Nhoroondo Yakaitika: Eugenics, Roorano Inorambidza, uye Kurwira Bodily Autonom

Kurwisa kwamaruramiro eroorano nokuda kwavanhu vane urema kwakatangira zvikuru munhau yerusarurano. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19 napakuvamba kwerechi20, masangano eegegeneics akawana kufambiswa kwemifungo muUnited States, Europe, uye dzimwe nzvimbo. Masangano aya akasimudzira pfungwa yokuti nzanga ingagona kuvandudzika kupfurikidza nokudzivisa vanhu kunzi "kubereka". Vanhu vane ndangariro, ndangariro, uye urema hwendangariro zvakanga zviri zvipfurongwe zvikuru. Mitemo yakaganhurirwa zvakajeka vanhu vane urema pakuroora, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kacho inoruramiswa nesayenzi yenhema kuti vachapfuudzira "tsika" miitiro. Mune zvakawanda zveUS, kupfumiswa kwehurumende kwakateverwa nokubereka kupfurikidza nokubereka kusingabhadharwa, muitiro unotsigirwa neSarudzo yeroorano yapamhombadzano yavanhu kunze kwemiteve. Miteve inotookanwa mumiteve yavanhu vanotadza kupfurikidza nokuzvidzwa. Mitevedzerwa mumiteveri yapamutemo yavanhu vanotadza kupfurikidza kupfusha. Miteveri yavanhu vakaroorana kana kuti vapfupi. Miteve

Kufambira Mberi Mumutemo: Kubva Pakutangwa Kusvika KuADA uye Kupfuura

Pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 pakava nokuderera kunononozeka kwemitemo inopa muganhu wapamutemo. Sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo rakavanza nheyo, asi kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira kuma1970 na 1980 apo zvinetso zvapamutemo zvinooneka nehurema zvakawana simba. Chinyorwa cheAmerican ane Mitemo yokusakwanisa kudzora (ADA) ya199] ya1990. Mutambo II weADA unoramba kusarura nevoruzhinji, kubatanidza mahofisi eroorano. Mutemo II unoda nzvimbo dzavose (_* senzvimbo dzomuchato, hotera, uye mahotera (kuna) zvinosvikirirwa. Nepo ADADA isina kuputsa zvakananga roorano, yakagovera chirongwa chapamutemo kudenha miitiro yokuparwa kwemhosva. Somuenzaniso, munhu anoremadzwa nenzvimbo yemitevero kana nzvimbo yebasa ringagona kuvakwane pamutemo, zviwiriranwa zvinova zviri pamutemo kubva muhofisi zveroorano.[5] Njov]

Zvisinei, fambiro mberi yapamutemo haina kusiana. Mune dzimwe migariro ine mitemo pamabhuku kana kuti dare isati yambobvumirwa kuganhurira maruramiro omunhu okuroora kana mutongi achivarangarira kuva vasingakwanisi kunzwisisa mugariro weroorano. izvi "zvisarudzo" zvinowanzotsamira pamienzaniso yezvokurapa kana kuti yemifungo. Muzvimwe zviitiko, vanhu vane urema hwendangariro vakamanikidzirwa kutsvaka tendero inochengetwa, nenzira inobudirira kuva nekodzero yavo yokuroora mumwe munhu weboka. [[FLT: 0]] Mhaka yeBVeronica yenhau [[FLT:] [20] [20]) yakasimbiswa pamusoro pemienwa yemiitiro yendangariro nemhoshonga yendangariro (depuko) inotoko) inotorerwa navabereki kuti vapirwe pamutemo nokuda kwekodzero yomwana nokuda kwekodzero yokugamuchirwa.

