Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika imari yokudzora — mano okuumba mitemo, kugovera zviwanikwa, uye kuteerera kunoitwa mukati menzanga. Nokuda kwavadzidzi venhau, sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye muitiro wavose, kunzwisisa mutoo uyo simba rinotanga kubatwa nawo uye gare gare kuchengetwa kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti marudzi anomuka sei, kuwa, uye kuchinja. Kuwana nokugadziridzwa kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika hakuchinji maitiro etsika, migariro yemari, uye mitoo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Nyaya ino inogovera nzvero huru yeizvi simba, rondedzero dzenhau, uye fundo dzazvino uno kuti zviratidzire unyanzvi hwezvirongwa zvose zviri zviviri zvokudzora mamiriro ezvinhu enyika nemotokari zvemotokari.

Kuvambira pabhokisi rebhoti kusvikira kunzvimbo inokandwa, kubva pakuramba kune rugare kusvikira kumichina inoparadzira mashoko, nzira dzokutonga dzinosiana uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinoiswa pasi pevhu. Asi pasi pevhu, nzira dzinozivikanwa navose dzinomuka. Zvingava kupfurikidza nesarudzo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kudzora mauto, kuchinja magariro, kana kuti nhaka yemagariro, kukwikwidza kunobudirira kwesimba kunoda kuungana kwokungwarira kwevatsigiriki, kuridzwa kwourongwa hwekodzero dzapamutemo, uye kusatora rutivi kwemakwikwikwi anokwikwikwidza. Simba rinotongeirwa, rinotoda unyanzvi hwakasiyana - siyana — kudzora, kudzora zvinhu, uye, kana kuri madikanwa, kuongorora kupesana. Nyaya ino inonzvera iyi nhau mukudzikanyura kwenzwisiso kubva kuna Max Weber, Nicquelgradi Mavarellilli, uye Antonio, semie, sezvakwawo mumienziri munyika yose.

Kuwana Simba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nzira iyo vanhu kana kuti mapoka vanowana nayo chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika yakatanhamiswa nayo navanoongorora zvamatongerwe enyika mumarudzi akafara anoverengeka, rimwe nerimwe rine revo yaro amene yetsika nedenho dzinoshanda.

Kusarudzwa Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, sarudzo mutoo mukuru wapamutemo wokuwana nawo simba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Mikairo inorwiwa kuti iwane tsigiro yavavhoti, uye rukundo runowanzoda mubatanidzwa wokutumira mashoko kunobudirira, chivako chakabatana, uye kuunganidza manyuko. Kubudirira mukusarudza kwoutongi hupi nohupi kazhinji kazhinji kunotsamira pazvinhu zvishoma zvinokosha:

  • Campaign Strategy[[FLT: 1]]: Nhimbe dzazvino uno dzinotsamira pamashoko akaisvonaka kuvhota varoyi vasingadi, vanodzora kuvapo kwesokushandiranwa kwenzanga, uye nhauro dzinoda basa. Nhimbe ya2008 yeObama, somuenzaniso, yakashandura michina yemichina yemichina yemichina inobudisa mari uye inovhota.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chibvumirano cheVertive[[FLT: 1]: Kuwana vatsigiri kubvunzi — kungava kupfurikidza nokupingudza pasuo napasuo, mabhangi orunhare, kana kuti nhano dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba — kunogona kuva musiyano pakati porukundo nokukundwa. Mukusarudza kwapedyo, zvisarudzo zvapabopo nemapoka avagari vemo zvinowanzosarudza muuyo.
  • Paritical neAlliances[[FLT: 1]: Michina yakasimba yebato inogovera vachada kutemwa kwakarongwa, mari, uye kuzivikanwa kwepfungwa. Chivako chekoriyo, sezvinoonekwa mumiitiro yeparamende seIndia kana kuti Germany, chinobvumira mapati kuumba hurumende kunyange pasina voruzhinji chose chose.

