Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yeparadzano yamasimba, ichikamuranisa chiremera pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana: mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Iri dare, rakavambwa mumanyoro eMontesquieu uye gare gare rakaziviswa muFederalist Papers, rakarongedzerwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba rakanyanyisa. Kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yemiitiro inozivikanwa secherekedzo nedzikamo, bazi rimwe nerimwe rinochengeta vamwe vane mutoro, vachivimbisa kuva nesimba guru rakatsungirira kwamazana maviri amakore. Kunzwisisa aya kuzvidavirira kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti basa redenderedzwa rehurumende yenyika yeAmerica, kubva pakunyorwa kwemitemo kudzokororwa kwaro nokududzirwa kwavo.

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakaita noune hurumende umo simba rose riri rose rakaparadzaniswa uye rinogoveranwa. James Madison akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira muFederalist No. 51 kuti "kuzvitutumadza kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisane negwinyiro." Kupfurikidza nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mumabasa amamwe, tsika inokurudzira tarisiro yomumwe nomumwe uye kudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Nyaya inonzvera maturusi akati kuti ashandiswe kunzvera mamwe, mashoko enhau emasimba aya, uye kuti anopfuurira sei kuumba kutonga nhasi.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo, rinoumbwa zvikurukuru neCongress (Imba Yavamiriri neDare), rine mutoro wokuita mitemo, kubvisa mitero, uye kuronga mari yehurumende.

Kutarisira Nokuongorora

Dare rine chiremera chikuru chokutonga nokuongorora zviito zvebazi guru. Iri basa rinokosha pakuvimbisa kuti mitemo inotevedzerwa sezvinodiwa uye kuti mari yomutero inoshandiswa zvakanaka. Matare anomira mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri anoshevedza vanyori vedare, vakuru vakuru vemasangano, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru kuti vapupurire. Vanogona kumanikidza kubudiswa kwezvinyorwa kupfurikidza nezvikwata zvevakuru vakuru, uye kuramba kuwirirana kunogona kutungamirira kukuzvidza Congress Regimes.

Mienzaniso inocherechedzwa youtariri inobatanidza kutonga kweDare reWatergate muma 1970, uko kwakafumura kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba kunoitwa nehurumende yeNixon, uye nzvero dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru mudenho yaJanuary 6 Capitol. Kutarisira kweCongress kunotambanukirawo kubazu redare rinotonga, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokutarisirwa kwematare ehurumende. Kupfurikidza nesimba raro rechikwama, Congress inogona kupesvedzera mabhajeti ehurumende nejaji, achigovera nzvero isina kunanga asi ine simba pazviito zvavo.

Kurayira

Kuongorora ndeimwe yemiedzo mikurusa inowanika kuCongress. House of Desiderations ine simba rimwe chete rokurambidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi, nokuda kwe "mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye utsotsi husina kururama". Ipapo Dare rinotonga nyaya, nevazhinji vanodikanirwa nokuda kwokupwiswa uye kubviswa pahofisi.

Munhau yose yeAmerica, House yakanetsa mapurezidhendi matatu: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (1998), naDonald Trump (209 ne2021). Hapana akawanwa mhaka neDare, asi muitiro wacho umene unobatira semutoo wokudzivisa nawo nokuzvidavirira kwavanhu. Mhaka yakakurumbira zvikurusa inoramba iri iyo yaPrezidhendi Andrew Johnson, uyo akapinzwa pashure pokuputsa Tenure of Oficial Act. Mubazu redare, vatongi vane gumi navashanu vehurumende vakapinzwa mhaka, navasere vakapinzwa mhaka uye vakabviswa. Simba rokuvatsidzira kuti hakuna kusarudzwa kana kuti kugadzwa navakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende rinoramba kuri pamusoro pomutemo.