Mhaka Huru Dzapamutemo Nemitemo

  • Olmstead v. L.C. (1999): yakasimbisa kuti kuva musangano kusiri madikanwa kunoputsa ADA, kunosimbisa kubatana kwenzanga uye maruramiro okuumba ukama kunze kwamasangano.
  • ADA (1990): Yakapa hwaro hwapamutemo kudenha mabasa eroorano asingasvikiki nokupa mhaka.
  • Winsor v. Arkansas (2014:[FLT: 1] Mhaka yedare umo murume ane urema hwoungwaru akakwidzwa mhaka pashure pokunyimwa rezinesi reroorano; mutongi akatonga munyasha dzake, asi nhau yacho yakafumura kuti miedzo yesimba inogona kushandiswa nenzira yamaune.
  • Medicaid "Mitemo" Mitemo: Vanhu vazhinji vane urema vanovimba naMedicaid nokuda kwemusha namabasa akavakirwa panzanga. roorano inoparira "kushatiswa kwoudzvinyiriri" ngozi apo mari yomukwanyina inogona kuverengwa, sezvinobvira kusakwanirisa munhu nourema mumabasa anodikanwa(a de coo com commosure commotion jastruction.)

Kushandisa Chiito uye Kunyengera: Masangano Akaremara Nokuda Kwokuenzana Kweroorano

Chirango chekodzero dzokusashanda zvakanaka chave chiri pamberi paidzodzi dzinodenha idzi mhinganidzo. Masangano akadai se Council on Disactibility (NCD), AUTUKUDZIITYUTYUTY UISWERY UNIT (ASCO)[FULT]] NHETENGO [[FLT] NHURIRONGA YOKUSHATIRA MHAKA YOKUDZORESVA] [[FLT]] yakabudisa purogiramu nokupfupikisa dzidzo yavose kuti idzorere muchato sechinhu chinokosha, kwete mamiriro eropafadzo pamano. [FLT] Actignostics anosimbisa kuti kurwisana maruramiro eroorano neapukero neat'activesss. [5] Nhamba huru yemitengo dzinoshandiswa mumitengoro inopesana nenhau dzeroorano dzinoshandiswa kurwisana nenhando dzeroorano dzakatongedzedzedzedzedzedzedzedzedzesa] ku

Matanho Akaoma

Chimwe chemhinganidzo dzamanomano zvikurusa ipfungwa yokuti vanhu vane urema hwakati havagoni kubvumira nenzira ine revo roorano kana kuti misengwa yayo. Vanzveri vanotsinhira kuti mano anofanira kurangarirwa somunhu mumwe nomumwe, vachishandisa mutoo wokushanda nawo, kwete chiratidzo chisiri chose. Vanhu vazhinji vane urema hwoungwaru, somuenzaniso, vanogona kutaura zvisarudzo zvakajeka pamusoro paavo vanoda uye vanoshuva kuroora netsigiro yakafanira. Masangano echiNgezi anoparira zvisakiso zvakafanana ne "kuita chisarudzo chakatsigiswa" zvibvumirano zvinobvumira munhu kuchengeta maruramiro epamutemo apo anogamuchira betsero yenzwisiso.

Kurwisa Kuganhurirwa Kweroorano Mubetsero Dzavose

Nokuda kwavanhu vazhinji vakaremara, roorano inoparira kurasikirwa nebetsero dzakadai seSomeral Security Infige (SSI), Medicaid, kana kuti Chikamu 8 zvinopa mikana yokugara nemhaka yemari yomukwanyina inoverengwa. Ikoku kunoparira chisarudzo chinorwadza: kuroora munhu waunoda kana kuti kuchengeta mabasa anokosha aunoda kuti urarame wakazvimirira. Mapoka ekodzero dzamaruramiro akashushikana nokuda kwechinjo dzakadai semiganhu inokura, kuchibvumira kurangarira kwakaparadzana kwebetsero nokuda kweroorano, uye kubvisa roorano sechinoitika chisingakwani. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira purogiramu dze "Medicaid dzinotenga-in" idzo dzinorega vanhu vachishanda ndokuchengeta betsero apo vakaroora, asi muitiro wehurumende uchingoripo.

3. Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzevabereki Nedzemhuri

Kunyange apo munhu akaremara anoroorwa, vangatarisana nerusaruro kana vakasarudza kuva navana. Nhau dzemasangano egarikano yavana anotora mubereki ane urema dzisina kukodzera zvakavakirwa bedzi pakunzvera kwavo zvakakurumbira. Dare reNational on Disability' ra 202020 `Kubereka neAssworth" [ yakawana kuti vabereki vane urema vanowanzoita kuti vana vavo vabviswe neChild Detecters uye sezvingabvira zvikuru kugamuchira tsigiro kuvabetsera nenzira inobudirira. Mapokapoka avana anoshanda kuti vabatezve kuva vabereki nourema sesimba rokugadzira zvinhu zvinoumba nohuremara [_DF:] uye kusimbisa mutemo wakafanana no [FLD]

Kuwiriraniswa: Kusawirirana, Rusaruraganda, Uchenjeri, uye Utere

Vanhu vakaremara vanopindawo mamwe mapoka ane mwero wekusarura vamwe vanonyanya kudzvinyirirwa.

  • LBTQ+ vanhu vane urema: Vakashandisa zvose zviri zviviri kurwira roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano (iyo yakanga iri bedzi inobvumirwa nomutemo muUS muna 2015) uye mhinganidzo dzinobatanidza urema. Vazhinji vanotarisana nerusaruro rwakasiyana, uye vamwe vanopa migove vanoramba kubatira vakwanyina vakaremara naLGBTQ+.
  • Vakadzi vane urema: munhau, vakadzi vakaremara vakabviswa utachiona zvisina kufanira pasina mvumo. Nhasi, vangamanikidzwa kusaroora kana kuti kuva navana, kazhinji kazhinji vakaudzwa kuti pamuviri paizova "kamikano yavo. Chirwere cheMaynard [[FLT] [mukadzi ane kenza yeuropi inouraya uyo akatamira kuOregon nokuda kwokubetsera kuzviuraya) akamutsa kuziva pamusoro pokuti chii pamusoro pomuviri womunhu. [[FLT] Chisarudzo chapakati] Kuroora kana kuti kusaremara.
  • Vanhu vane ruvara rune urema: Sangano reeugenic rakanangidzira zvakajeka nzanga dzeAfrica neIniti America, nokuvhara kubereka kunomanikidzirwa kunopfuurira muma 1970. Nzanga idzi kazhinji kazhinji dzine kusavimba kukuru kwegadziriro dzezvokurapa nedzemitemo dzinosarura remaruvara, kuita kuti kodzero dzeroorano dziwirirane neruramisiro yedzinza.

Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose: Mitemo Yeroorano Nokusashanda Mundima Yenyika Yose

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino ichinyanya kutaura nezveUnited States, nyaya yokupindirana kwekodzero dzevakaroorana uye kuremarema inyaya iri munyika dzakawanda.

  • Chayina yakarambidza roorano nokuda kwavanhu vane zvirwere zvendangariro zvakati kusvikira muna 2021, apo Bumbiro remitemo reHurumende idzva rakabvisa kurambidzwa kwegumbeze, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kunoramba kuchipesana.
  • [ yeJapan inobvumira matare emhuri kuramba roorano kumunhu akaremara kana kuti zvinhu zvinochengeta, achidudza itiro hanya dzebasa.
  • Nyika dzakawanda muAfrica neMiddle East dzichiri nemitemo inopesvedzera inodzivisa vanhu vane urema hwoungwaru kuroora pasina mvumo inobva kuboka rezvokurapa.

Masangano ekodzero dzemarudzi ose dzokuremara, akadai seUnited Nations Convention on the Rights of Peoples Francs (CRPD), ziva zvakajeka kodzero yokuroora ndokuwana mhuri (Fticle 23). Zvisinei, kusimbisa hakuna kusimba, uye marudzi akawanda haasati achinja mitemo yawo yemo kuti aenderane. Vashandisi veCRPD munyika yose vanoshandisa CRPD sechishandiso chokuyamura, asi fambiro mberi inononoka.