Zvisinei, kusarudza kwehurumende kunogona kukanganisa kuda kwevanhu pasinei nokuti kusarudza uku kunoramba kuri nzira inodiwa zvikuru munyika yanhasi.

Kushandisa Zvinhu Zvisina Kukodzera

Simba rose hariwanwi norugare. — kupfurikidza nokubvuta kwehondo, kumukira kwezvombo, kana kuti nhando dzehurumende dzave dziri rutivi rwenguva dzose munhau. Nepo kazhinji kazhinji dzichishurikidzwa nenzanga yamarudzi ose, mitoo yakadaro inogona kuva inobudirira munguva pfupi, zvikurukuru apo hurumende dziripo dzine utera kana kuti dzine ushati.

  • Mbatary Intervetion: Coup d’état, yakadai seyaiva muEgipita (203) kana kuti Myanmar (2021), inobatanidza mauto akashongedzwa nezvombo anobvisa hurumende isiri yapamutemo uye kuisa mutungamiriri wejunta kana kuti dholi. Kubudirira kunotsamira pakodzero yomukati yehondo uye kudzora zvinhu zvikuru zvehurumende.
  • Dzvinyiriro yeKusada[[FLT: 1]: Vamiriri vanotsvaka simba vanowanzonyaradza chishoro pamberi pokutora simba pamutemo. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza vakwikwidziridziri vamajeri, kuvhara zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira, uye kushandisa masimba echengeteko kutyisidzira vangabvira.
  • Control of Information: Kuwana simba remagetsi kunowanzobatanidza kutora mutoo wekurukurirano. Mushure memiuyo yokubvuta nechisimba, nhepfenyuro dzeredhiyo neterevhizheni zviri pakati pezvipfuro zvokutanga, sezvo kudzora nhauro kuchikosha kudzivisa kudzivisa.

Nhau inoratidza kuti nepo kuunganidza compolescove kungakurumidza, kunowanzoparira kusagadzikana kwenguva refu. Vatungamiriri vanoshandisa simba kumanikidza vanotarisana netyisidziro dzinopfuurira dzinobva kunzvimbo dzinopesana, kusagadzikana kwavagari vemo, uye zvirango zvamarudzi ose. Kugara kwenguva refu kwehurumende dzakadaro kunotovimba zvikuru nokumanikidza kunopfuurira uye tsigiro.

Masangano Enzanga Nokuchinja Kwemhindumupindu

Kumukira kwakakurumbira uye masangano akarongwa enzanga zvinogonawo kusunda vatungamiriri vatsva kuva nesimba, zvikurukuru mumigariro ine chiremera.Grassroots, apo akabatanidzwa noutungamiriri hwakanaka nemigariro yamarudzi ose yakanaka, akawisira pasi vadzvinyiriri ndokuzarura nzvimbo yokuchinja kwehurumende.

  • Grasroots Organing[[FLT: 1]: Chipringi cheArab (2010-2012) chakaratidzira kuti masangano avatsigiri vanoshandisa zvinobudisa nhau angagona sei kuunganidza mamirioni mukutsutsumwa kwavose mukurwisana nehurumende dzakadzika midzi. Kunyange zvazvo zvizhinji zveidzi chinjo zvakachinjwa gare gare kana kuti kuiswa mubatanidzwa namasekete ane simba, ivo vakaenzanisira bviro yemasangano makuru.
  • Advocing ne Lobbing: Mugadziriro dzakawanda, mapoka ezviwanwa uye masangano asiri ehurumende anogona kupesvedzera chinjo dzesimba kupfurikidza nokuchinja pfungwa dzavanhu nokudzvinyirira. Sangano rinorwisana neparatidhi muSouth Africa rakabatanidzwa kurwisana nemheremhere dzamarudzi ose kuputsa hurumende.
  • Kuratidzira kwePublic: Chiyero chikuru, chinoramba chinoramba chinogona kuparira nzwisiso dzokusatendeseka, kuchiparira hurumende kuremadza kana kuti masimba echengeteko kuramba mirairo. Chinjo yePower ya1986 muPhilippines, iyo yakadzinga Ferdinand Marcos, inoramba iri muenzaniso wakaisvonaka.

