Ukama pakati pekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nedziviriro dzevatami hunorondedzera rutivi runokosha rwomutemo weAmerica nenzanga. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. haridudzi zvakajeka muitiro wokutama, bva vimbiso dzaro dzemuitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye ruramisiro huru zvinotambanukira kupfuvura kupfuura kuva mugari wemo. Sezvo rudzi runokakavadzana chengeteko yemuganhu, miitiro yokubudisa, uye mugariro wemamiriyoni evagari vemo vasina kunyorwa pasi, kunzwisisa kuti nheyo dzemitemo dzemitemo inoshanda sei kuvatami / [v] pasina kuganhurirwa kwechimiro chomutemo chepamutemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera nheyo dzapamutemo, matare, miganhuro yedare, migariro yemitemo, uye zvinetso zvinopfuurira zvinoumba kukwirirana maruramiro emitemo yemitemo yepamutemo nedziviriro yavatamiri kuenda vatamiri.

Nhoroondo: Kubva Pasimba Remapoka Kuenda Kudziviriro Dzine Masimba

Nokuda kwenhau zhinji yeU.S., mutemo wokubuda waishanda mudzidziso yesimba, unopa hurumende yehurumende simba rinodokuva risingadzoreki pakupinda nokubviswa kwevasiri vagari. Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa iyi nheyo mu Cahee Chan Ping v. United States [1], rina simba rapamutemo rakagadzwa rokudzora kutama. Kwamakumi amakore, iyi dzidziso yakareva kuti vatami vakanga vane dziviriro shomanene dzemitemo mumugariro wokupinda nokuendesa munyika.

Zvisinei, kuchinja kwakatanga pakati pezana ramakore rechi20. Kukura kwekodzero dzevanhu, kwakabatanidzwa nokuzivikanwa kunowedzera kwokuti vatami “vanhu” muUnited States, kwakatungamirira matare kutambanudza zvimwe zvinovimbisa zvebumbiro remitemo kudzimwe nyika. Mhaka yechiratidzo Mathews v. Diatz[FLT] [1976] yakazivisa kuti apo Dare ringabata vagari vemo navasiri vagari vemo, hakugoni kuita nenzira yakasiana.

Nhasi, nzvimbo yepamutemo inoratidza kusawirirana kuri pakati pesimba nekodzero dzevanhu.

Masangano Ebumbiro Remitemo: Ndedzipi Kodzero Dzinotambanukira Kune Vanotama?

Rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo haruganhuri vimbiso dzaro ku “Mari.” Hurumende yeshanu neyegumi namana, somuenzaniso, dzinonongedzera ku “vanhu,” boka rinobatanidza vanhu vose vari muvhu reU.S., pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yokupinda munyika. Nenzira yakafanana, dziviriro yeDyne Amendment panzvero isina mufungo nehosha inoshanda ku“ vanhu,” kwete vagari vemowo zvavo. Somuuyo, vatami vane maruramiro emitemo, kunyange zvazvo maruramiro avo angasiyana mukudzorwa kwekupinda munyika nemhosva.

Kodzero Dzegadziriro Dzinofanira Kuitwa

Dare reChishanu Refutunuro rinogovera kuti hakuna munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Dare Rapamusorosa rakaramba richidavira kuti vatami mukubviswa kwenhau vane maruramiro kumuitiro wakafanira. Ikoku kunobatanidza ziviso yepomero, banza rokunzwiwa, uye kutongwa pamberi pomutsigiri asina chizivano. [FLT] Wang Sung v.Grath (1950), Dare rakatonga kuti kuendesa kunzwa kunofanira kusvitsa mipimo yegadziriro yapamutemo.

Zvisinei, kodzero dzegadziriro yakafanira mumugariro wokubuda hadzina kufanana nedziri mudare revapari vemhosva. Somuenzaniso, vatami havavimbiswi kupa zano rehurumende rakarongwa, kunyange zvazvo vane kodzero yemitemo yokubhadharisa gweta pandyiko yavo vamene. Dare mu INS v. Lopez-Mendoza [19984] rinodavira kuti mutemo wokubvisa, ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kwapari utsotsi, hahushandiri mukuita kuti kunzwa kwemhosva kushandurwe.

