumende, mufambiro womukwirirwi mukati mehurumende, kana kuti vamwe vasonganiri vanokuita kuti kuve kwakanaka uye kune mufungo kuti hurumende ishandise chiremera pamusoro pomukwiri.
Kutonga Kunotyisa
Kupa mhaka kunozivikanwa zvikurusa kumirira nzvimbo dzapasi dzedare. Somuenzaniso, matare eOregon haana simba pamusoro poutsotsi muCalifornia. Kudzora kwenzvimbo umo dare rine chiremera chokunzwa nhau. Ikoku kungaganhurirwa kuruwa rwakati, ruwa rwedare, kana kuti dare rose, zvichitsamira padare.
Kusarudza Nokupedza Kudzidza Kunogutsa
Kudzorwa kwapanguva imwe kuripo uko matare ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende ane chiremera chokunzwa rudzi rumwe cheterwo rwenhau. Nhau dzedzodzo dzakasiyana - siyana muenzaniso wakarovedzeka. Gakava pakati pamativi anobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana rinogona kuchengetwa mungava dare rehurumende kana kuti zvimwe rehurumende, uye chisarudzo chisarudzo chisarudzo chakafanira.
Kudzorwa kwakapararira kuripo apo gadziriro imwe bedzi yedare inogona kunzwa nhau dzakati. Nhau dzeBanruptic, junion, uye dzinorwisana nehurumende inhau dzehurumende chaidzoidzo. Chatanuro, kuchengetwa kwavana, uye probate ihurumende yadzose. Kunzwisisa idare rine chiremera chakakwana pamarudzi akati enhau kunokosha nokuda kwamagweta navanoumba kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti varongedze mhaka dzavo munzvimbo yakafanira.
Ukama Huri Pakati PeHurumende Nematare Ehurumende
Unogona kufunga pamusoro pawo senzira dzinowirirana dzinogona (kunyange zvazvo kusingawanzo) kuguma muDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States. Nepo hurumende nematare ehurumende zvichishanda zvakazvimirira, zvinoshandira pamwe munzira dzinokosha uye pane dzimwe nguva kubata marudzi enhau anowirirana.
Matare Ehurumende Sematare Okutonga Kwevatongi
matare ehurumende anozivikanwa sematare ehurumende anotonga, kureva kuti munhu anogona kusimudza kutaura kupi nokupi pasi pomutemo wehurumende kana kuti wehurumende, kunze kweizvo zviri pasi pechiremera chose chose chematare ehurumende.Ichi chiremera chikuru chinoreva kuti matare ehurumende chaizvoizvo anonzwa ndokusarudza nhau dzakawanda dzinobatanidza kutaura kwemutemo wehurumende, kubatanidza kutaura kwehurumende kwehurumende, uye nhau dzinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri nhau dzehurumende nedzehurumende.
Matare Ehurumende Sematare Emhosva Yakaganhurirwa
Mukupesana, matare ehurumende imatare ehurumende ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa, kureva kuti anogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinobvumirwa neUnited States Constitution kana kuti mitemo yehurumende.
Apo Nhau Dzinovambirana Pakati Pegadziriro Dzezvinhu
Nepo matare ehurumende nehurumende achiwanzoshanda zvakazvimirira, nhau dzimwe nguva dzinogona kupfuurira pakati pemiitiro miviri.Imhaka inovamba mudare rehurumende ingabviswa kudare rehurumende kana ikava nemibvunzo yehurumende kana kuti kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvakasiyana - siyana.
Mukuwedzera, pashure pokunge mhaka yedare rehurumende yaguma, kubatanidza zvikumbiro zvose zviri mukati megadziriro yehurumende, mumwe mubato ungakumbira Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States kuhwirudzura nhau yacho kana ichibatanidza nhau dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kana kuti dzemitemo.
Kufamba Kunoita Nyaya Nedare reHurumende
Kana mumwe munhu akasabvumirana nomugumisiro wacho pakutonga kwacho, anogona kuukwirira kudare repamusorosoro uye pakupedzisira anozokumbira kuDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States.
Dare Rokutonga
Nhau yacho ipapo inopfuurira nomumanhambo akasiyana - siyana okutanga, kubatanidza kuwana (kutsinhana mashoko pakati pemapoka), muitiro wokuchinja (kunokumbirwa nedare kuita mitemo yakasiana - siana), uye kukurukurirana kunobvira.