Masangano enzanga haawanzobudisi simba rakadzikama oga; anofanira chaizvoizvo kuchinja kuva masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti mubiyawo nemapoka akatanhamara aripo.

Simba Rakagarwa Nenhaka

Tsika yetsika inoitawo basa mukutsvaka simba. Mumagariro enhaka emonarchy, nzanga dzakavakirwa padzinza, uye nyika dzakawanda pashure pekokugara kwavagari vemo, simba rinopfuudzwa nomumitezo yemhuri. Nepo kudzorwa kwehurumende neprimonituture zvisati zvakakurumbira zvikuru mugadziriro dzazvino uno dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, madmosveratendi anorarama munyika dzakadai seIndia (mhuri yeNehru-Gandy), Japan (Imba yeIndaneti), uye United States (Kennedys, Bushes, uye Clinton). Betsero resimba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinobatanidza kuzivikanwa, masangano anouya, uye kuvimbika kwesangano. Zvisinei, masangano akadaro anopinza mumitengo, uye kuderedza kuzvidavirira kwemhuri ingava mubatanidzwa.

Kuchinja Kwepamutemo

Kuwana simba kupfurikidza namasangano ebumbiro remitemo — zvakadai sevhoti dzeparamende dzechivimbo, kutevedzana kwapamutemo pashure porufu kana kuti kurega kwapurezidhendi, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokugadza kudivi rapurezidhendi uyo anogamuchira simba gare gare — kwakakurumbirawo. Iyi miitiro inowanzotorwa seyapamutemo asi inopa tsiga nokupfuurira. Kutsiviwa kworugare kwesimba pashure pekuchinja kweU.S. (kusvikira kukwikwikwidzana 2020) chiratidzo chouyu mutoo. Bva chinjo dzapamutemo dzinogonawo kushatiswa: apo mutungamiriri anoshandisa mitemo iripo kuzviita amene (komuenzaniso, kugadziridza pamutemo muna 2020 kuti kugadziridze ganhuriro yake), mutsetse pakati penhambo yake yehurumende yehurumende neyokuzvirongwa zvehurumende.

Kuchengetedza Simba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kuwana simba ihafu bedzi yehondo. Kuiwana kunoda ngwariro yenguva dzose, kuchinjika, uye kazhinji kazhinji kudisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kana kuti kumanikidza. Vatungamiriri vanokundikana kuchengeta chiremera chavo vanowanzotambura chimwe chezvisakafanira zvitatu: kurasikirwa nomutemo, kurasikirwa nokudzora manyuko, kana kuti chishoro chinobudirira. Tinonzvera gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzokutarisira simba pasi apa.

Kutendeseka Nokubvumirana

Max Weber akatanhamara zvikuru manyuko matatu echiremera: agamuchidzanwa, echienzi, uye anotora pamutemo. Simba romutemo riri nyore kuchengeta nemhaka yokuti rinoderedza kudikanwa kwokumanikidzira kwenguva dzose. Vatungamiriri vanorera kuva pamutemo kupfurikidza na:

  • : Kushandiswa kwemitemo kwenguva dzose, kunyange mukurwisana navatsigiri vane simba, zviratidzo zvokuti hapana munhu anogona kupfuura gadziriro. Zvisinei, izvi zvinogona kuva zvakakoshwa kaviri — vaocrates vanowanzoshandisa mutemo kuoneka sezvakarurama apo vanoshandisa kupwanya vashori.
  • [[FLT:]: Kuvhota murangariro kwenguva dzose, kudzorwa kwenhau, uye mabasa anooneka zvinobetsera kutsigira tendero. Vatungamiriri vePopulist vakadai saJair Bolsonaro kana kuti Donald Trump vakachengeta mavambo akasimba kupfurikidza nekurukurirano yakananga, yemirangariro navatsigiri, vachipfuura vachengeti vamasuo vegamuchidzanwa.
  • Indaneticsarects: matare okugadza chigaro, matare anozvimirira, uye muchina wokutsikirira wakasununguka zvinogona kudzikamisa simba kupfurikidza nokugovera nzvero nedzikamo — asi zvinodzvinyirirawo vatungamiriri. Zvibatiso zvakawanda naizvozvo zvinobvisa aya masangano nepo zvichichengeta chitarisiko chawo chakarongwa (muitiro unorondedzerwa nanyanzvi se “democraticism”.

