Kutanga: Mukaha Wokuwedzera uye Basa Resimba Romutemo

Kusaenzana kwemari yakawanikwa sechimwe chezvinetso zvemari uye zvenzanga zvinonetsa muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri nerekutanga. Mumakumi mana emakore apfuura, upfumi hwakakwirira hwakaona kuchinja kukuru mukuparadzirwa kwemari yaiwanikwa munyika, nepo vatambiri vemari vachitora mugove mukuru nepo mari yemapoka epakati neakaderera yave ichiwedzera kana kuti kukura zvine mwero. Munyika dzichiri kubudirira, kukura kweupfumi kwakakwidza mazana emamiriyoni evarombo, asi daro riri pakati pevagari vemo vakapfuma neverombo rakakurawo.

Masangano emitemo — maparamende, masangano, uye magungano — ane chiremera chebumbiro remitemo chokugadza mitemo inoumba zvakananga kuparadzirwa kwezviwanikwa.

Nyaya ino inopa nzvero huru yokuti masangano emitemo munyika yose anotarisira sei kusaenzana kwemari inotambirwa nemitero nemitemo yezvemagariro avanhu anonzvera nzira dzinowanika nadzo kuvanogadzira mitemo, ufakazi hwezvinoshanda, zvinetso zvezvamatongerwe enyika nezvemari zvinobatanidzwa, uye miitiro iri kumuka ingaumba nguva yemberi yokukura kusingasawirirani.

Kuenzana Nokukura Kwokusaenzana Kunoitwa

Tisati tanzvera mhinduro dzemitemo, kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti kusaenzana kwemari kunoyerwa sei uye nei kuchikosha. Mitemo inowanzoshandiswa zvikurusa iGini conation, iyo inovambira pa0 (kuenzana kwakakwana, uko munhu ari wose ane mari yakafanana) kusvikira ku 1 (kusaenzana kwakakwana, uko munhu mumwe ane mari yose). Nyika dzakadai seSouth Africa neBrazil dzine Gini coniquences pamusoro pe 0.5, nepo marudzi eNordic kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anowana pakati pe 0.25 ne 030.

Zvisinei, Gini conatical inozivisa bedzi rutivi rwenhau yacho. Economists inonzverawo reshiyo yePalma — mugove wemari inogoverwa ne 10 muzana yapamusoro inokamurwa neiyo inova ne 40 muzana — pamwe chete nereshiyo pakati peCEO refice nomushandi wemitevedzeri. Mazita anobva kumasangano akadai se World minualtionality Report [ ne [[FLT]] CD Inobudisa dhisiki yeDhivi reDhivisioning sym [[] anozivisa komba komba komba yemiitiro inopfuurira: pasina kupindira kwebasa mubhizimisi uye mari pamusoro pezvibhadharo.

Kuwanda kwemari inowanwa kune chokuita nemigumisiro yakaipa, kusanganisira kuderera kwemagariro evanhu, dzidzo yakaderera pakati pemapoka asina kupfuma, kukwirira kwemhosva nokusungwa, uye kusava nesimba.

Mitero Sezvinhu Zvokugovera

Gadziriro yemitero sezvinobvira chishandiso chakananga zvikurusa chinoshandiswa nedare rehurumende kupesvedzera kugoverwa kwemari. Kupfurikidza nokusarudza kuti ndiani anobhadhara mugove wemari yavo kuhurumende, mitemo yemitero inogona kuderedza kana kuti zvimwe kusaenzana.

Kubhadhara Mitero Kunofambira Mberi

Nheyo yomutero unofambira mberi yemari inotambirwa yakananga: avo vane mari yakakwirira vanobhadhara chiverengero chikurusa chemari yavo mumitero. Mitero mizhinjisa yenyika inofambira mberi nenzira yezita, asi mwero wefambiro mberi inosiyana zvikuru. Munhambo yapashure peHondo Yenyika II, nyika zhinji dzakaisa mwero yemitengo yakakwirira ye70 muzana kana kuti yakakwirira. Iyi mwero yakaderera zvikuru kuvamba muma 1980, komba inosundwa nezvemari, uye pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika yavawani vemari vakakwirira.

Mitemo inorangarira kana ingakwidza mwero yemitengo yakakwirira inofanira kuyera chizvarwa chemari patapuro dzinobvira pakuwandisa mari nokukura kwemari. Ufakazi hweNational Bureau of Economic Research[[FLT: 1] hunokarakadza kuti wedzero dzine mwero mumwero yakakwirira haideredzi zvikuru muuyo wemari, zvikurukuru apo mari inoshandiswa nokuda kwokuwedzera kwemitengo inowandisa mari.

