Kuzvidavirira muhurumende ikokusarudzwa kwehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende namasangano vanoramba vachizvidavirira nokuda kwezviito zvavo, zvisarudzo, uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvavose. Pasina mitoo yokuzvidavirira kukuru, chivimbo muhurumende inoparadzwa, uori hunobudirira, uye mabasa avose anotambura. Iyi nyaya yakakudzwa inonzvera mirangariro yehwaro yekuzvidavirira kwehurumende, kunzvera gadziriro huru dzemitemo nedzesangano, inoronga miitiro yakanakisisa yokusimbisa kuzvidavirira, uye inokurukura miitiro inobuda nedenho dzinopfuurira. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa aya masangano, vagadziri vemiitiro, vagari vehurumende, uye vagari vemo vanogona kushanda pamwe chete kuvaka kujeka zvikuru, kugamuchira, uye hurumende dzinobudirira.

Kunzwisisa Kuzvidavirira

Kuzvidavirira muhurumende kunonongedzera kumusengwa wavakuru vakuru vehurumende namasangano okuzivisa pamusoro pazvo, kutsanangura, uye kururamisa zviito zvavo nezvisarudzo, uye kugamuchira miuyo kana zviito izvozvo zvikaputsa mitemo kana kuti tsika. Ipfungwa ine chokuita nomubati webasa (hurumende) uye mutarisiri wekodzero (voruzhinji, vatongi, matare, kana kuti masangano akazvimirira). Kuzvidavirira kunogona kunzwisiswa kupfurikidza nemipimo mitatu mikuru:

  • shambidziko - kuwanika kwamashoko pamusoro pemibato yehurumende nezvisarudzo, kuchigonesa kunzvera nematare anotarisira.
  • [ Kupindura [ - chinodikanwa kuti vakuru vakuru vagovere tsananguro neruramiso nokuda kwezviito zvavo.
  • Kumanikidza [ - kuvapo kwemiitiro yokuisa zvirango kana kuti mishonga apo vakuru vakuru vanokundikana kuita misengwa yavo.

Masangano navanachiremba vanowanzosiyanisa pakati pa kuzvidavirira kwakananga (masangano ehurumende nenzanga yavagari vemo anozvidavirira kupfurikidza nesarudzo, zvinobudisa nhau, uye dzvinyiriro yenzanga) uye kuzvidavirira kusina pachaiko [ (masangano ehurumende, akadai sematare, masangano anonzvera, anochengeta mamwe namamwe masangano anozvidavirira kune mumwe). Kuzvidavirira mugariro wenzanga, chimiro chechitatu, kunobatanidza kuvimbisana kubatanidzwa kwakananga kwavagari vemo mukutonga mabasa avose nemari.

Marudzi Okuzvidavirira

Kuzvidavirira kunogona kurangarirwazve norudzi nepfundo:

  • [ Kuzvidavirira kwechaunga – kusarudzwa navakuru vakuru vakagadzwa vanozvidavirira kuvoruzhinji nokumasangano emitemo.
  • [ Kuzvidavirira kwoutarisiri - vabatiri vehurumende vanonamatira kumitemo, miitiro, uye mipimo yebasa.
  • [ kuzvidavirira kwemari [ - Mari yavose inodzorwa nenzira yapamutemo, nenzira inobudirira, uye inobudirira.
  • [ Kuzvidavirira kwechibvumirano [ - zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana nebumbiro remitemo, pamutemo, uye mutemo wamarudzi ose.
  • [ Kuzvidavirira [ - vakuru vakuru vanotsigira kuperera, kutendeseka, uye mufambiro wetsika unopfuura zvinodikanwa zvapamutemowo zvazvo.

Somuenzaniso, kuzvidavirira mune zvemari kunotsamira pamahofisi anoongorora uye pamatare ehurumende, nepo kuzvidavirira kwetsika kunowanzotsamira pamabumbiro emitemo omufambiro uye emitemo yokuzvimirira.