Kusimbiswa Kwezvirongwa Zvokuroorana

Dare rinoita basa rinokosha mukunzvera bazu ravakuru kupfurikidza nebvumirano. Purezidhendi wenzvimbo dzedare, zviremera zvehurumende (kubatanidza vatongi veDare rapamusorosoro), uye mamwe mahofisi avakuru vakuru akakwirira anoda tendero yeDare. Uyu muitiro unobvumira bazu rewiro remitemo kunzvera zvikwaniriso, mugariro, uye mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika yavaminenu vasati vatora nzvimbo.

Muitiro wesimbidzo wazova wegakava rakawedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura. Dare guru, zvikurukuru, rakamutsa gakava rakakomba, sezvinoonekwa nokukundikana kunyorwa kwaRobert Bork muna 1987 uye zvibvumikiso zvinobudirira asi zvinotsiva zvaBrett Kavathaugh naAmy Coney Barrett. Dare rinewo simba rokuramba vamirinese chose chose chose, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemonibuster kana kuti dare rakafa kuti ripedze purezidhendi kusarudza vadangwe vane mwero zvikuru. Mukuwedzera, Dare rinogona kushandisa "vate" pamine kubvisa kubvumiranwa kwemari pabazu romukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Simba Rechidyiro

Congress inodzora kupererwa kwemari yose yehurumende kupfurikidza nesimba rayo kupfuudza mabhiri ezvikwereti. Hapana mari inogona kutorwa kubva kuvengi pasina chibvumirano. Ikoku kunopa bazu remitemo simba guru pamusoro pebazu ravakuru vakuru, sezvo rinogona kutsigira kana kuti kubvisa mapurogiramu akananga, masangano, kana kuti nhano. Simba rechikwama chakashandiswa kuganhura kuvimbisana kwehondo (g., War Powers Resolution), kumisa miitiro yakaipa yamasangano, uye kuvhara zvinhu zvemiganhuro yemari yemari yapurezidhendi. Muitiro wemari unobatanidzawo kuhwirudzura kwechikumbiro chemari yegore negore, kubvumira vaiti vemitemo kukurukura nokushandisa zvinhu zvokutanga.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi, rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo, kutungamirira muitiro wokumwe, uye kutungamirira mauto.

Simba reVeto

Purezidhendi ane simba rokupa mutemo wekudzosa unopiwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri eCongress. Aveto anogona kushayiswa mufaro bedzi nevoruzhinji vaviri nezvitatu mukamuri rimwe nerimwe, iro rakaoma kuwana(whisms, bedzi 110 kubva muanopfuura 2 500 mavhitoes ave asina kudzorwa. Chinobvumira purezidhendi kudzivisa kuiswa kwemitemo yavanorangarira kuva isina kuchenjera kana kuti isingashandisi pamutemo. Inoshandawo sechishandiso chinowirirana; tyisidzirowo zvayo yegweta inogona kupesvedzera pamutemo mukati mekurukurirano.

Kune marudzi maviri eveto: chiveto chenguva dzose nechihomwe. Chinotumira mari kuCongress nezvirambidzo zvapurezidhendi. Chihomwe chinoitika apo purezidhendi asingasaikwi mari mukati mamazuva gumi apo Congress inopikwa, ichiriuraya nenzira inobudirira pasina kudzorwa kwetsika. Mutsetse wechinhu cheveto wakabvumirwa kupfupikiswa muma 1990 asi wakaparadzwa neDare Rapamusorosainwa. Mapurezidhendi akashandisa dare kuvharo kubvisa mari, mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye kudzokororwa kwechiito chehondo, pakati pedzimwe nharaunda.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri

Purezidhendi anogona kupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nokushandisa pasina kumirira chiito choukuru hwehurumende. Mirairo ine chiremera ine simba romutemo asi inodzorwa nedare asi inogona kuchinjwa neCongress kupfurikidza nomutemo (zvinozviisa pasi pechirevo). Yave ichishandiswa nokuda kwezviito zvechiratidzo zvakadai seEmancipation Proclation, kubviswa kwemauto, uye kutangwa kwezvivako zvehurumende.