Kana nhau yacho isina kupedzwa kupfurikidza nokugadzikiswa, inopfuurira kutongwa. Pakutonga, mativi ose ari maviri anopa ufakazi, vanonzvera zvapupu, uye vanoita nharo dzapamutemo. Mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi vanosarudza maidi apo mutongi anotonga pamusoro penhau dzapamutemo uye anorairidza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo unoshanda.
Mutongi wacho anotonga nyaya yacho uye kana mutongi wacho anzi ane mhosva, mutongi anotongera mutongi mumatare.
Chinotemwa Chinotemesa
Mubato usingagutsikani nechisarudzo chedare rokutonga ungakwirira kudare rakafanira. Apellant (mubato unounza dare) anonyora pfupi kutsanangura chikonzero nei chisarudzo chedare rokutonga chakanga chisina kururama pamutemo. Appelle (bato rinopikisa) rinoisa mhinduro pfupi kudzivirira chisarudzo chedare rokutonga. dare rinoongorora chinyorwa chakabva kudare rinotonga uye mativi mapfupi, uye ringanzwa nharo dzinotaurwa.
Dare redare rinotonga ipapo rinopa chisarudzo, icho chingasimbisa chisarudzo chedare rinotonga, kudzorera mhaka yacho, kana kuti kudzorera kudare rokutonga nokuda kwokumwe kutongwa. Dare rinotonga rinopa chaizvoizvo murangariro wakanyorwa unotsanangura kufunga kwaro, uko kunova rutivi rwomutemo wenhau unotungamirira zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi.
Kudzokororazve
Kana nhau yacho yakatongwa nedare rapakati, murwi anorasikirwa angakumbira dare guru rehurumende nokuda kwokumwezve.
Vanhu Vanoshanda Mumatare Ehurumende
Kunzwisisa kuti vanhu ava ndivanaani uye zvavanoita kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei zuva nezuva.
Vatongi
Vatongi ndivo vanhu vakuru mudare, vane mutoro wokutungamirira nhau, kutonga nhau dzemitemo, kutungamirira matare avo, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mhaka dzinopedzwa zvakanaka uye maererano nomutemo.Vatongi vedare vane mabasa anorayira zvikuru, sezvo vanofanira kutarisira zviteshi zvapachiteshi chakabatikana, kutonga nhau dzemitemo dzakaoma kazhinji kazhinji nenguva shomanene yokunzvera, uye kuchengeta nhevedzano nounyoro mumatare avo.
Vatongi vanotarisana nedenho dzakasiyana. Ivo vane kazhinji kazhinji nguva yakawanda yokunzvera nokurangarira nhau dzemitemo, asi vanofanira kurwisana nemibvunzo yakaoma yomutemo ndokubudisa mirangariro yakanyorwa ichatungamirira nhau dzomunguva yemberi. Vatongi vanoparirwa vanofanirawo kushanda nenzira yetsinhirano navatongi biyavo mudare, sezvo zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvinoitwa zvapamutemo kana kuti dare rakazara panzvimbo pavatongi vamwe navamwe.
Magistrate naVamiririri
Dare rehurumende rakawanda rinoshandisa vatongi, vamiririri, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vakaderera vanotonga vanobata marudzi akati enhau. ava vakuru vakuru vamatare vangaitisa mhaka dzokutanga mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kubata nhau duku, kunzvera, kuronga bhero, kana kuti kutarisira nhau dzakati dzehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokutarisira idzi nhau, vatongi navamiririri vanobetsera vatongi vanotakura mhaka dzinorema uye vanova nechokwadi chokuti mhaka dzinofamba nomutoo une budiriro mugadziriro.
Varimi Vedare Navatungamiriri
Mabharani vedare vanochengeta zvinyorwa zvapamutemo zvedare, vanotarisira mafaira edare, vanotora mari yemhosva, uye vanogovera mashoko kuruzhinji. Hofisi yomunyori inowanzova nzvimbo yokutanga yeonano navanhu vanosonganirana negadziriro yedare. Vakuru vakuru vedare vanobata mabasa edare, kubatanidza kuronga mari, bhajeti, vatarisiri vevashandi, vatarisiri vezvivako, uye gadziriro dzemichina.