Mafaramendi Okuzvidavirira

Kuzvidavirira hakungoerekani kwaitika; kunoda kurongeka kwamaune kupfurikidza negadziriro dzapamutemo, dzegadziriro, uye dzemiitiro.

Mabasa Apamutemo

Zvikamu zvikuru zvemitemo zvinotsanangura kodzero uye mitoro yevakuru vakuru vehurumende, zvinogadza mitemo yetsika, uye zvinoita kuti zvinhu zvinoumba mamiriro ezvinhu zvivepo.

  • Gadziriro dzemitemo [ dzinoraira kuoneka, kuparadzana kwamasimba, uye maruramiro anokosha. Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anobatanidza gadziriro dzorusununguko rwamashoko, mitumbi inotonga yakazvimirira, uye maruramiro okukumbira hurumende.
  • [[[NHAU: 0] pamutemo kugadza mipimo yetsika - mitemo yakadai sebumbiro remitemo romufambiro nokuda kwavabatiri voruzhinji, rwisano yemirau inoshuviwa zvikurusa, uye zvinodikanwa zveziviso. Chibvumirano cheSangano reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose chinokurudzira nyika dzinoisa chiratidzo kutora mitemo yakadaro.
  • Rusununguko rweInternet (FOI) runoita [ urwo runopa vagari vemo maruramiro okuwana marekodhi ehurumende, nokusarerekera kwakaganhurirwa. Nyika dzinopfuura 125 zvino dzine mitemo yeFOI, kunyange zvazvo kubatira kwakasiana zvikuru.
  • [[[FT:0] Mitemo yedziviriro yemagwenya [ inodzivirira vanhu vanoshuma kusazvibata pakutsiva, ichikurudzira kuzvidavirira kwomukati.
  • Muitiro wokutarisira unoita[ unoda kuoneka nokubvunza mukuronga mitemo, uye unogovera kuhwirudzurwa kwezvisarudzo zvokutonga.

Zvirongwa zvemitemo zvakasimba bedzi sokushanda kwazvo. Pasina matare akazvimirira nemishonga inobudirira, mitemo inoramba iri chishuvo. CD’S peruple Performal system system inogovera nhungamiro pakugadzira gadziriro dzinowirirana dzemitemo nedzemasangano dzinobatanidza mirau nemitemo.

Makambani Anoita Farames

Zvirongwa zvesangano zvinonongedzera kumasangano nemitumbi zvinozvidavirira. Izvi zvinogona kuva zvomukati (mubazu ravakuru vakuru) kana kuti kunze (kutsamira pahurumende). Masangano ehwaro anobatanidza:

  • Mudiri mukuru kana kuti Supreme Assurations (SAIS) – ane mutoro wekuongororwa kwemari uye kushanda kwemasangano ehurumende. SAIS, zvakadai seHofisi yeMatare yeU.S. (GAO) kana kuti Office yeNational APPURSC (NAO), inobudisa mishumo yakazvimirira iyo matare ehurumende anoshandisa kuita kuti dare reMinisitu rehurumende rizviwanire.
  • Masangano ezvombommi – anonzvera zvichemo zvavagari vemo pamusoro poutariri husina kutsarukana, achigovera nzira yakaderera nokuda kwezvigaro. International Ombudsman Institute inogovera mipimo nokuda kwokuzvimirira nokubudirira.
  • Masangano euori hwechiAnti - mitumbi yakadai seHong Kong Independent Commission Against Uority (ICAC) kana kuti Ethics neAnti - Corruption Commission yeKenya anoongorora nokutonga uori. Rubudiriro rwavo runotsamira pakuzvimirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, pfuma dzakakwana, uye kutsigira kwapamutemo kwakasimba.
  • Misangano yemitemo - zvinotarisira zviziviso zvezviwiro, nhevedzano yerwisano dzefariro, uye kugovera zano pazvinetso zvetsika. Inowanzoshanda parutivi rwamatare eparamende.
  • matare eProfeta – zvikurukuru matare enhau evoruzhinji namatare anotarisira, anonzvera zviito zvavakuru vakuru uye anodana vakuru kuzvidavirira. Commonwealth Palamenteal Association yakagadzira nhungamiro nokuda kwebasa redare rinobudirira.
  • [ Mitumbi yeJudicic [ – matare anohwirudzura zviito zvehurumende nokuda kwomutemo nebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza matare ehurumende.