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwapurezidhendi kuumba muitiro munharaunda umo Congress isina kuita kana kuti umo purezidhendi ane chisarudzo. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akabudisa Urairidzo Hunodzora 9066, iyo yakabvumira kubatanidzwa kweJapanese muHondo Yenyika II (a chisarudzo gare gare chakashurikidzwa asi chakatsigirwa panguva. misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, mapurezidhendi akashandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kukurukura kusundo, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko youtano. Nemhaka yokuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru inogona kuchinjwa napurezidhendi anotevera, ivo kazhinji kazhinji vadzorwa mugakavadzanikiso wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudana Zvikamu Chaizvo

Chikamu II, Chikamu 3 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa purezidhendi simba rokugadza dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress "panhambo zechienzi". Nepo simba iri risingawanzoshandiswa, rinobvumira purezidhendi kumanikidza Congress kukurukura nhau dzokukurumidzira apo inenge iri pakati. Munhau, Purezidhendi Harry Truman akadana purogiramu chaiyo yeDare muna 1948 kuti akurukure maruramiro evagari vemo nokukwira kwemitengo. Simba icherekedzo inova nechokwadi chokuti bazi remitemo risagona kungofuratira nhau dzorudzi kupfurikidza nokugara pasi pevhu.

Simba rePardon

Purezidhendi ane simba rokupa mhosva dzemhosva dzehurumende uye kukanganwira. Zvisingacherechedzwi zvinosanganisira mutungamiriri Gerald Ford's anoregerera Richard Nixon, Purezidhendi Jimmy Carter's Confections fororters for jastristrs yeVietnam War, uye Purezidhendi Creal Trumps anoregerera hama dzakasiana - siana. Simba reregeredzo iko ringapiwa pabazu redare redare.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu rokutonga, rinotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro uye rakaumbwa namatare ehurumende akaderera, rinodudzira mitemo, rinopedza gakava, uye rinovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare isimba rokuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru zvisina wirirano. Ichi chiremera chakatangwa muchiratidzo Marbury v. Madison, umo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akataura kuti "ndiro purovhinzi yebato redare rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo uri. Kubvira ipapo, Dare Rapamusoro rarovanya mazana emitemo yomubatanidzwa nehurumende inorwisana neBumbiro reMitemo.

Kuhwirudzura dare kwakabatira kuzvose zviri zviviri zviito zvomutemo nezvinodzora. Somuenzaniso, mu vaduku shown Comment & Lamp; Tube. Sayer (1972], Dare rakatonga kuti Purezidhendi Truman adzore zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea zvakanga zvisina kudzorwa. [[FLT:] United States v. Nixon [77]), Dare rakamanikidzira Purezidhendi Nixon kushandura tepikio, zvichitungamirira kukuwanwa kwake. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakahwirudzura mirayiro yokushanda pakurambidza kufamba, ganhuriro, migariro yakapoteredza, uye miitiro yokubuda munyika. Regatelption idzoro yedare rinonzvera kuzvidavirira pamusoro pedare, rinosimbisa mamwe mabazu.

Kududzirwa Kwemitemo

Vatongi vanotsanangura revo yemirau, mirau, uye zvibvumirano. Matare anovimba nemitoo yakasiana---ngochaiwo yokududzira nayo, kubatanidza unyoro (kunangidzira parevo yakajeka yorugwaro) uye purposition (kurangarira donzo redare). Nheyo ye stare decis inokurudzira matare kutevera muenzaniso, kugovera dzikamo nokudeyamiswa kwomutemo.