Mitero Yedzimba Dziri Pasi Nedziri Pakati

Zvikwereti zvemitero zvinodzorwa zvazova nheyo yomuitiro unorwisana nourombo munyika dzinoverengeka. Iniverse Intefeed Tax Creen muUnited States, somuenzaniso, inopa mari yakaderera kuvashandi vanotambirwa vanotora mari inomuka semari inotambirwa. Fundo dzemitemo nguva dzose dzinoratidza kuti EITC inowedzera mapurisa ebasa pakati pavabereki vari voga uye inoderedza urombo hwavana. Zvirongwa zvakafanana zviripo muUnited Kingdom (Ichikwereti chemari inotambirwa mari), Canada (Vashandi veCanada Benefishi), uye New Zealand (Kushandira Mhuri).

Mitemo inowanzowedzera kana kuti kutora izvi zvikwereti mukati megadziriro dzemari yokuronga mari, ichizviita chishandiso chakapfava chokupedza urombo pasina kutanga gadziriro dzakavakirwa panzvimbo yakafara dzakaoma kuchinja.

Mutero Wemari uye Nhaka

Mitero yemari yakawanda inowanzowanda kana ichibhadharwa pagore pamutengo wakakwirira kupfuura mumwe wenyika dzakati, uye yave ichibhadharwa munyika dzakadai seSwitzerland, Norway, neSpain.

Mitero yenhaka, iyo inoshanda kupfuma inotakurirwa parufu, inokakavadzana mune zvematongerwe enyika asi inobudirira mune zvemari. Inoderedza kuisa pfuma yemadhinari munzanga uye inoparira mwero mukuru wokutamba nokuda kweavo vasingagari nhaka pfuma.

Mutemo Wemitero Wourongwa Hwenyika Yose Nokuzviisa Pasi Pose

Mwero yemitero yavashandi yakaderera zvikuru mumakore makumi matatu apfuura, kubva paavhareji ye40 muzana kusvikira ku 25 muzana munyika dzeOECD. Iyi nhangemutange kusvikira kupasi yakaderedza mutoro wemitero pamuridzi mukuru ndokugovera kuganhuriro yemari yavashandi. Mitengo yemitemo inoziva nenzira inowedzera kuti chiito chisina nguva yakareverwa chinoganhurirwa apo dzimbahwe rinotakurwa richipfuura nomumiganhu.

Chibvumirano chemitero chenyika yose chakaitwa neOECD neG20 — chinogadza mwero muduku wemitero yekambani ye15 muzana — chinomirira nhano yenhau yokushandira pamwe kwenyika dzose.Masangano eHurumende anofanira zvino kugamuchira mutemo unoshandisa, muitiro unoratidza kusawirirana kuri pakati pokukwezva makambani okumwe uye kuvimbisa kuti makambani anobhadhara mugove wawo wakakwana.

Tsika Dzinofadza Nemasero Okuchengetedza Vanhu

Mitemo yezvemari inochinja kuti mhuri dzinochengeta mari yakawanda sei, mitemo yezvemari inosarudza kutsigirwa kwakananga kunowanika kune vaya vanotarisana nenhamo yemari.

Zvirongwa zvokutumira nemari

Kutamisirwa mari kwakananga zviri pakati pezvishandiso zvemiitiro zvinobudirira zvikurusa zvokuderedza kusaenzana kwemari inotambirwa. Gadziriro dzokutamisirwa mari dzemari, dzakadai seBolsa Família nePreventera yeBrazil yeMexico, dzinogovera mari kumhuri dzinowana mari shoma pamugariro wokuti vana vanopinda chikoro ndokugamuchira nhomba. Zvirongwa izvi zvakaratidzwa kuderedza urombo, kuvandudza miuyo youtano, uye kuwedzera kupinda chikoro pasina kuita kutsamira kwenguva refu.

Kutamisirwa kwemari kusingawirirani namari inotambira pasi pose (UBI) zvakawana ngwariro mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Gadziriro dzechitima muFinland, Kenya, uye United States dzakaratidzira kuti kusiiwa kwemari kunovandudza zvakanaka kusasarura mugove webasa. Nepo chitsama chakazara UBI chinoramba chiri kure mune zvamatongerwe enyika, matare emitemo ari kutsvaka nenzira inowedzera shanduro dzine mativi adzo sezvikwanikiso zvegarikano iripo.

