Ukama pakati pomuitiro wakafanira nekodzero dzavanhu hunogara pahwaro chaihwo hwegadziriro dzapamutemo dzazvino uno. Nepo muitiro wakafanira uchigovera michina yetsika nokuda kwokubatwa zvakanaka, kodzero dzavanhu dzinogovera misengwa yetsika yapamberi apo miitiro iyoyo inoitirwa kudzivirira. Munyika inowedzera kubatana, kunzwisisa kuti iyi mifungo miviri inobatana sei mutsika dzakasiyana - siyana, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mavhesi etsika zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoshanda mumutemo, muitiro, kana kuti kukura kwenyika dzakawanda. Nyaya ino inonzvera zvose zviri zviviri mipimo yetsika nezvinokosha zvegadziriro yapamutemo nekodzero dzavanhu dzinoshanda, ichipa murangariro wenyika yose unosimbiswa nezvinetso zvinotsungirira nokuchinja kunovimbisa.

Kunzwisisa Zvakakodzera

Muitiro wakafanira ipfungwa huru yokuti nyika inofanira kutevera mitemo yakagadzwa nemiitiro apo inoita mukurwisana nomunhu. Shoko rinobva mumashoko echiLatin meterrae ("nomutemo wenyika), unooneka muMagna Carta ye1215. Mumazana amakore, rakashanduka kuva mapazi maviri akasiana asi anowirirana:

  • Muitiro waMatanho Akafanira: Iri bazi rinoda kuti hurumende igovere ziviso yakakwana, kunzwa kwakarurama, muiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri, uye banza rokupa ufakazi pamberi pokunyima mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Iko kutangira kwamaruramiro kumuedzo wakarurama, kuchivimbisa mitemo youfakazi, kuyambuka, uye kukumbira kunoteverwa.
  • Muitiro weChitayera: Iri bazi rinoganhurira [ kugutsikana kwemitemo, pasinei zvapo nokuti inoshandiswa zvakaenzana sei. Rinochengeta kuti dzimwe maruramiro makuru (akadai sapachivande, chigaro chomuviri, kana kuti rusununguko rwokutaura) risingagoni kudzorwa nehurumende kutoti fariro yenyika iripo. Muitiro wakafanira unoramba uri mumitengo mizhinji nemhaka yokuti unokoka vatongi kurondedzera kodzero dzinokosha idzo dzisina kunyorwa zvakajeka mumitemo.

Mapazu ose ari maviri anokosha: muitiro wokutaura unokosha unovimbisa kuti hurumende haisati ichiita nenzira yokuzvidira, nepo muitiro wakafanira uchidzivisa nyika kupfuudza mitemo inovhiringidza rusununguko rukuru.

Basa Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Kodzero dzavanhu ikodzero dzinogarwa munyika yose dzevanhu vose, dzakavakirwa muchiremera chomunhu. Gadziriro yekodzero dzevanhu yazvino uno yakavapo pashure peHondo Yenyika II, neUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) yakagamuchirwa neUnited Nations General Assembly muna 1948. Kodzero dzavanhu dzinorongwa chaizvoizvo muzvizvarwa zvitatu:

  • Chizvarwa chokutanga – Chivil and Political Rights: Izvozvi zvinobatanidza maruramiro kuupenyu, rusununguko mukutambudzwa, rusununguko rwokutaura, maruramiro okuvhota, uye maruramiro kukutonga kwakarurama. Idzi maruramiro kazhinji kazhinji anomanikidzirwa mumatare uye anobatanidzwa zvikuru nomuitiro wakafanira.
  • SACURL & Generation – Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: Iyi maruramiro anofukidza kubasa, dzidzo, pokugara, tarisiro youtano, uye mupimo wakakwana wokurarama. Vanoda kuti hurumende dziite zviito zvakanaka, kwete kungorega kudzongonyedza.
  • Generation – Mubatanidzwa kana kuti Rukundikano: Izvozvi zvinobatanidza maruramiro okuzvibatanidza, kukura, uye mhoteredzo yakanaka. Haanyanyi kubatanidzwa nyore nyore mumiitiro yemitemo asi zvinozivikanwa nenzira inowedzera mukokorodzano dzamarudzi ose.

Kupindirana kwegadziriro yakafanira nekodzero dzavanhu zvinooneka zvikurusa mukodzero dzechizvarwa chokutanga: pasina miitiro inoruramisira, rusununguko rwevagari vemo nerwezvamatongerwe enyika runova zvipikirwa zvisina maturo.