Kodzero Dzekudzivirira Dzakaenzana

Fivice Protection of the 14th Amendment inorambidza kurambira munhu upi noupi ari mukati madzo kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo. Chitsama ichi chinoshanda kuvose vari vaviri vagari vemo navasiri vamagariro, kunyange zvazvo mupimo wokuhwirudzura uchisiyana. Somuenzaniso, hurumende hadzigoni kusarura vagari vemo vepamutemo vechigarire mukuparadzira betsero dzavose kunze kwokunge vane chikonzero chinogombedzera. Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende ingatsaura nokuva vatorwa norusununguko zvikuru pasi pedzidziso yesimba.

Vana vasina kunyorwa vakawina dziviriro huru yakaenzana mu Plyler v. Doe (1982], apo Dare Rapamusoro reTexas rakaputsa mutemo wairamba dzidzo yavose yapachena kuvana vasingabvumirwi pamutemo. Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende haigoni kuisa mutoro wakakura paboka rePurcee pasina ruramiso chaiyo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Yokutanga

Vatami vanofarikanya rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, gungano, uye songaniro. Hurumende haigoni kubudisa kana kuti kuranga bedzi munhu asingadi mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kushandisa kutenda, ufakazi husipo hwokunyandurwa kumasimba masimba kana kuti kumwe kutaura kusingadzivirirwi. Mu Bridges v. Wixon [1945], Dare rakadzivisa kudzingwa kwomugari wechigarire nokuda kwesonganiro neChikamu cheKomonisiti yeKomonisiti, richisimbisa kuti dziviriro yeFirst Amendment inotambanust Refective inotambanuks.

Kunyange zvakadaro, pepanhau rinonzi USA PATRIOT Act uye mutemo wakatevera wakawedzera zvikonzero zvokudzingwa kwakavakirwa pa “basa routsotsi,” iro vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti rakashandiswa zvakanyanyisa, kutaura kunotyisa uye kushamwaridzana kwepamutemo pakati penzanga dzinobva kune dzimwe nyika.

Kudzivirirwa Kwechina Kwe Amendeji

Gadziriro yeChina yeFirst inodzivisa nzvero isina mufungo nepfari. Inoshanda kuvanhu vose, asi kuchengetwa kwayo mukuita kuti vanhu vatamire vatami kwave kunopesana. Nepo vakuru vakuru vanoenda kumusha kazhinji kazhinji vanoda murairo wokupinda mumusha, vangashandisa kunyumwira kuduku nokuda kwokumira kupfupi pedyo nomuganhu kana kuti panhandare dzendege. Chisarudzo cheDare mu United States v. Brignonni-PH[[[FLM]] [0] [7] inobvumira vatasvi vemi vemiganho kumisa motokari pedyo nemuganhu wenzvimbo yakavakirwa panyuyo ine mufungo, kwete chisakiso, icho vazhinji vanoparira kurangarira kunzi veringingings.

Nhau dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakadai se Utah v (2016] yakaganhurira mutemo wokubvisa, kuchikuita kwakaoma kudzvinyirira ufakazi hunowanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo nezviremera zvokubuda munyika. Idzi dzinosiya vatami vasina dziviriro kusungwa nemhaka yokupunzwa kwakavakirwa padzinoputsanya idzo dzingakandirwa mudare utsotsi. Masangano echiOdvocacy akadana nokuda kwedziviriro huru yeGenese Amendmentment mumashoko akapoteredza okupinda munyika.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Chinoshora Kodzero Dzokutama

Kupfuura nyaya dzatodudzwa, mitemo inoverengeka yakatanhamara senheyo.

United States v. Wong Kim Areka (198)

Nyaya iyi yakasimbisa kuva mugari wemo muIndaneti. Dare rakaramba kuti mwana akaberekwa muUnited States kuvabereki vokuChina vatami, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende panguva yakaganhurirwa norudzi. Nheyo ye solis (kuberekwa kwemwanda) inoramba iri mutezo wemutemo weAmerica, kunyange zvazvo yave ichidzorwa negakava rezvamatongerwe enyika mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya.

[[FF:0] Zadvydas v. Davis (2001)

Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende haigoni kudzora vatami kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi pashure pomurairo wokupedzisira wokubviswa kana pasina bviro huru yokudzorerwa. Iyi mhaka yakabvumikisa kuti muganhu weChiteshi chaClaus wemwedzi mitanhatu unoisa muganhu wekupfigirwa mutorongo pashure ponongedzero yekaremoval. Yakadzivisa mano ehurumende okutambira vanhu vanhu mungozi kwamakore pasina kariro ine mufungo yokudzingwa.