Gadziriro dzesangano dzinofanira kudzivirirwa padzosero rezvamatongerwe enyika kuti dzishande nenzira inobudirira. Nyika zhinji dzinotarisana nedenho ye “basa,” umo mitumbi inotarisira inova maturusi ebato rinotonga panzvimbo pemhou dzinozvimirira. Kusimbisa dziviriro, miitiro yokugadza ine revo, uye mari yakakwana inoda kupiwa.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokuita Kuti Vanhu Vazvidavirire

Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu izvi zvichibatsira, miitiro yakanakisisa inomiririra zvirongwa zvinobatsira kuti munhu azvidavirire pakudzora kwaanoita zuva nezuva.

Kutanga Kuona Zvakajeka

Kuona mativi anenge aripo ndiko kunonyanya kukonzera kuti munhu azvidavirire. Kana vagari vemo nematare anotarisira vachigona kuona zvinoitwa nehurumende, vanogona kuyera kushanda uye kurayira tsananguro. Miitiro yakanakisisa mukuona inosanganisira:

  • .Opentars-hurumende dzinobudisa mapepa emari pabhajeti, zvibvumirano, zvibvumirano, uye kupiwa kwebasa mumaforecha emichina. Mienzaniso inobatanidza madata.gov.U.K.). [[FLT:]
  • Proficial[ - kubudisa mashoko pasina kumirira zvikumbiro – somuenzaniso, kuisa makarenda okushumira, kunyoresa, uye mishumo yokuongorora kombiyuta.
  • Kurukurirano yomutauro unopopota - kuita kuti mashoko ehurumende akaoma anzwisiswe kuvoruzhinji, achishandisa mashoko enhau, madractboard, uye mapfupiso.
  • Zvinyoreso zveBeneficial muridzi wemari – zvinoda makambani kuzivisa varidzi vawo chaivo kuti adzivise makambani anokanda masheketi asingazivikanwi kubva pakuisa mari kana kuti kuvanza ushati. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) inorumbidza ikoku.
  • [ vhura [ - kubudisa matanho ose okuwana kwavose, kubva pakuronga kusvikira kumubayiro nokushandisa. Open Contracting Priving Privingship inogovera mipimo nezvishandiso.

Kuona chitarisiko kwoga hakuna kukwana; kunofanira kubatanidzwa nesimba rokuti vagari vemo vashandise mashoko acho.

Kuongorora Nokuongorora Basa

Kuzvidavirira kunoda kuziva kana zviito zvehurumende zvichigona kuita migumisiro yakarondwa. Kuongorora kushanda kunotanga gadziriro dzokufambira mberi nokuziva zvinetso. Miitiro yakanakisisa inosanganisira:

