Sumo: Nheyo Youtongi Hwehurumende Inotonga Vanhu

Gadziriro dzedemocratic dzinotsamira pakuvimba uko vagari vemo vanoisa muhurumende yavo. Chivimbo ichocho chinowanwa uye chinotsigirwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasimba yokuzvidavirira iyo inovimbisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vapindure nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo nezviito. Pasina utariri hunobudirira, udzori hwomutemo hunoderera, uye ngozi youshati, kusashanda zvakanaka kwesimba inowedzera. Nyaya ino inopa kuhwirudzurwa kukuru kwezvishandiso zvemitemo nezvokutonga zvakagadzirirwa kuita kuti hurumende dzizvipindure, kunzvera kushanda kwadzo dzinoshanda, uye kunzvera zvinetso zvinopfuurira zvinoganhurira pesvedzero yazvo.

Kurondedzera Kuzvidavirira Kwehurumende

Kuzvidavirira kwehurumende kunonongedzera kumusengwa wevakuru vakuru vehurumende wokutsanangura nokururamisa zviito zvavo, kuzviisa pasi penzvero, uye kugamuchira miuyo apo vanokundikana kusvitsa mipimo yemitemo kana kuti yetsika. Inoshanda pandege mbiri: kuzvidavirira kwakananga [, uko vagari vemo nenzanga vanoisa dare kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nesarudzo, uye kuzvidavirira kusingachinjiki [[[[FLT]], uko masangano ehurumende (masangano, masangano anobhadhanyirira) anonzvera mumwe. Iyi nyaya inonangidzira pamusoro pemiitiro yakajeka negadziriro yedare.

Kuzvidavirira kunobudirira hakusati kuri chinoitika chimwe asi nhambo inopfuurira. Kunoda gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakajeka, utarisiri hwesangano rinoshingaira, uye tsika yokuona. Apo simbidzano ipi neipi munhevedzano ino inoderera, tsika yose inotambura. Kuti unzwisise kuti izvi zvinhu zvinoshanda sei mukushanda, kuri madikanwa kunzvera zvishandiso chaizvo zvinowanika kumatare emitemo.

Mashandiro Okutonga Nookudzora Apamutemo

Mitemo inomiririra chido chehurumende. Mibato yavo yokuzvidavirira inotambanukira kupfuura kupfuudza mitemo.

Matare Anotarisira: Enjini Yokuongorora Mitemo

Matare akamira kana kuti akasarudzwa ndiwo musimboti wetarisiro yemitemo. Ane chiremera chikuru chokudana vakuru vakuru vehurumende, zvinyorwa zvokuraira, uye kumanikidza chipupuriro. Mugadziriro dzakadai seBritish Congress of Commons kana kuti British Houses, matare anoitisa udzame mukushanda kwesangano, purogiramu inobudirira, uye pomero dzetsvina kana kuti kunyengera. Mishumo yawo yokunzvera inowanzotungamirira kukuchinja mutemo, gadziridzo dzemari, kana kuti kunyange utsotsi.

Zvisinei, kushanda kwedare kunotsamira pavashandi vasingatori rutivi, zvirevo zvakajeka, uye bipartisan batira pamwe. Apo kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunowedzera, kutarisirwa kunogona kuderedza kuva nzvimbo yemitambo inotsiva, kuderedza chivimbo chavanhu mugadziriro yacho. Somuenzaniso, U.S. Office yeAccouncition yeHurumende (GAO) inogovera nguva dzose kunzvera kwazvimirira, idikaro kwakavakirwa paidi uko mitezo yedare inogona kushandisa kuita kuti masangano azvidavirirwe. Kusimbisa simba renyanzvi rematare inzvimbo yokutanga yekuzvidavirira ipi neipi inotsvaka kuzvidavirira kwapachokwadi kwehurumende.

Kunzwa Kwavose: Kuona Napaduku - naka

Kunzwa pachena kunobatira donzo ramativi maviri: zvinounganidza mashoko anokosha nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo ndokugovera nzvimbo yokuti vagari vemo vachengete pesvedzero iri mumabasa. Kunzwa pamusoro pebhajeti, zvibvumikiso, uye kunzvera kunobvumira vanobudisa nhau navose kutevera muitiro wokuzvidavirira. Kunzwa kweTelevhizi yeWatergate muma 1970 uye terevious teations pamitemo yoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunoratidzira kuti marusando aya anogona sei kuumba hurukuro dzavose nokuchinja kwegadziriro yokufambisa mashoko.

Kunyanguvezvo, ukoshi hwekunzwa kwavose hunoderera apo kunoshandiswa zvikurukuru nokuda kwokuva akatanhamara mune zvematongerwe enyika panzvimbo pekubvunza kwapaduku. Mitemo yetsika inodzora kutongwa kwekutonga kwakadai seganhuriro dzenguva, shoo youchapupu, uye chinodikanwa nokuda kwouchapupu hwakapikirwa nejeko. Kuchinja kwakananga pakuvimbisa kunzwa kunoramba kwakanangidzirwa pakuwana chokwadi nenzvero yemiitiro kunokosha.