Kupindira Munhau: Kubva paMagna Carta Kuenda KuMutemo Wenyika Yose

Muitiro wakafanira namaruramiro avanhu zvakatanga pamwe chete. Chitsama chaMagna Carta cha 39 chakazivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kuiswa mutorongo kana kuti kudzingwa "kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwavezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. Iyi gadziriro yapakuvamba yakafanira yakakudziridzwa gare gare navatongi veChirungu vakafanana uye yakasimbiswa muKukumbira rudyi (1628) neHabeas Corpus Act (1679).

Vafungi vokuvhenekera vezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi18 — John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire(apora kuti hurumende dzinofanira kuremekedza kodzero dzomusikirwo uye kuti miitiro yapamutemo ndiyo nzira huru yokudzivirira nayo kodzero idzodzo muudzvinyiriri. U.S. Constitution’s Findment (1791) yakazivisa nenzira yakafanana mashoko okuti "muitiro wekutangira womutemo," uye Amendement ye145 (1868) yakatambanudzira dziviriro iyoyo muhurumende. Mhiri kweAtlantic, Kuzivisa kweFrench kwekodzero dzomunhu nedzechimugariki wemo (179) nenzira yakafanana kwakazivisa maruramiro okurangarirwa kuva asina mhaka uye kudikanwa kwemuitiro wapamutemo.

Utsinye hwezana ramakore rechi20 (5] hondo mbiri dzenyika, hurumende dzoudzvinyiriri, kuparadza rudzi , zvakazivisa nzanga yamarudzi ose kuti ipedze muitiro wakafanira sekodzero yavanhu. Chikamu 10 cheUDHR chinoti: "Munhu ari wose ane kodzero yakaenzana zvizere nokutongwa kwakakwana uye kuteererwa kwavose nedare rakasununguka uye risina rusaruro." Iyi nheyo yakatangwazve muInternational Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ya196, zvikurukuru Chikamu 14, icho chinoratidzira udzame hwezvipikirwa zvepo: kodzero yokuziva nguva yakakwana, kuva nenguva yakakwana yokuzvidzivirira, kubetsera zvapamutemo, uye kukwidza kupwisa kutendwa.

Mutemo wamarudzi ose wekodzero dzavanhu nokudaro wakaita muitiro wakafanira musengwa wenyika yose, unosungisa kwete bedzi munyika dzinosarudzwa navanhu asi pazviratidzo zvose kuICCPR. Bva nzira iyo idzi nheyo dzinoshandiswa nayo inosiana zvikuru.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Yose Kukodzera Kuitwa Uye Kodzero Dzevanhu

United States

United States inogovera dziviriro dzakasimba dzakafanira, zvikurukuru pamwero wehurumende. Findrence inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira wehurumende; Iwenath Amendment inotambanudza kuruwa. Mutemo weAmerica unosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri procedational nemuitiro wakafanira. Gamel Privern Court (]] Manda v. Arizona [66] inoda mapurisa kuzivisa maruramiro avo, Gideon. Wainright [[FLT:]]] [193]]) kusimbisa maruramiro okubvisa mimba. [idzidzwa kwaidzo] (193])

Zvisinei, zvinetso zvinopfuurira: kusungwa kwavazhinji, kusawirirana kwamarudzi mukutongerwa mutongo, gadziriro dzemari dzinoita kuti urombo hurangwe, uye kushandiswa kwokudzora kwokupfigirwa nokuda kwamadonzo okutamira zvose zvakamutsa muitiro wakakomba neitiro hanya dzamaruramiro avanhu. USA PATRIOT AS pashure pa 9 / 11 masimba okunzvera akakudziridzwa uye kutarisirwa kwedare kwakaneteswa, kuchitungamirira kukurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pechengeteko mukupesana norusununguko.

Europe

Gadziriro yekodzero dzevanhu yokuEurope sezvinooneka inhau yakasimba zvikurusa yenyika. European Convention on Human Rights (1950) neEuropean Court of Human Rights muStrasbourg inopa vanhu kodzero yokuunza kupomera kurwisana nehurumende dzavo nokuda kwokuputswa kwegadziriro yakafanira nedzimwe kodzero. Chikamu 6 cheConvention chinovimbisa kutonga kwakarurama, kubatanidza kusvika kudare rakazvimirira, kutonga kwapachena, uye nhau dzakaitwa panguva. Dare reEurope rakabudisa mitemo yemitemo pamaruramiro okunyaradza, kodzero yokuyamura pamutemo, uye kurambidza kuchengetwa kwoudzvinyiriri.