Plyler v. Doe (19982)

Sezvataurwa, nyaya iyi yaivimbisa vana vasina kukodzera kunzi vane kodzero yedzidzo yeK - 12. Dare rakashandisa kuongorora kwapakati, richiona kuti mutemo wenyika wakanga usingashandisi mubereko mukuru wehurumende uye waisa chirango cheupenyu hwose pavana vasina mhosva. Plyler anoramba ari muenzaniso mukuru unotaura kubva pakuwana mikana yokuwana mabasa anoitwa nevanhu vachibva kune dzimwe nyika.

[[FF:0] MAthews v. Diaz[[FLT] [1] (776)

Ichi chisarudzo chakatsigira kuwirirana kwomutemo wehurumende kunoitirwa Medicas pamakore mashanu okugara kwapamutemo, asi zvinokosha, Dare rakajekesa kuti ganhuriro dzeChiteshi chaClaus yeChibvumirano kunyange simba resangano pamusoro pokutama. Chisarudzo chakasimbiswa chokuti nepo Congress ingabata vagari vemo navasiri vamagariro akasiyana, haigoni kuita kudaro nokuda kwechikonzero chokuzvidira kana kuti chisina mufungo nokuda kwenharo dzedziviriro dzakaenzana mumuitiro wokupinda munyika.

Dziviriro Dzomutemo Nezviito Zvinotungamirira

Kuwedzera pakodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, Congress nebazi rinotungamirira vakaita mitemo yakaoma uye zvirongwa zvinodzivirira mapoka chaiwo evanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika.

Kutama uye Kuuraya Vanhu (ina)

INA igweta guru rehurumende rinodzora kubuda nokubviswa. Inogadza mativi okupinda nokubviswa, mutoo wekotera, uye mugariro wevapoteri. INA inogoverawo nyaradzo pakubviswa, zvakadai sokubviswa kwevagari venguva refu vakati uye dziviriro nokuda kwavanyajambwa voutsotsi (Uvhiza) kana kuti kutengeswa. Nepo INA isingabvumiri mwero mumwe chetewo womuitiro wakafanira somutemo woutsotsi, inobatanidza dziviriro dzakafanana nedzorudyi kunzwiro nekodzero yokukwirira kuBoard of Immigation Appects.

Chiito Chakasimba Nokuda Kwevakasvika Pauduku (DACA)

Yakagadzwa nemirairo yavakuru vakuru muna 2012, DACA inopa rusununguko rwechinguvana pakudzingwa uye mvumo yebasa nokuda kwavanhu vanokwaniriswa avo vakasvika kuUnited States savana. DACA haisati ichipa nzvimbo yepamutemo, asi inodzivirira vagamuchiri kuti vasabviswa kwenhambo yemakore maviri anomutsidzirwa. Purogiramu yacho yakaramba ichitsungirira zvinetso zvepamutemo, kunyange zvazvo remangwana rayo risingavi nechokwadi. Kubvira muna 2024, kumbiriso itsva dziri kugadziriswa, asi kupfuurira kugona kuchinja ukurudza.

Chisimba Chinoitirwa Vakadzi (VAWA)

VAWA inobvumira vamwe vanyajambwa vasiri vanyajambwa vamasimba masimba omumba kunzwisiso yokugara kwapamutemo kwechisaririra pasina kuvimba nemugari weU.S. kana kuti mugari wemo wechigarire. Iyi gadziriro inoziva kuti vanyajambwa vangamanikidzirwa kunyarara netyisidziro yokudzingwa. VAWA dziviriro muenzaniso unokosha wekuwedzera kwadzinoita kodzero dzemitemo dzepamutemo nokuda kwevagari vokumwe vanokuvadzwa.

Kudzivirirwa Kwenguva Pfupi (TPS)

Munyori weHomeland Security angaratidzira nyika yeTPS apo migariro yakadai serwisano yezvombo, ngwavaira yemhoteredzo, kana kuti migariro yechienzi inodzivisa kudzokera kwakakotsekana. Vanhu vanobva kunyika dzakasarudzwa avo vakanga vachitova muUnited States vanogona kugamuchira dziviriro yechinguvana pakubviswa nemvumo yebasa. TPS haisati iri mhinduro yechigarire, asi inogovera nzira yakakomba nokuda kwavatami vanobva kumarudzi vari kutambura njodzi.