Kudzora Dhipatimendi: Simba Rechitengo

Kudzora bhajeti zvichida chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chemitemo. Kupfurikidza nokubvumira, kuchinja, kana kuti kuramba zvikarakadzo zvokushandisa zvamasangano okutungamirira, masangano anoronga zvokutanga ndokuisa miganhu. Kutonga kwokuronga mari kunobvumira matare kubvunza masangano pamusoro pezvibhadharo zvomunguva yakapfuura nezvirongwa zvomunguva yemberi. Mugadziriro dzakawanda dzeparamende, hurumende inofanira kutsigira tendero yeparamende nokuda kwebhajeti yayo, uye kukundikana kuita kudaro kunogona kunyandura vhoti yokusavimba.

Masangano eendipendero, akadai se Office yeBajeti yeBajeti muUnited States, anogovera zviverengero zvemari nezvinoitika zvemari, achigonesa vaiti vemitemo kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva. Asi, kutarisira kwamari kunowanzodzorwa neganhuriro dzakaoma, kunyorwa kwemari. Matare okunzvera akazvitsaurira uye marongedzero etsaudzo anogona kubetsera kuvhara mukaha pakati pevavariro netarisiro.

Mitemo: Misiyano Yokupfiga

Apo miitiro yokuzvidavirira iripo inoratidzira kuva isingakwani, vagadziri vemitemo vanogona kuita mitemo mitsva yokukurukura kuperevedza. Mienzaniso inobatanidza zviito zvorusununguko zvemashoko, mitemo yokudzivirira nokupfura, mitemo inorwisana nouori, uye mitemo yemitemo nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende. Muitiro wemitemo umene unogona kuva nhambo yokuzvidavirira: nharo, kugadziriswa, uye mavhoti akanyorwa anogovera chinyorwa chavose chechimiro chomuiti womutemo mumwe nomumwe.

Zvisinei, kupa mitemo mitsva hakungoerekani kwaita kuti kuzvidavirira kubudirire. Kushandiswa kunotsamira pamasangano anosungisa, dudziro yedare, uye kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakasimba. Kuisa zvikamu zvemashoko uye zvinodikanwa zvehwirudzuro zvenhambo nenhambo zvinogona kumanikidza vatendi vemitemo kushanyirazve mitemo ndokunzvera tapuro dzayo, kuchidzivisa kuzvidavirira kusasimba.

Mishumo uye Kuongorora Kwokuzvimirira

Kushuma kwenguva dzose kwehurumende kumasangano emitemo chinodikanwa chomupimo chokuzvidavirira. Asi kunaka kwemishumo iyi kunosiyana zvikuru. Masangano ezvekuongorora anoshanda (masangano anoongorora mapepa) anopa cheki yokunze kupfurikidza nokuongorora kutarisirwa kwemari, kuzviisa pasi, uye kushanda. International Organization of Supreme Application Institutions (INTAI) inotsigira mipimo inowedzera kuvimbika kwevabhadhari.

Apo zviwanwa zvokunzvera zvinoshandiswa pa-(8) kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwemitemo, gadziridzo dzemari, kana kuti kuzvidavirira kwepamutemo. Zvisinei, mishumo yakawanda inoongororwa inoda guruva. Mitemo inoda miitiro yokutevera pazvinorumbidzwa pakuongororwa, uye masangano enzanga anogona kubetsera kupfurikidza nokuzivisa zviwanwa uye kumanikidza vakuru vakuru vakuru kuti vabvume.

Maturusi Okutonga Okuzvidavirira

Dare rinodudzira mitemo, rinodzokorora zviito zvokutungamirira, uye rinogovera mishonga yokuputswa kwekodzero. kuzvimirira kwavo chinhu chinodiwa kuti vazvidavirire zvinobudirira, uye apo kuzvimirira ikoko kunobvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira, maturusi okutonga anorasikirwa nesimba ravo.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga: Kusimbisa Kutendeka Mumutemo

Kuhwirudzura dare kunogonesa matare kunzvera kana zviito zvehurumende zvichiwirirana nebumbiro remitemo nomutemo. Munyika dzine matare akasimba ebumbiro remitemo, akadai seGermany kana kuti South Africa, iri simba rinotambanukira kukuhwirudzura mutemo umene. Apo dare rinoputsa murairo wavakuru vakuru kana kuti kuderedza mutemo, rinotumira chiratidzo chakajeka chokuti hakuna bazu rehurumende riri pamusoro pomutemo.