MuEuropean Union imene, Charter of Fundamental Rights inodzokorora izvi zvipikirwa. Mitemo yemitemo yeNational religions iri mutezo weEU inobatanidza nheyo dzakafanira kupfurikidza namagamuchidzanwa ebumbiro remitemo nebumbiro remitemo. Musiyano mukuru kubva kuU.S. ndowokuti Europe inoisa simbiso huru pakodzero dzenzanga uye pakuganhurira chirango chorufu (chakaiswa neProtood 13). Kunyange zvakadaro, kusawirirana kuchiripo: kushandiswa kwemipimo inodzivisa ugandanga, kubatwa kwevakishi pasi pehupu yeDublin Regate, uye kudzo pamusoro pezvigaro zvokutonga muPoland neHungary kwakaedza miganhuro yose yemuitiro yakafanira yeEurope.

Latin America

Nyika dzeLatin America dzakagamuchira kazhinji kazhinji dziviriro dzakasimba dzebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwomuitiro wakafanira, dzakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nomutemo weRoma negadziriro yamaruramiro avanhu yeInternet American. American Convention on Human Rights (1969) inoda kuti zvisaidzo zvipedze zvibvumikiso zvakafanira, uye Dare reAmerican rekodzero dzavanhu rinotonga dare rinobata. Nyika dzakadai seArgentina, Brazil, uye Mexico dzakabatanidza idzi nheyo mumitemo mumitemo yadzo yemitemo nemitemo yeutsotsi.

Kushanda kwemapurisa, uori mudare redare, kuchengetedzwa kwenguva refu (dzimwe nguva kudarika mitsetse), uye kuzvimirira kusina simba kwevachuchisi kunoderedza maitiro akafanira. Nharaunda yacho yakaona zvinhu zvakanaka: kuchinja kweColombia kubva padare rokubvunzurudza kuenda kugadziriro yedare; kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo muna 2008 kunotangira kutongwa nomuromo uye kusava nemhaka; uye kutsaurwa kweBrasiland "Operstation Carshay" kwakasimbisa chaizvoizvo kudikanwa kwedziviriro dzakasimba dzedare rokubvunzurudza kurwisa kubata zvisina kufanira kwomuroveredzi.

Asia

Asia inogovera nzvimbo dzakasiana----phatsa. Japan neSouth Korea dzakava netaviridziro dzakafanira mugadziriro mushure mehondo nemitemo yakazvimirira. MuSouth Korea, Dare reMitemo rakatoita kuti kodzero dzemitemo dzivepo, kubatanidza mumhaka dzechengeteko yenyika. Dare rapamusorosoro reIndia rakakudziridza muitiro wakafanira kupfurikidza nedudziro hurusa yeChikamu 21 (kururamidza kuupenyu nerusununguko rwomunhu), kubatanidza maruramiro kukutongwa kwokukurumidza, yamuro yapamutemo yakasununguka, uye maruramiro kukuva voga.

Asi mudzimwe nyika zhinji dzeAsia, muitiro wakafanira wakaneta. Hurumende dzechiOritariarian muVietnam, Laos, China, uye Myanmar kuzvitonga kwakaderera kwokutonga kuti kudzore. MuChina, pfungwa ye "umambo hwomutemo" inorondedzerwa se "kutonga nomutemo," zvinoreva kuti ibatira nyika, kwete munhu. Kuvimbwa kweTibet neXinjiang kwakakodzera kuita kodzero dzekudzivirira muChina, uye kuchengetwa kwaRohingya muMyanmar pasina kuedzwa, kunoratidza kukundikana kukuru. Kunyange muhondo yedemocracyism sePhilippines, Presidentiodrice Duter yaparirwa nezviuru zvemirimo yemiitiro yezvokurapadzo inoparira kuurayana kutemwa kupfupikisa kutsa pamutemo.

Zvinhu zvetsikawo: Dzimwe nzanga dzeAsia dzinoisa kodzero dzenzanga panzvimbo pokuita zvinhu zvinofanira kuitwa nehurumende. Kugadzirisa zvinhu, kugadzirisa ruramisiro, uye kugadzirisa kusawirirana kunogona kuita kuti zvinhu zvive sezvazviri, asi dzimwe nguva dzinorega kudzivirira zvichibva kuvabereki, kunyanya vakadzi uye vanhu vashoma.