Vatakuri Vanotsigira
Vamwe vanamazvikokota vakawanda vanotsigira basa rematare ehurumende. Vanyori vedare vanoita mashoko enhau epamutemo, ayo anokosha kuhwirudzura. Vabhairi vanopa chengeteko mumatare uye vanobetsera vatongi mukuchengeta nhevedzano. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanotarisira vakwirirwi uye vanogadzirira mishumo inobetsera vatongi kuita zvisarudzo zvokutonga. Mabharani emitemo anonzvera nhau dzapamutemo uye anobetsera vatongi mukunyora mirangariro nemirairo.
Maattorney
Vatongi vanomiririra vapomerwi vanomiririra vatongi vanopomerwa mhosva uye vanopomerwa mhosva. Mumhosva dzehurumende, magweta anomiririra vatongi vatongi vapari vemhosva vasingagoni kubhadhara magweta.
Matare Ane Chienzi Nematare Anogadzirisa Zvinetso
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, nyika dzakawanda dzakaita matare akanyatsogadzirirwa kugadzirisa nyaya dzakati kana kuti zvimwe zviverengero zvevanhu vanopomerwa mhosva.
Matare Emirimo
Matare emirimo anomirira rumwe rwemarudzi akapararira zvikuru ematare akakotsekana aya anobata nhau dzinobatanidza vakwirirwi nenhau dzokushandisa zvisina kufanira zvinodhaka, achipa kurapa nokutarisira kukuru sechinotsiva kusungwa kwegamuchidzanwa.
Matare Outano Hwepfungwa
Matare aya anobatanidza vapomerwi nokurapwa kwepfungwa uye nemabasa okutsigira, achiziva kuti matare echitsotsi egamuchidzanwa anogona kusvika asingashandi kana kuti asingabatsiri kuvanhu vane utano hwepfungwa hwakakomba.
Matare Okuzvinyima
Matare evarwi anobatira vagara nebasa rehondo avo vanobatanidzwa mugadziriro yemitemo youtsotsi. Aya matare anoziva denho dzechienzi dzinotarisana navarwi vendangariro, kubatanidza vhiringidziko yefunganyo yapashure pekuora mwoyo, kuvadziko yeuropi inotyisa, uye zvinetso zvinochinjira kuupenyu husiri hwavanhu. matare echiVteran anobatanidza vatori rutivi namabasa eva nezvimwe zvinhu apo achivaita kuti vazvidavirire nokuda kwezviito zvavo.
Dare Rokurapa Mhuri
Matare aya anovavarira kubatsira vabereki kuti vakurire kupindwa muropa uye kugadzirira vana vavo misha yakachengeteka, zvichibvira kudzivisa kubviswa kwechigarire kwevana mukodzero yokuchengeta vana nevabereki.
Matare Amasimba Masimba Omumba
Matare aya anowanzoshandisa vatongi nevashandi vakarovedzwa, anoshandira pamwe nemabasa anoitirwa vanhu vakaitirwa zvakaipa, uye anoshandisa kuongorora uye kuzvidavirira kuti adzivirire vanyajambwa uye kuti vapari vemhosva vazvidavirire.
Nhau Yacho Yakakwira Mumatare Ehurumende
Idzi mhaka dzinobatanidza mhatsa dzose dzenhau dzemitemo, kubvira pakuputswa kwemiitiro miduku yemotokari kusvikira kumatare akakomba, kubva kukutaura kuduku kusvika kumatare akaoma ehurumende, uye kubva kunhau dzenguva dzose kusvika kunharo dzekodzero yokuchengeta mwana.
Mhaka Dzeutsotsi
Dare rehurumende rinobata mativi mazhinji emhosva muUnited States. Aya akasiana kubva pazvikanganiso zviduku zvakadai sokuputswa kwemigwagwa nokuba kusingabvumirwi kusvikira kuutsotsi hwakakomba hunobatanidza kuponda, kubata chibharo, umbavha, uye kutengesa mirimo. matare ehurumende autsotsi anoronga mamirioni emhaka gore rimwe nerimwe, kubatanidza kutongwa kwedare, kutongwa kwokutanga, kukwirira, kutongwa, uye kutongwa.
Mhaka Dzavagari Vemo
Dare rehurumende rinobatawo mhatsa huru yemhosva dzevagari vemo, kubatanidza kupara mhosva dzezvikwereti, kupindirana kwematare, kupopotedzana kwezvinhu, mhosva dzebasa, uye kupiwa mhosva dzebhizimisi.