Kuchengeteka Kwenzanga Negadziriro Dzokuvharwa

Gadziriro dzepeni dzinoita basa rinokosha mukuderedza kusaenzana pakati pevakwegura. Nyika dzine midyandigere yakasimba yavose — yakadai seNetherlands, Denmark, uye Chile — dzine mwero yourombo yakaderera zvikuru pakati pavakweguru. Zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvokugadzira zvinhu, zvakadai sekuti betsero dzinova dzemari yakapfupika kana kuti dzinobatanidzwa, dzingava dzinoiswa pakukwira kwemitengo, uye kuti dzinotsigirwa sei, zvine migumisiro mikuru.

Chimwe chezvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikurusa zvakatarisana nevanopa misha yehurumende ndechokuti vachengete gadziriro dzinorondedzerwa dzemari inogadzirirwa (inovimbisa mari chaiyo) kana kuti kudzosera kumigove yakarondedzerwa (uko betsero dzinotsamira pakudzorwa kwemari). Dzisati dzatanga dzinopa uchokwadi hukuru kuvashandi vanotambira mari shoma, nepo dzinochinjana dzinova ngozi kuvanhu vangave vasina kudzidza.

Inishuwarenzi Yourovha Nemuitiro Webasa Unoshanda

Inishuwarenzi yeurovha inotsiva mari yechinguvana yavashandi vanorasikirwa namabasa avo, kuchengetedza mari yemhuri mukati mekuderera kwezvemari.

Mitemo yebhizimisi yebasa inoshanda — kubatanidza kurovedzwa kwebasa, mapurogiramu okudzidzira, uye mari yokubetsera — inoita kuti inishuwarenzi yokushaikwa kwemabasa igobatsira vashandi kuchinja basa idzva. Mitemo yeGermany "Hartz" mukuvamba kwama 2000 muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru wenhamburiko dzemitemo dzokubatanidza kubetsera kugadziridzwa nemipimo yebasa yokutengesa nokushingaira, kunyange zvazvo tapuro yavo pakusaenzana kwemabasa ichiri kukurukurwa.

Mabhuku Anobatsira Vanhu Vose: Dzidzo, Utano, uye Dzimba

Gadziriro yegarikano inopfuura kutsiviwa nemari kuti ibatanidze gadziriro yamasangano avose anoderedza kusaenzana. Miitiro yezvoutano hwenyika yose, yakadai seiyo iri muCanada neUnited Kingdom, inovimbisa kuti ndyiko dzezvokurapa hadzisundi mhuri muurombo. Miitiro yedzidzo yavose inogovera banza rokukwira kumusoro, kunyange zvazvo kubudirira kwayo kuchitsamira pakutsigira mari nokusasarura uye kunaka.

Gadziriro yedzimba inokosha zvikurukuru nokuda kwedzimba dzinowanwa shoma, idzo mari yedzimba inomirira mugove mukuru wendyiko. Mitemo inogona kuronga kusaenzana kwedzimba kupfurikidza negadziriro dzerendi, zviteshi zvedzimba, kuvakwa kwedzimba dzavose, uye chinjo dzinoshandisa nzvimbo idzo dzinobvumira nokuda kwekukura kukuru, kusingadhuri.

Nzvero Dzomuitiro Dzinoenzanisa: Maappocrate Akasiyana - siyana Ane Mirairo

Muenzaniso weNordic: Universalism uye Kugovera Kukuru

Norway, Sweden, Denmark, uye Finland dzakawana kumwero yakaderera zvikuru yemari inowanwa pakati penyika dzakabudirira kupfurikidza nomubatanidzwa wemitero inofambira mberi, nyika dzine garikano yakasimba, uye mwero yakakwirira yokubatana. Muenzaniso wemitemo munyika idzi unosimbisa betsero dzapose pose — dzakadai sereshiviro yavana, dzidzo yezvoutano yapose pose, uye purogiramu dzapachena — panzvimbo pegadziriro dzinoedzwa. Uku kusvika kwose kwose kunovaka tsigiro huru yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwehurumende yegarikano uye kunodzivisa kuva nechero inowanzobatanidzwa kubetsera.