Kururama kunogona kusakurirwa kupfurikidza nezviito zvokufananidzira: mazororo orudzi, zvirangaridzo, uye tsika dzavose izvo zvinobatanidza hurumende yazvino nougamba hwakapfuura.

Kudzorwa Kwezviwanikwa Zvemari

Simba hariwanzorambwa nemari. vatungamiriri vanodzora bhajeti yehurumende, pfuma yomusikirwo, uye mabasa oruzhinji vanogona kutusa vatsigiri, kutenga vanobvira vanokwikwidzani, uye kunyima vatsigiri pfuma.

  • Mitemo yemari[[FLT: 1]: Zvitoro zvezvinhu zvikuru, wedzero dzomudyandigere, kana kuti zvirongwa zvamabasa avose zvinogona kuparira kuonga nokuvimbika. Zvirongwa zveoiri yakawanda zvePersia Gulf — Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait — zvakashandisa kare nyika dzegarikano dzakaisvonaka kuderedza zvinodikanwa zvekusununguka mune zvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kuparwa kweResources: Miitiro yepatronage umo hurumende inoraira zvibvumirano, mabasa, uye nyasha kumapoka akati edzinza kana kuti nharaunda inogona kuita mubatanidzwa wavatengi vechikwereti. Ikoku kwakakurumbira zvikuru mupfuma iri kubudirira yepfuma yemari seNigeria, umo hofisi yezvamatongerwe enyika inowanzoita sechinopinza muupfumi hwemari.
  • Mabanza okudzora [[FLT: 1]: Chikamu chavose chimene chinogona kubatira sechishandiso chokudzora. MuChina, Komonisiti Parti inokwanisa kukwidziridzwa nokugadzwa kwebasa rehurumende kuti ive nechokwadi. Munyika dzakawanda, mabasa ehurumende anogoverwa pakuvimbika kwebato panzvimbo pefaniro.

Kudzora zvoupfumi hakuna kusimba zvikuru, zvisinei. Kuderera kwemari, njodzi dzechikwereti, kana kuti kuderera kwemitengo yezvinhu zvinogona kukurumidza kubvisa mano omutungamiriri okuparadzira mibayiro, kuchitungamirira kunyongano.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwechishoro

Regimes anochengeta simba nokuongorora, kutyisidzira, kuremadza, kana kuti kubvisa vakwikwidzani. Kudzvinyirira kwazvino uno kwazova kwakakwirira zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji kunoshanda mukati memitemo.

  • Kuiswa kweKusatendera[[FLT: 1]: Mitemo yakanyorwa yakafara inorwisana ne “ugandanga,”“ dzongonyedzo yokumwe,” kana kuti “kudzongonyedza mutungamiriri” inoshandiswa kuvatori venhau mutorongo, vatsigiri, uye vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika. Kushandiswa kwe “mutemo wedzimwe nyika” kana kuti kuputsa masangano enzanga avagari vemo eHungary mienzaniso yazvino uno.
  • Surveillance naMonitorling: Maturusi okunzvera anobvumira madhiramu anobvumira hurumende kufambisa kurukurirano, anofanotaura kutsutsumwa kwemahombe, uye anozivisa vatungamiriri. Gadziriro yenzanga yeChina yechikwereti neCCTV muXinjiang zviri pakati pezvisingadzorwi zvikurusa.
  • Controling Politic Discope: Kupfurikidza nohuvaki, kunzvera paIndaneti, uye kurimwa kwemaburi akavimbika, hurumende dzinoumba zvinodavirwa nevagari vemo. Fox News muU.S. nemubatanidzwa wehurumende muRussia imwe neimwe inobatira kusimbisa nhauro yakati inosimudzira mutezo.