Mhaka Dzemitemo Yemhuri
Dare remhuri rinobata kurambana, kuchengetesa vana uye kutsigira nyaya dzokurera vana, nyaya dzokurera vana, uye kurwisana nevarume, kazhinji nyaya idzi dzinobatanidza nyaya dzinonetsa zvikuru uye dzinoda kuti vatongi vaite zvisarudzo zvakaoma zvinobata vana nemhuri.
Gadzirisa Uye Nhau Dzezvikwereti
Dare revatongi rinotarisira kutarisirwa kwenzvimbo pashure pokunge mumwe munhu afa, kubatanidza zvibvumirano zvokunyoresa, kugadza vamiriri kana kuti vatarisiri, uye kupedza nharo pakati pavadyi venhaka. matare aya anobatawo mauto anochengetedza uye matare okuronga zvinhu zvavanhu vasingagoni kudzora nhau dzavo vamene nemhaka yezera, urema, kana kuti urema.
Nhau Dzakaoma
Matare eJuvenile anobata mhaka dzousindimari (uko vaduku vanopomerwa mhaka dzoutsotsi), mhaka dzokutsamira pamunhu (uko vana vanofungidzirwa kuva vanobatwa zvisina kufanira kana kuti vanoregeredzwa), uye mhaka dzemhaka dzapamutemo (mumufambiro unowirirana uyo usati waizova utsotsi kana ukaitwa nomunhu akura, zvakadai sokusabvumirana pamutemo kana kuti kuti kutiza pamusha).
Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nematare Ehurumende
Kunzwisisa zvinetso izvi kunobatsira kuti zvinhu zvirambe zvichiitwa mukuchinja uye kuitisana nharo pamusoro penguva yemberi yematare ehurumende.
Mazano Okushandisa Mari
Dare rehurumende rakawanda rinoshanda nepfuma yakaganhurirwa, rakanangana nokutemwa kwemari, kubhadharwa kwezhenjeni, uye nzvimbo dzinochembera. Izvi zvitsamiro zvinogona kutungamirira kukutonga mhaka, kunonotsa kugadziriswa kwenhau, uye kuderedzwa kusvika kururamisiro nokuda kwevatsigiri. Matare anofanira kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwokuita nhau nenzira inobudirira nechinodikanwa kugovera mhaka imwe neimwe nenzira inoruramisira uye yakakwana.
Kusvika Kururamisiro
Vanhu vazhinji havagoni kubhadhara magweta, bva vanotarisana nenhau dzemitemo dzakaoma kumatare ehurumende. Uku kusvika kumukana weruramisiro kunoreva kuti vatongi vazhinji vanofanira kufamba nomudare pasina kumiririrwa nemitemo, kungatungamirira kumigumisiro isina kururama. Dare rakapindura kupfurikidza nokukudziridza zviwiso zvokuzvibetsera, nzira dzokupfavisa, uye kuwedzera kuwanika kwemienzaniso yakaganhurirwa, asi zvinetso zvikuru zvinoramba zviripo.
Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nemashandiro Acho Emazuva Ano
Zvisinei, kushandisa michina mitsva kunoda kuti pave nokushandisa mari yakawanda uye kurovedzwa, uye matare anofanira kuenzanisa kubatsira kweruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu nokunetseka kuti vanhu vakwanise kupinda paIndaneti pasina kubatana kana kuti kukwanisa kudzidza zvemakombiyuta.
Chivimbo Chavose Nechivimbo
Kuchengeta chivimbo chavose uye chivimbo mudare remitemo kunokosha nokuda kwomutemo. Dare rinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti rinorangarirwa serinoruramisira, risina rusaruro, uye rinowanika.Izvi zvinoda kwete bedzi kuronga nhau zvakarurama asiwo kukurukura nenzira inobudirira navanhu, kuchengeta mipimo yetsika yakakwirira, uye kupedza itiro hanya pamusoro perusaruro kana kuti kusaruramisira mutsika yeruramisiro.
Kukosha Kwematare Ehurumende Muhurumende Yechiokomuhomwe yeAmerica
Dare rehurumende rinoita kuti hurumende yeAmerica idemocracy ivepo uye mutemo unoita kuti pave nenzvimbo yokugadzirisa kusawirirana murugare, ridzivirire kodzero dzevanhu, ridudzire uye rishandise mitemo uye rinoita kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vazvidavirire kana paine mitemo yairambidzwa.