  • Kuisa zviratidzo zvikuru zvinoita (KPI) - zvinoda kugadzirirwa zvakabatanidzwa nevavariro dzinoshanda, zvakadai sokuderedza mwero yokufa kwevana ne10% kana kuti kugadzirwa kwemvumo mukati mamazuva 30.
  • Purogiramu inoyera nenzira yakajeka[ – fungidziro dzakazvimirira, dzakaoma dzegadziriro dzehurumende kuti dzione kushanda kwadzo, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuenzana. Office yeHurumende yeUnited States yeU.S. inopa mazana enhau dzakadaro gore negore.
  • Mushumo wemakadhi ezvikamu zvenzanga – maturusi okunyorera anounganidza mashoko okupa mhinduro pamabasa avose, anoshandiswa zvikuru muIndia, Uganda, uye Philippines.
  • + - zviratidzo chaizvo zvinooneka panguva yemaminuro makuru, zvichibvumira vakuru vakuru navagari vemo kuongorora mashandiro. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Colorado Exation Management System.
  • Yangano yokuronga mari [-mashoko okushandisa mari anofanira kudyira muzvisarudzo zvemari, mapurogiramu anobudirira nokuvandudza kana kuti kuguma kwevashambadzi vemari vebasa. Kuronga bhajeti yakavakirwa pabasa kwakagamuchirwa nenyika dzakawanda dzeOECD.

Zvinetso zvinosanganisira mashoko akanaka, kuda zvematongerwe enyika kuti zvishande pamwero, uye mutengo wokuongorora. Kuvaka tsika yokugadzira uchapupu kunoda kuchengetedza mari uye utungamiriri.

Kubatanidzwa Kwomugari Wemo Nokubatanidzwa Mukutonga

Kubatanidzwa zvakananga nevagari vemo mukuita zvisarudzo uye kutarisira kunosimbisa kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokushandisa zvinoda voruzhinji uye kunzvera kuva masangano okutonga. Kusvika kunoshanda kunobatanidza:

  • bhajeti yepapatiki yemari yeparikuidzo - vagari vemo vanovhota pamusoro penzira yokugovera nayo chikamu chemari yemisika. Kuvamba muPorto Alegre, Brazil, uyu muitiro wakapararira kumaguta anopfuura 7 000 munyika yose. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti unowedzera gutsikano uye kuderedza ushati.
  • Kubvunza kwechiPub kuri pamusoro pemitemo nemirau [ - kushandisa zvikuva zvepaIndaneti, horo dzemataundi, uye mapoka akananga kuunganidza zvinobatanidzwa zvisarudzo zvisati zvaitwa. Nyika dzakawanda dzinoda nguva dzetsinhiro dzapamutemo nokuda kwemirau inokarakadzwa.
  • Mapapu okuongorora namapaneti – mitumbi yechigarire inopa zano panhau dzakati, dzakadai sedzidzo kana kuti mapurisa, ichigovera cheki yechisarudzo chavakuru vakuru.
  • Mitemo yemapikicha – kuongororwa kwenzanga kwezvirongwa zvehurumende, yakakurumbira neMeghalaya muIndia umo vagari vomumisha vanonzvera mabasa nezvinotendiswa.
  • Zvinogadziridza miitiro yemiitiro - miitiro yokuti vagari vemo vasaidze nhetembo, yakadai seIndian Centraled Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS), iyo inovimbisa mhinduro mukati menguva yakatarwa.

Kuvimbisana vagari vomunyika kunoda maune kuti zvibatanidzwe nemapoka akaderera uye kuti zvisabatwa nevanhu vakakwirira. Maturusi emagetsi anogona kuwedzera kutora rutivi asiwo kubvisa ayo asina kuwanikwa paInternet. Kuvaka kuvimba kunokosha: apo hurumende dzinofuratira miuyo yokutora rutivi, nhamburiko dzokuvimbisana dzinovadziko.

Basa Renzanga Yehurumende Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Masangano enzanga yavagari vemo (CSOs) uye zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira zvinoshanda senhevedzano pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende, zvichiwedzera zvinodikanwa zvokuzvidavirira nokunzvera chakaipa.

CSOS inoita mabasa akasiyana - siyana: zvinoongorora zviito zvehurumende, zvinotsvakurudza, zvinotsigira kuchinja zvinhu, zvinopa rubatsiro rwepamutemo kune vanoitirwa mabasa akashata, uye zvinokurudzira dzvinyiriro yavose. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Transparency International (Anti - uori), Zvapupu (kudzora kwemitoo yezvokushandisa kwechisiko chose), uye mapoka ezvokutarisira omunzvimbomo. CSOs anowanzoshanda namasangano amarudzi ose akaita seWorld Bank’s Generalnance Global Practic.