Kudzvinyirira kwebrutal kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa, sezvinoonekwa muTiananmen Square (19989) kana kuti kumukira kweSiria (2011), uko kwakapinda muhondo yavagari vemo. Kupfuudza kwehurumende kunogona kuparira vafiri kutendeka uye kuderedza vashori vane mwero. Kudzvinyirirwa kunotsungirira kunowanzoda mubatanidzwa wemanikidziro nebvumirano.

Kufema Kwezvinhu Zvomudenga uye Simba Rishoma

Murangariro waAntonio Gramsci wetsika unotsanangura kuti mapoka anodzora simba sei kwete nokumanikidza asi kupfurikidza nokuita kuti kurangarirwa kwenyika kuratidzike kuva kwomuzvarirwo uye kunobetsera kwose. Zvikoro, mayunivhesiti, masangano orudzidziso, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinoparadzira mipimo inowirirana nenhevedzano inotonga. Somuenzaniso, pfungwa yokuti “kuzvidira kunoenzana norusununguko” yakanga iri rondedzero ine simba guru nokuda kwamasimba okuMadokero mukati meHondo yeDeumaticut. Vatungamiriri veChina vanosimudzira“ udyiso nemavara eChina” uye “China Dhinomhiko kumutemo mumwe wapamutemo. Vatungamiririwo vanoshandisa simba ramarudzi ose — kuyamura dzidzo yokunze, dzidzo yokumwe , kutumira dzidzo — kuita mufananidzo wakaisvonaka unosimbisa mukurumbira wenyika yose. Kuchengeta dzidzo inoda kuvandudza, sezvinoshorwa kudzorwa kwechishamakuru.

Patronage Nechitevedzeri

Zvikurukuru munyika dzakarongeka zvishoma, vatungamiriri vanobetserwa mune zvokunyama nokuda kweruvimbiko rwezvamatongerwe enyika pahwaro hwomunhu oga kana kuti hweboka. Mibatanidzwa yePronogence inogadzira pyramid yokutsamirana: mabhinya omunzvimbomo anopa vhoti mukutsinhana nokuda kwemari yehurumende, uye mutungamiriri wenyika anotsamira pamadzishe iwayo kuti achengete udzo. Institutional Rrevolution Party (PRI) yakatonga kwamakore anopfuura 70 kupfurikidza negadziriro yakaisvonaka yecorpotatist retagement — masangano, masangano akaderera, uye masangano ebhizimisi ose akapindwa pamwe chete. Uku kudyira mari inotengwa; sepfuma, tsika inogona kushata.

Kuongorora Zvinetso Zvesimba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoratidza kuti zvirongwa zvokufungidzira zviri pamusoro apa zvinoshanda sei. Marudzi matatu akafara anoratidza mhatsa yesimba rakasiyana - siyana muhurumende dzose nenhambo.

Mubatanidzwa Woufundisi: Vladimir Putin’s Russia uye Xi Jinging’s China

Potin naXi inoratidzira kubatanidzwa kwesimba kwakarongwa pashure pokuwana kwokutanga. Putin akasvika pahofisi muna 2000 Boris Yeltsin abuda; akakurumidza kukunda oligarchs, aomanya, uye akaisa terevhizheni pasi pedzoro rehurumende. Ane chiremera chapakati kupfurikidza nechinjo dzebumbiro remitemo, kudzvinyirira nhamba dzechishoro dzakafanana naAlei Navalny, uye dzidziso yenyika inoumba Russia senhare yakakomberedzwa. [[FLT: 0] mubatanidzwa weterevhizheni: [FLT] [FLT:] [FK]] Conuniltic pamufananidzo waVasiri vaGiriki [Flaunian]

