Matare emhosva enyika yose akamira semhaka dzeruramisiro yenyika yose, anoshanda kutongera mhosva dzakaipisisa([FLT: 1], mhosva dzehondo, uye mhosva dzinoitirwa vanhu. Kunyange zvakadaro masangano aya anoshandisa nzira dzakajeka dzemitemo dzakaoma, asingarambidzi kudarika nheyo yenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri. Dzinozivikanwa mumutemo wenyika yose se mabhisikiti mudariro [[FLT]], dzidziso iyi inoisa munhu pamuedzo kana kuti chirango. Kunyange zvazvo ichishanda zvakananga mumasangano emhuri, kudarika miganhu yakapoteredza miganhu yakadzika uye inokwidzana pamutemo inoita kuti pave nezvinetso zvikuru. Nyaya iyi inoongorora njodzi yakashanduka - pembedzo dzakapetwa kaviri mukati matare emhosva dzemarudzi ose, mativi edzidziso dzayo, zviitiko zvakaedza miganhuro yayo, uye zviitiko zvinoramba zvichiumba nguva yemberi.

Kunzwisisa Ngozi Huviri: Kubva Kumutemo woRudzi Kuenda Kudzidziso Yamarudzi Ose

Ngozi mbiri dzine mavambo anobva kumutemo weRoma uye mutemo wavose murevo nedebet bis vigar munext et eadem causa. Hapana anofanira kutambudzwa kaviri nokuda kwechinhu chimwe chetecho. Mumitemo yazvino uno yemitemo, inochengetwa mudziviriro dzemitemo yakadai seFind Confendition ku United States Constitution neChikamu 50 cheChatimende yeRefecture Revotion of the European Union. Chikamu chikuru chinofanira kudzivirira hurumende pakushandisa zvitengo zvayo zvikuru kudenha vanhu kupfurikidza nokuramba kudzorwa, kuchengetedza kudzivirira kutepfekerwa kwapamutemo, uye kudzivirira chiremera chavanopomerwa.

Mumutemo woutsotsi wamarudzi ose, nheyo inochinjira kuchinhu chaichoicho chinopomerwa zvakawanda. International Criminal Tribunal yeyaichimbova Yugoslavia (ICT), International Criminal Tribunal yeRwanda (ICT), International Criminal Court (ICC), uye matare akawiriraniswa akafanana neDare chairo reSierra Leone (SSL) rimwe nerimwe richiedza kuwirirana nokuzvidavirira neiyi dziviriro inokosha. Kuchinja kubva kumasangano erudzi chose chose kuva enyika dzakawanda kunounza mwero miviri yakasiana-kuru: ngozi yakakwira pakati pematare enyika yose nedare renyika dzakawanda) uye ngozi yakamwe yakakurovanyanzi (pakati pematare maviri enyika kana kuti pakati pemaruwa).

Nheyo Yokusanamata Muzviridzwa Zvemarudzi Ose

Chikamu 20 cheRome Chirevo cheSangano reMarudzi Ose reCriminal chinobatanidza mabhisine mubhengi'. chakananga nokuda kwemashoko akapoteredza eICC. Ndima 1 ne 2 dzinorambidza ICC kuedza munhu nokuda kwomufambiro wakatoedzwa nedare rimwe, kunze kwokunge nyaya dzapakuvamba dzakagadzirirwa kudzivirira mupomerwi kana kuti kusaitwa nenzira yokuzvimirira. Ndima 3 inotaura kuti hapana munhu akaedzwa neICCORT dare nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe. Nenzira yakafanana, Chikamu 10 cheICTSS iISTIGN, uye Chikamu 9 cheITRGUT chine gadziriro dzakafanana, kunyange zvazvo kusawirirana nepakati mumitengo neITS.

Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu neInter-American Court of Human Rightss rakabetserawo kukukura kwedzidziso yacho, richishandisa mabhisifemu mumamiriro ezvinhu enyika dzakawanda. Zvisinei, kushaikwa kwechibvumirano chapose pose chinodzora njodzi yakapetwa kaviri muhurumende dzose dzematsotsi enyika yose kunoreva kuti matare anowanzotsamira pamitemo yawo yakavambwa uye mutemo wetsika wamarudzi ose kupedza rwisano.