Mitengo yenhau, zvikurukuru pepanhau rinonzvera, inofumura kusazvibata uko masangano anotarisira angapotsa. Nzvero dzePanama neParadise Mapers, dzakabatanidzwa neInternational Consortium of Bietigative mindings (ICIJ), dzakazivisa kusava nomutero nokushata kwomutero kwakapararira nouori, kuchitungamirira kuchinjo dzemitemo munyika dzakawanda. Zvisinei, rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau runotarisana netyisidziro dzinokura munyika yose, kubatanidza kutyisidzira, kubatanidza kutyisidzira kwapamutemo, uye dzvinyiriro dzemari. Kudzivirira chengeteko ne kuzvimirira kwomutori wenhau kunobva mupepanhau kunokosha.

Zvose zviri zviviri CSOS nezvinobudisa nhau zvinoda mhoteredzo inoita kuti igone: rusununguko rwesonganiro, kuwana mashoko, uye dziviriro pamatsive. Hurumende dzinogona kutsigira iyi mhoteredzo kupfurikidza nemitemo inodzivirira nzvimbo yenzanga yavagari vemo uye vashambadzi vehurumende avo vakazvimirira nenzira yokuzvimirira.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Nokuzvidavirira

Unyanzvi hwemagetsi hunopa zvinhu zvitsva zvinobatsira pakuratidza, kutora rutivi, uye kutarisira, asiwo zvinoisa ngozi. Zviitiko zvinobatsira zvinosanganisira:

  • E-e-gornance neIndaneti zviteshi zvebasa – mabasa ehurumende okuisa mubatanidzwa wemitengo inoderedza mikana yepfumbamuromo nokunetswa kupfurikidza nemiitiro inodzorwa nokubvisa vachengeti vegedhi. Gadziriro yeEstonia yehurumende ichiratidzo chevhu renyika yose.
  • , kuisa njodzi mungozi yokuderedza uori [[FLT: 1] - IMAMUble shavo yemajeni inogona kutevera mari inoshandiswa navose, mapepa okunyoresa, uye kugovera maketani, achiita kuti kubiridzira kuve kwakaoma kuvanza. Mapilot muGeorgia neSweden anoratidza vimbiso nokuda kwezita remishoni yenyika.
  • REAI-drive tarisiro[ - maalgoritime okudzidzira maatomu anogona kunzvera masvomhu makuru ezvibvumirano kana kuti mapepa emitero kurambira. Hofisi yeSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzemariketi neCrime (UNIDC) inonzvera AI kunzvera kunzvera mitoo yokuwana uori.
  • [ Kuongorora kwezvinobudisa nhau - hurumende neCSOs vanoshandisa kunzvera mirangariro uye maturusi okushuma kuziva zvichemo zvevagari vemo nokupiwa kwebasa. Zvisinei, ikoku kunokwidza itiro hanya dzakavanzika uye kunogona kushandiswa nokuda kwokunzverwa.
  • Mitemo yezivikanwo yeDigital – nhamba dzezvizivikanwo dzinogona kudirana mumaoko asi dzinoparirawo ngozi dzokuregwa nokutevedza noudzvinyiriri. Nkqubo yeAadhaar muIndia inoramba ichimutsa nharo.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu harusi chinhu chinotsiva. Runogona kugadzira simba riripo kana rukagadzirwa pasina mubatanidzwa kubva kumapoka akaderedzwa. Chinetso chekudzivirira mashoko, uye digitage digital zvinofanira kupiwa. Nheyo ye “zvinhu zvavanhu vose zvinobatanidzwa” – honzeri, zvinooneka, uye masangano akazara – inogona kutungamirira kugamuchirwa kwetsika.