Zvisarudzo zvematare ehurumende zvinotapura mamiriyoni evanhu zuva nezuva, zvichisarudza migumisiro mumhosva dzoutsotsi, kupedza gakava revagari vemo, kudzivirira vana nevakura vasina kudzivirirwa, uye kutsanangura mitemo inodzora upenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. matare ehurumende anoshandawo semarabhoratori ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kutanga nzira itsva dzokuita nadzo zvinetso zvepamutemo idzo gare gare dzingagamuchirwa nedzimwe nyika kana kuti gadziriro yehurumende.
Kunzwisisa gadziriro yematare ehurumende — anoshanda mazviri, zvaanoita, uye mashandire azvinoita — zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inodzorwa sei muAmerica. Nepo gadziriro dzematare ehurumende dzichisiyana muudzame hwadzo, dzinogoverana musengwa mumwe chetewo wokugovera ruramisiro inogamuchirika, inowanika, uye inoshanda zvakanaka mumutemo.
Zviwanikwa Zvokudzidza Zvakawanda
Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemiitiro yedare rehurumende, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika. National Center for State Courts inogovera mashoko akazara pamusoro pesangano redare rehurumende, nhamba, uye miitiro yakanakisisa. Mawebsite edare rimwe nerimwe rehurumende anopa mashoko pamusoro pemiitiro yedare yakananga yehurumende, kubatanidza mitemo yedare, zvimiro, uye zviwanikwa zvokuzviyamura.
U.S. website yedare inogovera kuenzanisa kunobetsera pakati pemiitiro yedare rehurumende nerehurumende. Masangano eyamuro yepamutemo namasangano emibatanidzwa yemitemo anopa zvinhu nokuda kwavanhu vanofamba nematare ehurumende pasina magweta. Maraibhurari eMitemo, ose ari maviri okunyama neopaIndaneti, anogovera kusvika kuchisarudzo chedare, mirau, uye zvishandiso zvokunzvera zvapamutemo.
Kunzwisisa matare ehurumende hakusi emagweta chete uye vatongi.Vagari vanobatira pamatare anobetsera mumatare anobetsera vatongi, vatongi vanounza mhaka kana kuti vanodzivirira padziri, zvapupu zvinopupurira, uye munhu upi noupi anofarira nzira iyo gadziriro yedu yeruramisiro inoshanda nayo inogona kubetserwa nokunzwisisa gadziriro neshandiro zvematare ehurumende. aya matare ndeapo vaAmerica vazhinjisa vachasangana negadziriro yekutonga, uye vanoita basa rinokosha mukuchengeta mutemo nokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe.
mhedziso
Kubva kumatare eparamende anotakura matikiti okufambisa motokari kuenda kumatare makuru anorondedzera gadziriro dzemitemo, matare aya anoshanda pamwero yakasiyana - siyana nemabasa akasiyana - siyana.
Chimiro chedare rehurumende chepachinzvimbo chedare rehurumende − zvikurukuru kubatanidza matare edare anotonga, matare apakati, uye dare rapamusoro rehurumende (h) zvinovimbisa kuti nhau dzinogamuchira kurangarirwa kwakafanira kwokutanga uye kuti zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvinogona kururamiswa kupfurikidza nenzvero yenhau. matare akananga anotaura marudzi akati enhau kana kuti vanhu, nepo matare anoshandura zvinetso achipa mitoo itsva yokukurukura nhau dziripo idzo dzinopinza vanhu mutsika yeruramisiro.
Vanhu vanoshanda mumatare ehurumende — vatongi, vatongi, vatongi, vanamabharani, magweta, uye vashandi vanotsigira — vanozvigadza vamene kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti ruramisiro inodzorwa zvakanaka uye nenzira inobudirira. Pasinei zvapo nokutarisana nedenho dzinokosha kubatanidza ganhuriro dzezvipingamupinyi zvezvinhu nokusvikwa kwenhau dzeruramisiro, matare ehurumende anopfuurira kuita basa ravo rinokosha rokupedza gakava, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kutsigira kutonga kwomutemo.
Nokunzwisisa marongerwo ematare ehurumende, anoshanda maari, uye zvaanoita, tinowana nzwisiso pamusoro penzira iyo ruramisiro inoitwa nayo pamwero wenyika uye kuti aya masangano anoshanda sei mipimo mikuru yokururamisira, kuzvidavirira, uye mutemo unotsigira gadziriro yedu youbati ushe hwehurumende.