Matambudziko Aripo Iye Zvino Pakupesana Kwekodzero Dzevanhu uye Kudzivirirwa

Pasinei nezvinoitwa nemitemo yarondedzerwa, vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vanotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinoramba zvichipinganidza kuti vawane kodzero dzavo dzepamutemo uye dzemitemo.

Kuteerera uye Kuwana Zano

United States inoshandisa gadziriro hurusa yokuchengetedzwa kwevatami munyika, kazhinji kazhinji inoita kuti vanhu vari munzvimbo dziri kure nezviwanikwa zvepamutemo kana kuti tsigiro yemhuri. Nepo vatami vane kodzero yemitemo yokupa zano pasina mutengo wehurumende, vazhinji havagoni kubhadhara gweta. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vanochengetwa nemirairo yapamutemo vane bviro huru yokuhwina mhaka dzavo kupfuura avo vasingapiwi. Kushaikwa kwokuwana zano kunosekesa muitiro wakafanira uye kunoparira gadziriro yeruramisiro ine mativi maviri.

Uyezve, muitiro wokusungwa kwezvimwe zvikwata zvavatami, kubatanidza avo vane zvitendero zvoutsotsi kana kuti avo vachangobva kubatwa pamuganhu, unomutsa funganyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Mu Jennings v. Rodriguez [2018], Dare Gurusa rakatsigira kusungwa kwenguva refu pasina kubatanidzwa, richidzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvokusunungurwa. Mapoka echiHindu anopfuurira kudenha iyi mirairo pasi peGunguro reClassiase neImmigation and National Act.

Mitemo Yokubvisa Nyika Nekusunungurwa

Mukusavapo kwechinjo huru yehurumende, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakagadza mitemo yadzo dzimene yokuita kuti vanhu vatame. SB 1070 (2070) yaArizona yakada mapurisa kunzvera mugariro wokutama mukati mekumira kwapamutemo ndokukundikana kutakura magwaro okupinda munyika utsotsi hwehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakakunda gadziriro dzinokosha mu Azona v. United States (20]), ichiwana kuti kunyoreswa kwokutama isimba rehurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro, hurumende nebatira pamwe chete nomunzvimbomo nezviremera zvomubatanidzwa nehurumende yehurumende (*) yakaita se 287 kusvikira ku “g) mirauganda. Miteko yeUnited States [[FLT] inoenderera mberi hondo dzapamutemo dzinotapura kodzero dzavatami vatami vatami.]

Mitemo yokusatendeseka, iyo inoganhurira batira pamwe yomunzvimbomo nokuchengetwa kwevatami vehurumende, yakadenhwa pazvikonzero zvebumbiro remitemo. Matare kazhinji kazhinji anotsigira nheyo yokuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo hadzigoni kugombedzerwa kushandisa pfuma yavo kumanikidza mutemo wehurumende wokupinda munyika. Uku kurwisana kwehurumende kunoratidzira kurwisa kunopfuurira kurondedzera ganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende munhau dzokupinda munyika.

Kuzvidza Rudzi uye Kudzikamiswa Kwechina

Pasinei zvapo nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, vatami kutonyanya vaya veLatino, Asia, uye Middle East `vanoshumwa kuti varongerwa zviito zvokuchengetedza zvakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti dzinza. Gamende reChina rinorambidza nzvero isina mufungo nepfari, asi vakuru vakuru vanotama vanorovedzwa dzimwe nguva kushandisa “kunyumwira kune mufungo” kwakavakirwa pazvinhu zvakadai sechitarisiko, mutauro, kana kuti nzvimbo. Kutonga kodzero dzevagari vemo kwakapupurira mitoo yokuita kuti zvinhu zvishandiswe, uye matare akabudisa mitemo inobvumira kugadziriswa kwemiitiro yokuchengeta.

Dare Rapamusorosa rakaramba kutonga kuti rudzi rwoga harugoni kuva chisakiso munyumwiro ine mufungo nokuda kwokumira kwokupinda munyika, kusiiwa kwenzvimbo nokuda kwokupfuurira.

Ganhuriro Dzomubatanidzwa Negadziriro Yakafanira

Gadziriro yeutiziro, iyo inogovera dziviriro kuavo vanotiza chitambudzo, yakatarisana nemhinganidzo dzinokosha mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Tsika dzakadai se “kufamba” kwavatsvaki voutiziro pazviteshi zvokupinda, “Kunda muMexico” purogiramu (Migration Protocoms), uye muitiro wokubvisa wakagadzirirwa wakashorwa sekuputswa kwemiitiro yakafanira neChiito chevapoteri cha 1980. Madare akavhara mamwe eidza aya matanho, asi chinjo dzenguva dzose dzinoparira vhiringidzo uye dzinoramba vanhu vazhinji mukana wakanaka wokupa zvikumbiro zvavo.