Nhau Dzazvino Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Pasinei zvapo namakumi amakore okuita chiito, vanhu vakaremara vanopfuurira kutarisana nemhinganidzo dzechienzi kuroorano. Nhau huru dzinoramba dziri panhau dzokusatendeseka:

Kukwanisa Kubatsira Kuberekazve (ART)

Vanhu vazhinji vakaremara vanoda ART( zvakadai seIVF, surrogbeary, kana kuti urume hunopiwa(*) kuti vave navana vokubereka. Zvisinei, makiriniki okubereka pane dzimwe nguva anoramba kubatsira vanhu vane urema nemhaka yefunganyo pamusoro pezvavanokwanisa kuva mubereki. Mimwe mitemo yeinishuwarenzi inobvisa chikwereti cheART chevakaroorana vane urema, vachihuisa so "umbiso". VaActivices vanodana kuti vasadziviririrwe dziviriro mukuwana tarisiro yezve utano hwechizvara.

Karapi Yeroorano Inowanika

Kunyange zvazvo kuwanika kwedzimba dzedare kwakavandudzika, dzimwe mhinganidzo dzinosara. Somuenzaniso, vanhu vari matsi vangada vaturikiri vomutauro wemasaini nokuda kwemhemberero dzeroorano(8) uye vamwe vanamabharani vanoramba kuzvigovera, vachiti hazvidiwi. Vanhu vakaremara mundangariro vangada tsananguro dzomutauro dzakajeka dzemisengwa yepamutemo yeroorano; vatsigiri vanovavarira zvinyorwa zvehurumende.

Ruramisiro Inoita Kuti Pave Nezvakanakira

Kuputsa kwazvino uno kwe Roe v. Wade [2022]) kwakatapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi vanhu nourema, avo vanotova nebviro huru kuva varombo, vanotsamira pabetsero dzavose, uye miganhu yokuwana kubvisa pamuviri. Nokuda kwavamwe, kusakwanisa kubvisa pamuviri kana pamuviri pakaoma kungavamanikidzira kuita zvisarudzo pamusoro peroorano. Kudzivisa ruramisiro kuri kushanda kuvimbisa kuti kubvisa mimba kunoramba kuri rutivi rwokurwa kwechinjo dzomuviri, uko kunowirirana kubva kurudyi kuroora pamashoko omunhu amene.

Kuchengeteka Kwemari Pashure Pokuroorana

Kunyange kana vanhu vakaremara vakabudirira kuroorana, kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nezvirango zvemari. Vakaroorana "mari" muSSI neMedicaid vanogona kusiya vaviri vaitambira mari shoma uye mabasa mashoma kupfuura vaviri vasina kuroorana. Vamwe vakaroorana vanosarudza kusaroorana zviri pamutemo kuti vachengetedze mibayiro yakananga, isina kurema. Vaiti vemitemo vari kuwedzera kufunga nezvezvikarakadzo zvokubvisa betsero kubva pamugariro weroorano, vachibvumira vanhu vane urema kuti varoore pasina kutya kurasikirwa netsigiro youpenyu.

Mugumisiro: Kuramba Tichirwira Kuenzana Kwakazara

Roorano haisati iri mamiriro emitemo; iratidzirwo huru yorudo, kuvimbika, uye kuzvitonga. Sangano rekodzero dzokuremara rakarwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vane urema havabviswi muiyi sangano rakavakirwa parusaruro, mitemo yakaremara, kana kuti ganhuriro dzinobetsera. Nepo mutemo wechiratidzo wakadai seADA negadziriro dzamarudzi ose zvakafanana neCRPD zvichigovera midziyo inokosha, chokwadi ndechokuti mhinganidzo dzakawanda dzinosara. Kupfuurira kuita mabasa okuzvidzora (* kunopinzwa navanhu vakaremara vamene (chinodikanwa) kuri madikanwa kudenha zvimiro zvebasa, kubvisa zvirango, kudzivirira maruramiro omubereki, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vose, pasinei zvapo namano, vanogona kusarudza nokuzviumba, kuvamba norusununguko kwavo vamene. Kuchinja kodzero dzeroorano nekodzero dzechiito kunotiyeuchidza kuti kuenzana kudarika pamutemo, asi kupfurikidza nokuchinja kwendangariro kworumano rwemhuri, uye rudo rwemhuri, runokwanisa.

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