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa

Kupindirana kwemamiriro ezvinhu uye kodzero dzevanhu kunosangana nematambudziko anoverengeka anoramba achiuya pamiganhu:

  • Access kururamisiro: Kumirira kwapamutemo kunoramba kusingakodzerwi navazhinji, zvikurukuru munyika dzichiri kubudirira. Gadziriro dzavose dzinowanzoshorwa, kuchitungamirira kukukumbira kumanikidza vasina mhaka kuti vape mhaka mhaka mhaka mhaka. Kuvarombo vanopomerwa, kodzero kutongwa kazhinji kazhinji ikodzero yavasingagoni kushandisa.
  • National Security and Counter-Trorism: Chifo cha 9/11] Nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga kusungwa kwokudzivirira, ufakazi hwakavanzika, kosi dzehondo, uye gadziriro dzokuongorora dzinopfuura matarewo zvawo. Guantanamo Bay muenzaniso wakaipa zvikurusa, asi miitiro yakafanana inoitika muUK (dzoreso), India (AFSPA), uye Israel (kusungwa kwokubatira). Mapoka avanhu anopikisa aya maitiro akafanira, asi hurumende dzinodzivisa kuti ugandanga hutsvakire mhinduro dzechienzi.
  • Hurukuro neIndective Iconstruction: Munyika dzinoverengeka, vatungamiriri vakadenha vatongi, matare akarongeka, kana kuti vanetswa magweta. Kuchinja kwedare kweHungary, imba yokuranga yePoland nokuda kwavatongi, kubvisa kweTurkey vatongi pashure pokuedza kuputsa 2016, uye kubviswa kweDare reChikurusa zvose zvinoratidzira kuti mutoo wakafanira unogona kubviswa sei mukati.
  • Digital Surveillance ne Nhevedzo yapamakombiyuta: Kukwira kwemiunganidzwa yemashoko akawanda kupfurikidza nehurumende uye masangano avanhu anodenha mirangariro yamagamuchidzanwa yeziviso, kunzwa, uye kuva woga. Matare achiri kurwisana nokushandisa kwakafanira muitiro mukunzvera kwamadhigirii, shati yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yekombiyuta, uye kushandiswa kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira mukudeya kutaura mufambiro woutsotsi kana kuti kuita zvisarudzo zvebheyi.
  • Chitendero cheRelativic Relativism: Dzimwe hurumende muAsia, Africa, uye Middle East dzinotaura kuti mutoo wakafanira wokuMadokero unokundikana kuremekedza tsika dzomunzvimbomo, mutemo worudzidziso, kana kuti mipimo yemipimo. Zvinotsigira "mipimo yeAsiyania" kana kuti "Muitiro wakafanira" unosimbisa kuyanana pamusoro pezvirongwa zvechibvumirano. Vatsoropodzi vanopesana kuti kutaura uku kunowanzobatira kuisa pachena kudzorwa uye kuti kodzero dzavanhu ikosesese kupfurikidza nebvumirano.

Kuongorora Vara

Musasa Wekutengesa Vanhu Munzvimbo Yeguta

9/11 pashure pedenho, Bush Administration yakazivisa "hondo yenyika yose yorutyo" uye yakachengeta mazana avarume paU.S. nzvimbo yengarava muGuantanamo Bay, Cuba. Detaines dzakanzi "Murwi" uye ainyimwa mugariro womusungwa wehondo pasi peGeneva Courts. Vakachengetwa pasina murairo, pasina kusvika kumagweta, uye vakakudziridza unyanzvi hunorangarirwa zvikuru kuva kutambudzwa. Dare rapamusoro rinotonga mu Riul v. Bush [20] [20]] uye [FLT] [FLT] [F:2] [BMED]

Matambudziko eRohinga muMyanmar

Rohingwa Muslim muHurumende yeRakhine yeMyanmar yakatarisana namakumi amakore orusaruro, chitambudzo, uye kurambwa kwougari hwemo. Muna 2017, mauto akaparira chisimba kuti UN yakadana "bhuku rezvinyorwa kuti muenzaniso wokuparadza dzinza." Rohingya akasungwa nenzira youshingi, kutambudzwa, kuurawa chibharo, uye kuurawa kwezvimwe zvitendero pasina kunyengera kwemitemo. Dare reInternational Court of Justice rakaraira matanho okudzivisa kuparadzwa kwedzinza, asi nomutoo wakafanira Rohingya anoramba aripo. Dambudziko ravo rinosimbisa kuti kukundikana kwegadziriro inowirirana pamwero yorudzi kunogona kutungamirira sei kukubatwa kwekodzero dzavanhu kwakaipa kwakakomba.