United States: Kuvhozhokera Kupfurikidza Nemutemo Wemitero

United States inotsamira zvikuru pabumbiro remitero nokuda kwokupa kupfuura pakushandisa kwakananga. Imba inodzorwa yeTchairo neChild Tax Curves ndizvo zvishandiso zvikuru zvokuderedza urombo pakati pemhuri dzinoshanda, nepo gadziriro dzakadai seMedicaid neSomeral Nutrition Applition Program inogovera tsigiro yakatarwa. Zvisinei, gadziriro yeU.S. haitsigiri zvikuru kupfuura idzo dzedzimwe nyika dzakabudirira, uye kusaenzana kwemibayiro kwakawedzera zvikuru mumakore 50 apfuura.

Brazil: Kutumirwa Kwemari Nekuderedzwa Kwokusaenzana

Brazil yakawana kuderera kukuru mukusaenzana kwemari pakati pa 2000 na 2015, kwakonzerwa zvikuru nokuwedzera kwepurogiramu yeBolsa Família uye kuwedzera kwemari inotambirwa. Kurongwa kwemitemo yemitemo iyi yaibatanidza kutsigira kudzivirira vanhu, kunyange sezvo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika akachinja. Mhaka yeBrazil inoratidza kuti kunyange nyika dzine kusaenzana kukuru kwetsika dzinogona kuita kuti pave nefambiro mberi inobvira nokushandiswa kwemitemo.

Matambudziko Nemabhizimisi Mukuita Mitemo Yemitemo

Kunzwisisa izvi zvinotadzisa kuongorora zvatinofanira kusarudza uye kuronga kutarisira zvinhu chaizvo kunokosha.

Kubudirira Kwemari Nezvinovhiringidza

Vatsoropodzi vemitero yakakwirira nebetsero dzegarikano dzinoparira kurasikirwa nebasa, chengeteko, uye mari. Nepo mwero wakati wemhinduro yetsika usingadzivisiki, mabhuku anokarakadza kuti iyi miuyo ine mwero nokuda kwavashandi vazhinjisa uye inokosha bedzi nokuda kwavanhu vanowana mitero yakakwirira zvikuru. Mitengo inogona kuderedza kurasikirwa kwokubudirira kupfurikidza nokuronga mapurogiramu anobetsera zvishoma nezvishoma uye kupfurikidza nokunangidzira mitero pamibato inokweverwa mishomanene bedzi nemitaro yakakwirira zvikuru.

Kushandisa Mari Nekuchengetedza

Mitemo yose yegarikano nemitero inofanira kubhadharwa, uye masangano emitemo anoshanda mukati meganhuriro dzemari. Kuwedzera mapurogiramu enzanga kunoda mitero yakakwirira, kuderedzwa kwemimwe mitengo, kana kuti kukwereta kwakawedzerwa. Chimwe nechimwe cheidzi zvisarudzo chine miuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika nezvemari. Nzvimbo yepepuko yesvetus inotsamira pamipimo yokuwanda kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, mwero wokukura kwemari, uye mutoro wechikwereti uripo.

Kusava Nekuzvidzora Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nepesvedzero Yeboka Rinofarira

Kuchinja kwemitemo kunoda kuti pave nemapoka ari pakati pedare uye masangano ane pfuma yakawanda zvikuru yokutsigira uye kuderedza mipiro yenhimbe, inogona kumisa kana kuderedza mutemo unoparadzira. Pfungwa dzevoruzhinji dzinotiwo: vavhoti munyika dzakawanda vanotsigira kuderedza kusaenzana asi vanoramba kuwedzera kwemitero, kunyanya kana vachifunga kuti kubatsira kuchapinda mumapoka avanozviona seasina kuenzana.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzakawanda uye Kukwikwidzana Nemitero

Munhambo yedzimbahwe rinofambirwa, vafundisi vemitero vanofanira kurangarira kuti miitiro yavo yemitero inotapura sei makwikwi amarudzi ose. Mwero yakakwirira yemitero yebhizimisi inogona kusunda makambani kuti aende kunzvimbo imwe, nepo mitero yakakwirira yemari yomunhu oga inogona kukurudzira kutama kwavanhu vanourawa zvikuru.

Kushandisa uye Basa Rokutungamirira

Kunyange mitemo yakasanorongwa inogona kukundikana kana masangano ehurumende asina mano okuashandisa nenzira inobudirira. Zvirongwa zvinoedzwa nenzira yokureva zvinoda mari yakavimbika, zvikwereti zvemitero zvinoda gadziriro dzinosvikika, uye kusiiwa kwemari kunoda mibato yokuendesa inosvika kuvagamuchiri vakada. Mitemo inofanira kuisa mari mumitemo yokutarisira kana mitemo yavo ichizogona kuita miuyo yayo yakarondwa.