Matambudziko Aiitwa Mumatare Munyika Yose

Kushandiswa kwengozi dzakapetwa kaviri mumatare enyika dzakawanda kunosangana nemhinganidzo dzinoverengeka uye mhinganidzo dzemitemo.Idzi denho dzinomuka kubva mukuvapo kworudzi, nharaunda, uye nyika dzakawanda, imwe neimwe ine magamuchidzanwa akasiana emitemo nerondedzero dzoutsotsi.

Kuwedzera Kuparwa Kwemhosva uye Ngozi Yokupomerwa Zvizhinji

Apo matare akawanda anenge ane simba pamusoro pomufambiro mumwe chetewo (somuenzaniso, dare reICC neromumba, kana kuti dare reICC nedare rehoc rakaita sevemacare eExpause African Chambers jecth(ngozi yokudzokororwazve kwemiedzo inova chaiyoiyo. Mhaka yaHisène Habré, aichimbova purezidhendi weChad, inoenzanisira ikoku. Habré akaedzwa nedare reExgrim African Chadential muSenegal nokuda kwemhosva dzavanhu, utsotsi hwehondo, uye kutambudzwa. Iye gare gare gare aigona kutarisana nedare reICCRCFFF raig nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo? Chirevo nemutemo wetsika zvinongopindura kazhinji kwete, asi kududzira kunotsamira pakuti mufambiro wapakuvamba wakanga uri wapachokwadi uye kana utsotsi huchipomerwa muSenegal.

Kuoma kunzwisisa kwacho kunokura apo pomero dzinoiswa nenzira yakasiana-----ngodzi dzinotonga kuuraya rudzi rwose, imwe nokuda kwemhosva dzinoparirwa navanhu kubva mudanho rimwe chetero rezvinoitika. Matare anofanira kusarudza kana mufambiro mumwe chetewo" kana kuti "zvinhu zvapamutemo zvakafanana" zvinoshanda. Dare reICC' rePre-Trial rave richitsamira kududziro yakafara ye "mufambiro mumwe" kudzivisa ruramisiro yakakamukana.

Nheyo Yokuwirirana Nekakavadzano Yayo Nezvibhiko Mutsika

ICP inoshanda pasi penheyo yokuwedzera: matare enyika ane simba guru, uye nhano mupo nyika dzisingadi kana kuti dzisingakwanisi kuranga. Ikoku kunoparira denho yechienzi yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Kana hurumende ichiita kutonga kwokusatenderwa kwokusunungura munhu anonyumwirwa, uye ICC gare gare inotora mhaka yacho, mupomerwi angataura kuti akatotongwa. Rome Sigte yakatotonga zvakajeka. Chikamu 20(3)(a) (a) chinobvumira kupiwa mhosva neICC kana kutongwa kwapamberi kare kwaiva "kwechinangwa chokudzivirira munhu anotyiwa nemhaka youtsotsi."" Uku kunoremekedza kudikanwa kweruramisiro apo anenge achitsigira mudzimu we [FLD:].

Bva kutema kana muedzo wakanga uri dare rakaoma. Kunoda ICC kuyera kuzvimirira nokusasarura kwenzvero yenyika yedare renhau nerezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhau dzakadai se Proser v. Saif al-Issam Gaddafi paICC [FF] yakasimbisa uku kunyanduka. Libya yakatsvaka kuisa Gaddafifi fa family, asi ICP yakawana Libya isingakwanisi kuita nhau dzechokwadi, nokudaro ichibvumira mhaka yeICCP kupfuurira pasinei zvapo nenhaurongedzero dzapamberitari dzeLibya.

Kusiyana Murondedzero Dzepamutemo Dzeutsotsi

Chii chinoumba "genecide" pasi poMurayiro weICC ingasiyana zvishoma nomutemo wamarudzi ose kana kuti mitemo yedare rehoc. Somuenzaniso, justifix yeICTY inoda donzo chairo redzinza rose munzira iyo ICC yakadudzira nenzira yakasiana. Kana munhu akasunungurwa parudzi neICTT, uye gare gare muEC anotsvaka kuvapomera nokuda kwe "kuparadzirwa semhosva mukurwisana navanhu", imhaka yakapetwa kaviri here? Mhinduro inowanzochinja pamufambiro wacho kana wakafanana zvirokwazvo kana kuti unongofanana.