Upenyu Hwevatema Hune Basa Nokuchinja Kwetsika

Kupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd muna 2020 kwakanyandura kunyunyuta kwapasi pose mukurwisana namasimba masimba amapurisa norudzi rwamasangano. Sangano racho rakasimbisa kuti mutoo wakafanira kazhinji kazhinji unorambwa sei kunzanga dzavatema navatema: kushandiswa kwamapurisa kwesimba rakanyanyisa, kuposha zvisarudzo, uye kundikano yemiitiro yokuzvidavirira kwomukati. Mhaka yaBreonna Taylor, yakaurawa mumusha make amene mukati mekusadenha kwechitsotsi, yakaratidza kuti magwaro okunzvera anogona kupiwa sei pasina kurangarira zvakafanira nokuda kwedziviriro dzetsika. Chinjo dzechirongwa chamajeko, zvirwere zvokuzvimirira, kupera, kupedza gadziriro yokudzivirira inokwaniriswa nokuda kwavanhu vose pasinei zvapo nedzinza.

Nguva Yemberi: Yakavhengana Here Kana Kuti Inopfuuridzirwa?

Kutevedzana kwemuitiro wakakodzera nekodzero dzevanhu hakuna kutsarukana. Mune dzimwe nyika, kufambira mberi kunoonekwa: kuwedzera kwemutemo wematsotsi munyika yose, kuwedzera kwematare ekodzero dzevanhu, uye kuparadzirwa kwemitemo yemitemo yepamutemo kwakasimudzira kariro dzenyika yose. Ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogovera zvishandiso zvitsva zvokuratidza, zvakadai sezvinyorwa zvedare paIndaneti uye zvinorarama. Masangano eGrassroot anoda kuzvidavirira.

Bva udzori hwechikwata hunokosha. Declaration of Human Rights yakatendeuka 75 muna 2023, asi yakawanda yemiitiro yayo yakafanira inovimbisa kuti iri kudenhwa. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu [ rinotarisana nokutsoropodza kunobva kune dzimwe nyika. [FLT:] Dare renyika reSanihedhedritari yeSanihedriti yeSanihedriti [ rine simba rinoganhurirwa. Munguva ino, ruzivo rwemichina runoisa tyisidziro itsva: ruramisiro yemitemo yeSalvoritistiki inogona kudzo, uye Hurumende dzorudzi dzinodzivisa matare etsika.

Murangariro wenyika yose unozivisa kuti muitiro wakafanira namaruramiro avanhu hazvisati zviri zvipo zvokuchengetedzwa zvapamutemo; zvinofanira kutsigirwa nguva dzose, kugadziridzwa, uye kukudzwa. Vatsigiri navaiti vemiitiro vanofanira kushanda kugura miganhu kuti vasimbise kutonga kwomutemo, kuvimbisa vatongi vanozvimirira, uye vimbiso yokuti hakuna munhu anobatwa nenzira youdzvinyiriri. Kupfurikidza bedzi nokubatanidza ruramisiro yetsika nekodzero dzavanhu dzakaderera zvikurusa tinogona kuvaka nhevedzano yapachokwadi yenyika yose.

mhedziso

Kupindirana kwemuitiro wakafanira nekodzero dzevanhu inheyo yemitemo uye inodiwa mutsika. Kunyange zvazvo miitiro yacho yakajeka inodzivirira chiremera chamumba,(mashandiro azvo) inoumbwa zvikuru nenhau, tsika, zvematongerwe enyika, uye pfuma. Kuvambira mudare kusvikira kumusasa wevasungwa, kubva pakuramba kune rugare kuenda kukushandiswa kwenzvimbo yokuvanda, kurwira kodzero dzevanhu kurwa kwechiito chakakodzera. Murangariro wenyika yose unoratidza kuti kufambira mberi kunobvira apo mipimo yenyika yose inotsigirwa nokuzvipira kwemhuri, kutarisirwa kwogarira, uye kurinda kwevagari vemo. Sezvo nyika inowedzera kuva yakaoma zvikuru, kuzvipira kumuitiro wakakodzera sechinhu chekona chekodzero dzavanhu kunofanira kuramba kusingachinjiki.

nokuda kwokuravazve, ona UN UNICEF Declaration of Human Rights [; [ yeEuropean Convention on Human Rights [; uye mishumo ne Amnety International [[ pamiitiro yakafanira nousungwa.