Kukura kwehwirudzuro yedare kunosiyana. Dzimwe gadziriro dzinobvumira denho huru dzehurumende pazvikonzero zvetsika kana kuti zviduku, nepo dzimwe dzichiganhurira kuhwirudzura kunhau dzakati dzakadai sekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunonoka mumuitiro wedare, ndyiko dzakakwirira, uye kushaikwa kwounyanzvi hwemitemo zvinogona kudzivisa kusvika kuichi chishandiso. Kuwana kwemifungo kwakarongwa kunoitwa namapoka efariro yavose kunowanzozadza mukaha wacho, sezvinooneka muzvinoitika pamusoro pedziviriro yemhoteredzo nerevoro yemapurisa.

Nokuda kwechitsama chakajeka chine chiremera chehwirudzuro yedare muUnited States, ona rondedzero yeDare Rapamusorosoro yechiremera charo[[FLT: 1].

Kugara Nomunhu Womunyika

Kodzero yokukwirira mhaka hurumende muitiro mukuru wokuzvidavirira. Vagari vemo, mabhizimisi, uye masangano vanogona kudenha zviito zvisiri pamutemo, kutsvaka kuvadziko, kana kuti kugombedzera kuwirirana nomutemo. Mifungo yakadai se [[FLT: 0]] cus tisti[ (kumira kwapamutemo) inosarudza kuti ndiani anogona kuunza nhau. Mumitemo mizhinji, mitemo yakarerekera yave yakasununguka kubvumira fariro yavose, apo boka risingadi kuratidzira kuvadziko yomunhu oga asi rinogona kumirira fariro huru yavose.

Kupomera mhaka masangano ehurumende kunogona kuita chinjo dzourongwa. Somuenzaniso, kukwirira pamusoro pemigariro yetorongo muUnited States kwakatungamirira kukuvandudzwa kwedare muzvoutano, kunyanyorongeka, uye chengeteko. Zvisinei, mutoro wemari newemirangariro wokukwidza hurumende unogona kuva unorambidza. Gadziriro dzeyamuro yapamutemo nechiratidzo chebono zvinokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuzvidavirira hakusati kuri ropafadzo yakachengeterwa vapfumi.

Kusangana Uye Kubatsira

Mirayiro yekare ine simba rokudzivirira kudzingwa kwehurumende, kumisa mabasa anokuvadza mhoteredzo, kana kuti kumisa nzira dzemapurisa. Nokuti anoita zvinhu nokukurumidza, mirayiro inogona kudzivirira kodzero panguva chaiyo. Zvisinei, matare anofanira kudzikamisa ngozi yokukuvadza vanhu vose, uye kushandisa zvisina kukodzera mitemo kunogona kukanganisa mabasa ehurumende.

Kumanikidzwa Kwemitemo Yokuona Zvakare

Nyika dzakawanda dzine mitemo inoda kuti masangano ehurumende azivise mashoko pamusoro pechikumbiro. Kana masangano akaramba, vagari vemo vanogona kutsvaka mutemo wedare. Mirairo yedare inoita kuti zvisarudzwe pachena, zvichiita kuti chisarudzwezve nezvinobudisa nhau uye nzanga.

U.S. Department of Office of Information Policy inogovera nhungamiro paChiratidzo Chomutemo Wemashoko, ichienzanisira kuti kuisa mutemo mudare kunowedzera sei kuoneka kwokudzora.

Zvinetso Zvebumbiro Remitemo Nekodzero Dzinokosha

Apo hurumende dzinoputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo − zvakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka, muitiro wakafanira, kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana — vanhu vanogona kudenha chiito mudare. Zvinetso zveBumbiro remitemo kazhinji kazhinji zvinoparira mitemo yechero yemiganhu yesimba rehurumende. Izvo zvinobatira kwete bedzi kupedza zvikanganiso zvoga asiwo kugadza mienzaniso inodzivisa mufambiro wehurumende womunguva yemberi.

Kubudirira mukupa chigadziko chebumbiro remitemo kunoda kuti pave nenyanzvi dzemitemo, dare rehurumende rinogamuchira, uye nzanga inotsigira. Kunyange apo mhaka dzinorasika, muitiro wokupa mhosva unogona kuita kuti hurumende dzizive vanhu uye dziite kuti dzigadzirise. Somuenzaniso, zvinetso zvinopesana nemitemo inorwisana nougandanga munyika dzakasiyana - siyana zvakamutsa nharo dzakakura pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pechengeteko norusununguko.

Kuramba Tichisangana Nezvinetso Zvokuzvidavirira

Kunyange zvishandiso zvakasanorongwa zvokutonga zvinotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinogona kuderedza kubudirira kwazvo.