Xi Ji Gining, pashure pokutora simba muna 2012, akagadza muganhu wamano maviri usina kurongwa wavatungamiriri veChina, kuita chisarudzo chakakomba mumatare maduku ebato, uye akatanga nhimbe yokudzivisa uori yakabvisa makwikwi apo yaidzora chiKomonisiti paBokandi. Akasimudzirawo sekete rohunhu nepfungwa itsva (“Xining Diography on Socialism neChosaics of Chinatics for Nhambo Itsva”. [[FLT: 0]] mubatanidzwa:] [FT:]B] profile: XINTY]

Kutsigira Kwedemocratic: Hungary nePoland

Hakusi kusimbisa kwose kune simba kunoitika kupfurikidza nokupa pachena udzori. Viktor Orbán muHungary neMurairo neRuramisiro muPoland kwakaratidzira kuti masangano edemokrase anogona kubviswa sei mukati. Orbán, akasarudzwa kutanga muna 2010, akashandisa kubatana kukuru kunyorazve bumbiro remitemo, kurongedza matare navezvokutendeka, kudzora nzanga. Muitiro wacho wakanga uri wapashoma napashoma, mutemo, uye wakakurumbira pakati pechivako icho chinonzwa kuti chasiiwa shure nedemocracycy. PiS nenzira yakafanana yakasekesa kuzvimirira kworutongeso uye hurumende. Zvisarudzo zvose zvinoratidza kuti kuchengetwa kwesimba kunogona kubudirira kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwapamutemo uye kudzora kwezve mune zvemari, sezvo zvinotaura vanhu vose zvichipfuurira kutsigira boka rokutonga. [FLD [FPT]: [1]

Masangano Ezvokubudisa Popurizi

Vagadziri vezvokuwana simba kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti vanomirira “vanhu chaivoivo” mukurwisana navakakwirira vane uori, asi vanotamburira kukuchengeta. Kukunda kwerusarudzo kwa2016 muUnited States kwakavimba nokugadzira kwapamberi kwokudzivisa, kuisa vanhu munzanga, uye koreji duku yezvisarudzo inodzorwa. Pane imwe nguva muhofisi, Trump akachengeta nzvimbo yakavimbika kupfurikidza nokushanda kwechinobudisa nhau nguva dzose, denho pamasangano, uye mirairo yavakuru vakuru, asi akakundikana kuvaka muchina wezvamatongerwe enyika unogarisa kana kuti kuchengetedzazve mukurumbira. Nhepfenyuko yeIndia Mo yakachengeta mira mira kutenderwa kukuru kupfurikidza nomuvhenganiswa wemiitiro yenyika yeHindu, mapurogiramu egarikano, uye kupesana nezvinopesana, bva zvinotarisana nezvinetso zvinobva kumasangano ezvikamu nezvepfuma. Pupponder, vanowanzowana vadzorwi venhau vadzorwi vadzoro.

mhedziso

Simba rinova rinopera simba uye rinosimba. Vatungamiriri vanogona kuwana nokusarudza zvine rugare, kubvutira hurumende kwechisimba, masangano makuru, kana kuti nhaka yemafashoni — nzira imwe neimwe inoparira kurudziro dzakasiana - siana nepfunde. Kuchengeta kuti simba rinoda mubatanidzwa woururami, udzori hwezvinhu, kudzvinyirira, uye kupesvedzera kwepfungwa. Vatungamiriri vanopukunyuka vanoramba varipo ndeavo vanogona kuchinja mitoo yavo, kudzikamisa kutsika nekodzero, uye nguva dzose kuchengetedza mubatanidzwa mukuru wavatsigiri. Nokuda kwamarudzi anosarudzwa nehurumende yedemocracy, chidzidzo chakajeka: Kungwarira kusimbisira kuti kushanda nesimba nokuchengeta zvisaririra zvinoramba zviripo uye zvichioneka. Nokuda kweavo vanofunda nhau, mitoo inova inoita kuti tiwirirane simba rezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vanotiyeuchidza kuti kurwisana nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika hakutongotongopedzwa.