Congress inogona kushandura dudziro yedare kupfurikidza nokupaidza mutemo mutsva, asi mutemo iwoyo unogona kuva pasi pedenho yebumbiro remitemo. Mumutoo, kududzira kwedare kunoumba mativi makuru emitemo, kubvira pakodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kumutemo wokusavimba. Somuenzaniso, kududzira kweDare Gurusa reCommerce Clause mumiitiro yakadai se United States v. Lopez[FL:1] [19595] [195]) yakaderedza mwero wesimba renyika. Nenzira yakafanana, kududzira kweDare reChipiri Amendedzero mu [FLT] D Directionation of Columbia [Hell:] [2003] (2003]) yakarova kurambidza Washington, DC.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Bazu redare rinoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira maruramiro avanhu mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengedzwa. Kupfurikidza nemitemo yaro, Dare rakakudza rusununguko rwavagari vemo, vashomanene vakadzivirirwa, uye rakavimbisa muitiro wakafanira nokuda kwavaAmerica vose. Nemhaka dzeLandmark dzinobatanidza Brown v. Dare reDzidzidzo[ [1954], iro rakagumisa maruramiro edzinza muzvikoro zvavose, uye MANDA v. Arizona, iyo yakasimbisa chinodikanwa chamapurisa kuzivisa maruramiro avo. Dare rinodzivirirawo maruramiro kupfurikidza nedzidziso, richiita zvakawanda zvikurusa zvaMagariro avanhu kupfurikidza neGenegamedhi.

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare Gurusa rakabudisa mirau mikuru pamusoro pezvakavanzika (kubatanidza maruramiro okubvisa mimba mu [FLT: 0] Roe v. Wade na Donbs v. Jackson Vakadzi 'Hwezvoutano[), uenzani hweroorano ([[[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]]] Obergecref v. Hod ]), uye kutaura kwapachena ( Kuedza United.FLC. EFLCM]]

Kuongorora Kwemasanga Nesimba Rinofambisa Zvinhu

Kupfuura gadziriro dzapamutemo dzebumbiro remitemo, bazi rimwe nerimwe rinopesvedzerawo vamwe kupfurikidza nemitoo isina kurongwa. Murangariro wavose, kuziviswa kwezvinobudisa nhau, mapato ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye bhajeti rehurumende zvose zvinobatanidza zvimiro. purezidhendi ane miraudzo yakaderera angakuwana kwakaoma kumanikidzira kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti bvumirano dzapamutemo. Dare ringashandisa simba routariri kuti rizivise zvakashata nokuda kwokutarisirwa. judicary, nepo inonatswa noupenyu, inoramba iri pasi pomutemo wemitemo inogona kuchinja chimiro charo nechiremera.

Mukuwedzera, nheyo dzehurumende dzinoparadzira simba pakati pehurumende yorudzi nenyika, dzichiparira imwe nzvimbo yokuzvidavirira. hurumende dzehurumende dzinogona kudenha mitemo yehurumende mudare, uye masimba anochengeterwa Hurumende yeTendith Amendment asina kupiwa kuUnited States kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Uku kuparadzana kwakananga kwamasimba kunokwanirisa nzvero dzakananga pakati pamapazu matatu.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende inokosha mukuchengeta hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nokudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mitoo yakananga yokuita kuti vamwe vazvidavirire, kuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinova nesimba zvikuru. Kuvambira pakutarisira kwoutungamiriri nokupa nhevedzano yedare, aya maturusi akashanduka munhau uye kupfuurira kuumba nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa uku kubatanidzwa kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi zvakafanana, sezvakunosimbisa ukoshi hwokuvimbisana mubatanidzwa wehurumende uye kudzoresa kunopfuurira pamusoro pemirayiro yedare, kusimbisa kutongwa, uye ganhuriro dzakafanira dzesimba redare dzinoratidzira kuti gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inoramba ichishanda nesimba uye kuchiita makwikwi.

"Kuunganidzwa kwamasimba ose, pamutemo, mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye mudare, mumaoko mamwe chetewo, angave omumwe, mashomanene, kana kuti akawanda, uye kana ari nhaka, anozvigadza amene, kana kuti akasarudzwa, nenzira yakarurama angaziviswa rondedzero imene youdzvinyiriri. — James Madison, Federalist No. 47

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza Cuntitution nokuda kwokunzverwa kwamashoko kwamasimba ebazu rimwe nerimwe, Oyez petary yeMarbury v. Madison, uye kurangarirwa kwe [FLT] House yeWhite House kwamapazu matatu [.