Mu Easter Bay Sanctuary Panganongano yru. Barr (2029), Nhambo yeNYT yaidavira kuti hurumende haigoni kuisa zvikumbiro zveutiziro kubva kuna avo vakapinda pasina nzvero pamuganhu wokumaodzanyemba. Kutonga ikoko kwakachengetwa kusvika kumuitiro wekupotera, asi zviito zvechiremera zvakatevera zvakapfuurira kubvisa nyika.

Kudzidzisa uye Masangano Anotsigira

Masangano akasimba anoshanda kuti adzivirire kodzero dzevatami uye kuti abatsire mumutemo.

  • American Liberties Union (ACLU) - THE ACLU yakawadzanyura nhau dzakawanda dzemisiyano yakatanhamara inobatanidza muitiro wakafanira wavatami, First Amendment, uye maruramiro eChina e Amendment. Immigrants’s Rights Project inonangidzira pamiitiro inodenha kuchengetwa kwapamutemo. [[FLT:]] Dzidzo dzakawanda dzinobatanidza muitiro wekupinda munyika.org[FLT][FLT]
  • .Inyika inopa ruramisiro (NJC) - NIJC inogovera ratidziro yakananga yapamutemo, shoo yemiitiro, uye simba. Yave iri mutungamiriri mukudenha Trump-era “Mara muMexico” mirairo nokutsigira vatami vakachengetwa. [[FLT:]] jirogiro.org[FLT]
  • maruramiro avanhu Kutanga - Iri sangano rinonangidzira ngwariro pakudzivirira nokuwana utiziro. Inosimbisa kuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu mukuchengetwa kwevatami uye vatsigiri vokunamatira kumutemo wenyika yose. Ona vanhu vari nani kutanga. org.
  • Rondel Immigration Law Center (NILC) - NILC vatsigiri vemiitiro inobvuma mipiro yavatami, nengwariro chaiyo panzanga dzinowanwa dzakaderera. Vanogovera rondedzero pamusoro penhau dzakafanira neganhuriro dzehurumende. yakawanda zvikuru pailc.org.

Masangano aya, pamwe chete nemapoka epamutemo emo uye masangano ezvemitemo eprobono, anokosha mukugadzirisa musiyano uri pakati pekodzero dzepamutemo dzisinganzwisisiki uye kuwana ruramisiro yenyika chaiyo.

Kupedzisa: Kuchinja Kunoita Kodzero Nedziviriro

Kupindirana kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nedziviriro dzevatami hakurevi chinhu. Kuchinja kupfurikidza nokududzira kwedare, chiito chomutemo, muitiro wehurumende, uye uswa. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatambanudza mutoo wakafanira nedziviriro dzakaenzana kuvatami, mikaha inokosha inosara zvikurukuru munharaunda dzokusungwa, kusvika pazano, uye dziviriro mukurwisana nokuchengetwa kusina chikonzero. Dzidziso yesimba repenia inoganhurira kutarisirwa kwedare, uye kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kuchinja nokukurumidza dziviriro panyika.

Vachitarira mberi, nhau huru dzinoverengeka sezvingabvira dzicharondedzera uyu rutivi: nguva yemberi yokuva mugari wemo woudangwe, basa rehurumende nedzomunzvimbomo mukuita kuti vatamire vatami, ukuru hweFirimende Yechina pamiganhu nezviteshi, uye kururama kwetsika yedziviriro. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yokuti “hapana munhu achanyimwa rusununguko pasina muitiro wakafanira” inofanira kushanda zvakaenzana kuvose varipo mumuviri muUnited States, pasinei zvapo nokuti vakasvika sei.

Sezvo kurukurirano yenyika inopfuurira, chinhu chimwe chinoramba chakajeka: Kuzvipira kweUnited States kuudzori hwebumbiro remitemo kunoraira kuti dziviriro isave basa rougari hwemo bedzi. Basa riri mberi nderokuva nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzakanyorwa muzvinyorwa zvokuvamba dzinopfuura kushuvira kuti — kuti zvinova zvinorarama nokuda kwomunhu ari wose anodzorwa nokusvika kwomutemo.