Kupindira Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokubatwa

Apo mutezo unotonga unodzora mubatanidzwa wedare, matare anotarisira angazengurira kuongorora kusazvibata kwevakuru vakuru.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

Matare anotonga, mahofisi anoongorora, uye matare anowanzoshanda nevashandi vasina kukwana, mari, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Pasina zviwanikwa zvakakwana, havagoni kuongorora zvakakwana, kuronga nyaya zvakanaka, kana kuti kumanikidza kuti vatonge. Kutemwa kwemari kumitumbi iyi kunogona kuva urongwa husingarongwi kuderedza kuzvidavirira.

Kuoma Kwepamutemo Nemhinganidzo Dzokuwana

Vagari vemo vangasaziva kunyora danda, kuvapa mvumo yepamutemo, kana kuti kuronga mhinganidzo dzepamutemo. Kunyange kana yamuro yepamutemo ichiwanika, nguva inodiwa kuti ipfuure vanhu. Mitemo isina kuoma, kunyorwa kwenyaya paIndaneti, uye mapurogiramu okunyora zviri pamutemo zvinogona kuderedza zvipingamupinyi izvi.

Kusakendenga Kworuzhinji Nokuodzwa Mwoyo

Miitiro yokuzvidavirira inotsamira pakunzverwa kwavanhu. Apo vagari vemo vanosarangarira kana kuti vanopanikira, sezvingabvira havapindi kuteererwa, mishumo inoraviwa, kana kuti kutarira mufambiro wehurumende. Kushambadzwa kwenhau kunogona kusimudzira nhamburiko dzokuzvidavirira, asi kuderera kwenhau nokupararira kwemashoko asina kururama kunogona kusekesa basa iroro. dzidzo yeCBIC namasangano enzanga anoshingaira zvinokosha kutsigira kudikanwa kwavanhu nokuda kwokuzvidavirira.

Mikaha Yokumanikidza

Kunyange apo matare anoita mirayiridzo kana kuti matare, kurongera mutemo hakungoitwi kwoga. masangano ehurumende anganonoka kubvumirana, angataura kuti anoganhurira zvisarudzo zvemari, kana kuti kungofuratira zvisarudzo. Tsika yokuteerera inofanira kutangwa kupfurikidza noutungamiriri, zvirango nokuda kwokusawirirana, uye kutarisirwa kwemitumbi yakazvimirira.

Kusimbisa Kuzvidavirira: Kurumbidza Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Kuti zvinhu zvitsigire kuzvidavirira, kuchinja kunoverengeka kunofanira kufungwa nezvako:

  • Kuzvimirira kwokuzvimirira kwamatare anotarisira kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa mumiriri webato duku nokudzivirira vashandi vedare padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [ mari yokuwedzera [ nokuda kwamasangano okunzvera, gadziriro dzedare, uye yamuro yapamutemo kuti zvienzane nezvinenge zvichiitwa nehurumende.
  • Kurerutsa miitiro yepamutemo nokuda kwavagari vemo, kubatanidza masuo apaIndaneti okukwirira nokupfavisa mitemo yakamira nokuda kwefariro yavose.
  • Simbisa miitiro inotevera [ umo masangano okugadza mitemo anofanira kupindura nenzira yakarongwa mishumo inoongororwa uye dare mudanho renguva rakatarwa.
  • [[FOLT:0] .FOster kuvimbisana kwehurumende [ kupfurikidza nezvinooneka, zvirongwa zvemashoko zvakazaruka, uye tsigiro yamasangano anorinda.
  • [ Kudzivirira varidzi veriva vane dziviriro dzakasimba dzapamutemo uye mikoto yakachengeteka yokushuma.

Ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa runoitawo kuti pave nezvingangovapo zvitsva. Kuongorora zvibvumirano zvehurumende zvinobatsira kutsiva kusawirirana.

Mugumo: Kuzvidavirira semhiko inopfuurira

Maturusi emitemo neokutonga anogovera kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Vatarisiri, dare rinoita zvokutongwa, kudzorwa kwemari, kuhwirudzurwa kwedare, uye kupiwa mugari wemo zvinopa chimwe nechimwe kumativi makuru anochengeta simba. Asi aya maturusi anoshanda bedzi savanhu namasangano anozvishandisa. Kudzongonyedza kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kushaikwa kwezvishandiso zvemari, uye kusatsaurwa kwevoruzhinji zvinoramba zviri mhinganidzo yakakomba inoda ngwariro yenguva dzose.

Kuzvidavirira hakusati kuri kuchinja kwenguva imwe asi muitiro unopfuurira. Kunoda kungwarira kubva kumapazu ose ehurumende, chinobudisa nhau chakasununguka nechinoshingaira, uye chibvumirano chavagari vemo. Apo aya masangano anoshanda pamwe chete, anoita gadziriro umo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoziva kuti achapiwa mhinduro, uye umo vagari vemo vanogona kuvimba kuti hurumende yavo inobatira zvakanaka zvavose.