Matambudziko Okuzvidavirira

Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvakarongeka uye zvinhu zvakanakisisa, zvipingamupinyi zvinokosha zvinoramba zvichiitika, kunzwisisa zvinetso izvi kunokosha pakugadzira nzira dzokuzvipedza nadzo.

  • Chirango chezvido zvezvamatongerwe enyika – mabhurogiramu kazhinji kazhinji anodzivisa kujeka neutariri nemhaka yokuti kuzvidavirira kunotyisidzira fariro dzavo. Kuchinja kungaitwa asi kusingaitwi, kana kuti mitumbi inotarisira ingashaiwa zvinhu. Kuvaka mibatanidzwa pakati pavachinji mukati nekunze kwehurumende ndicho chinokosha.
  • Kufunga nokubata – apo ushati hunenge huri hwegadziriro, masangano anotarisira amene angashatiswa kana kuti kudzorwa navakuru vakuru vanotonga. Ikoku kunoda dzvinyiriro yakaderera kubva munzanga yavagari vemo uye migariro yamarudzi ose.
  • Kutonga kwomutemo nokuzvimirira kwokutonga – pasina matare anodisa kumanikidzira mitemo mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vane simba, gadziriro dzapamutemo hadzina mano. Kuchinja kwemitemo nedziviriro zvavatongi ndizvo zvinodikanwa.
  • Nyukwaniri nenzvimbo - vakuru vakuru vanonzvera, vamiri, uye masangano anodzivisa uori kazhinji kazhinji anoshaiwa vashandi, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye bhajeti kuti vaite basa ravo zvinobudirira. Vakwanyina vekubudirira munyika yose vanogona kubetsera kupfurikidza nemari nebetsero younyanzvi.
  • Tsika dzetsika nenzanga – mune dzimwe nzanga, mibatanidzwa inodzivirira nokuzviisa pasi pechiremera zvinodzivisa zvinodikanwa zvokuzvidavirira. dzidzo nenhimbe dzokusimbisa dzinogona kuchinja mipimo nokufamba kwenguva.
  • Mashoko anonzwika uye akaoma kunzwisisa – zviito zvehurumende zvinowanzova unyanzvi hukuru, zvichiita kuti zviomere vagari vemo kuyera basa. Kurerutsa mashoko nokugovera kunzvera kwokuzvimirira kubatsire kuvhara mukaha uyu.
  • [ Kupesana nebumbiro remitemo - vabatiri vehurumende vangatya kuzvidavirira sechirango, kuchitungamirira kumufambiro wakaipa kana kuti kurambwa kusingashandiswi. Kuvaka tsika yokuzvidavirira inosimbisa kudzidza nokuvandudza panzvimbo pechirango kunokosha.

Kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi kunoda nzira inopfuurira, ine vanhu vakawanda vanotsigira inobatanidza kuchinja pamutemo, kusimbisa nzanga, simba revagari vemo, uye kuunganidza zvematongerwe enyika.

mhedziso

Kuzvidavirira muhurumende hausi muitiro unopfuurira wokuvaka masangano, tsika, uye miitiro zvinovimbisa simba ravose zvinobatira fariro yavose. Gadziriro nemiitiro zvakanakisisa zvakarongwa munyaya ino – dziviriro dzapamutemo, utariri hwokuzvimirira, kuoneka, kuronga, maruramiro evagari vemo, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogovera mugwagwa wokusimbisa kuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, kubudirira kunotsamira pakupedzisira pakushinga nokuzvipira kwevatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika, vapfumi vehurumende, uye vagari vemo kukumbira nokushandisa kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo zuva riri rose. Sezvo basa reHy World Bank roudzolity [[FLT:]] rinovaka zvirokwazvo, rinosimbiswa nehurumende, rinozvidavirira haisi chinhu chinogamuchirwa nehurumende dzakapfuma; kukura, kukura, kupfurikidza nokurangarira mutoro mumwe chete.