Mitemo Mitsva Yakananga

Mifungo inoverengeka iri kubuda yakakwezva ngwariro mumatare okugadza mitemo kupota nyika, kunyange zvazvo mizhinjisa ichiri munhambo dzokutanga dzokugamuchirwa.

Mari Inokosha Yechisiko Chose Nemutero Wakaipa Unopiwa

Kuzvidira uye upfumi zvakamutsidzira fariro mumari inokosha yavose. Nepo pasina nyika yakashandisa UBI yakakwana, zvirongwa zvevatyairi vendege zviri kuitika munyika dzinoverengeka, uye masangano okugadza mitemo munyika dzakadai seSpain akatanga zvirongwa zvisaririra zvakafanana neIngreso Mínimo Vital. Mutero wakaipa wemari — zvikurukuru mufananidzo weEITC — unoshanda panheyo imwe cheteyo uye uri nyore zvikuru kutungamirira.

Mitero Yokuzvirongera Mitero

Sevashandi vanobvisa mabasa mumimwe mibatanidzwa, vamwe vaiti vemitero vakakarakadza kubhadharisa kushandiswa kwemarobhoti kana kuti kuraira makambani kupira mari nokuda kwavashandi vakabviswa munyika dzavo. Mitero yemitero yemichina, iyo inodzorwa nemari yemakambani makuru eruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, yakagamuchirwa nedzimba dzemitemo muEuropean Union nenyika dzinoverengeka. Iyi mitero inovavarira kutora ukoshi hunotangwa nedata nevashandi, panzvimbo pedzimbahwe renyika.

Mabhajeti Okushandisa Mari Zvakanaka uye Matanho Ourombo Husina Kukwana

New Zealand neScotland dzakatanga "mari inonangidzira mutengo" iyo inoisa miuyo yenzanga nemhoteredzo panzvimbo yezvifambire mberi zvemari. Mitemo iri munyika idzi inorangarira zviratidziro zvakadai semwero yourombo hwavana, utano hwendangariro, uye kuchengeteka kwemhoteredzo apo zvinhu zvinoiswa munzvimbo. Uku kuita kunochinja tariro kubva pakukura kweGDP kuva mwero yakafara yefambiro mberi yenzanga, iyo inowanzobatanidza kuderedzwa kwekusaenzana sevavariro huru.

Mugumisiro: Kupiwa Mutemo Kunoendesa Kumari

Kusaenzana kwemari haisati iri rutivi rusingadzivisiki rwemiitiro yemari yakakwirira. Icho chibereko chezvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvakaitwa — kana kuti zvisati zvaitwa — namasangano emitemo kwamakumi amakore. Ufakazi hwakahwirudzurwa munyaya ino hunoratidzira kuti masangano emitemo ane nhevedzano yamabasa anoshanda anoshandiswa pakuraswa kwawo, kubva kuchikwereti chemitero chinofambira mberi uye chemitero inodzorwa kusimuswa kwemari, mabasa enyika yose, uye kupindira kwebasa. Hapana mutemo mumwe unokwana pawawo, asi kuchinjwa kwemitero nokubudirira kwezve yezve yegariso negarikano kunogona kuderedza nenzira ine revo revo kuderera pasina kukura kwemari.

Nemhaka dzinobudirira zvikurusa — nyika dzeNordic, Brazil muma 2000, uye pashure pehondo United States — zvose zvinobatanidzwa zvakatsigirwa, musengwa womutemo webhiparitari wokupa mupiro. Kuvaka kuzvipira kwakadaro kunoda utungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika, dzidzo yavose, uye chinjo dzesangano dzinoderedza pesvedzero yepfuma yakawanda pagadziriro yemitemo. Kunodawo kuzvininipisa: mirau inofanira kutarisirwa, kurangarirwa, uye kugadziridzwa sezvo migariro inochinja.

Sezvo masangano emitemo kupota nyika anotarisana nokusaenzana kuri kuwedzera, zvisarudzo zvaanoita zvichasarudza kwete bedzi garikano yemari yavagari vemo vazvo asiwo kugadzikana kwenzanga nechinzwano chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvamarudzi avo.