Masangano emitemo enyika anorondedzerawo utsotsi nenzira yakasiana. Nyika ingapa mhosva ne "chitambudzo" inoparirwa neICC. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumigariro umo nhau dzomumba dzinodzivisa zviito zvomunyika yose kana mufambiro wacho uri mumwe chetewo, kunyange kana kupiwa kwapamutemo kuchipesana. ICP nedzimwe matare kazhinji kazhinji zvakagamuchira mutoo wakavakirwa paidi: inhau idzo mufambiro mukuru, kwete chiratidzo chapamutemo.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Nemienzaniso

Nyaya dzinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvine ngozi dzinoitika kaviri sei dzinoitika mumatare munyika dzakawanda.

Slobodan Miloševĭ paICTY

Slobodan Miloševĭ, aichimbova purezidhendi weSerbia neYugoslavia, akapomerwa neICT muna 1999 nokuda kwemhosva dzakabatanidza kuuraya rudzi rumwe, utsotsi hwehondo, uye mhosva murudzi muKosovo, Croatia, neBosnia. Kutonga kwake kwakavamba muna 2002 asi hakuna kutongopedzwa; Miloševiâgrae akafa nehosha yemwoyo muna 2006 pamberi pokuti chisarudzo chasvika. Rufu rwake rwakabvisa mitongo pasi peICTY’s Trimes, asi mhaka yacho yakamutsa mibvunzo mikuru yakapetwa kaviri. Kodzero Miloševine yave yave yave yadzorwazve nomufambiro mumwe? ICT yakava nechiremera pamusoro pematare amarudzi asi simba rayo rakaganhurirwa kuYugoslavia. Chiratichino chakavangana nechisarudzo chokupedzisira pamberi pomutemo weICUnion, zvisinei, kana kuti murairo wemitemo wapakati pe [F] mumist]

Laurent Gbagbo paICC

Laurent Gbagbo, aichimbova purezidhendi weCôte d'Ivoire, akachinjirwa kuICC muna 2011 pamhosva dzemhosva parudzi rwomunhu (mumudungwe, kubatwa chibharo, uye chitambudzo) mukati mechisimba chepashure porusarudzo cha 2010-2011. Pashure pokutonga kwakareba, dare reICCC Judge I rasunungura Gbagbo muna 2019, rikawana ufakazi husina kukwana. Mutongo wakapiwa mu 20gbo mu2019. Dare renyika yose raikwanisa kumutsa nyaya iyi.

Charles Taylor paDare Chairo reSierra Leone

Charles Taylor, aichimbova purezidhendi weLiberia, akatongwa neDare chairo reSierra Leone (SCL) muna 2012 nokuda kwokuyamura nokupfuudzira mhaka dzehondo nemhosva parudzi rwomunhu muSierra Leone. Iye akawanirwa mhaka ndokutongerwa makore 50. Pashure paSCSL, Taylor aigona kutongwa kune imwe nzvimbo nenzvimbo (Zhiyo) nokuda kwemufambiro mumwe chetewo? Mutemo weSCLSS une [[FL:0] bicems muICM[ gadziriro] (Article 9), iyo yakazorambidzwa nedare ripi neripi neripi nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chete. SCL wakanga uri dare rezvizvarwa neratiyo nyika dzose, asi wokupedzisira wakazivikanwa nenhau yamarudzi ose.

Jean-Pierre Bemba uye Kushanda Kwakasiyana

Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, aichimbova mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi weDemocratic Republic of the Congo, akatongwa neICC nokuda kwemhosva dzavanhu nemhosva dzehondo dzakaitirwa muCentral African Republic. Muna 2016, akawanwa mhaka, asi muna 2018 Applices Chambers akamusunungura pahwaro hwokuti mutoro wake somutungamiriri wehondo hauna kubvumidzwa. Ko Central African Republic zvino ingapa mhosva yeBmba nokuda kwemhosva dzimwe dzimwe? Pasi peChikamu 20 cheRoma Sigmete, aiwa. Zvisinei, kana uchapupu hutsva hukavapo husati huchivapo mukati mechikwiripo, uhwo hunoparira kupesana here? Chirevo cheRoma hachibvumiri kutongwa kutsva kwakavakirwa paufakazi hutsva pashure pekurega kubuda (hasi mamwe marudzi).

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Nekuchinja Kwepamutemo

Sezvo mutemo woutsotsi wamarudzi ose uchikura, nheyo ye bibyne muupenzi inoramba iri nhau yekurukurirano yavadzidzi nokuchinja kwesangano. Nzira dzinoverengeka dziri mberi dziri kuongororwa.

Kuwirirana NeBBS MuIdem Mhiri Kwemabhii

Pari zvino, dare rimwe nerimwe renyika dzakawanda kana kuti remibatanidzwa ine mitemo yaro panjodzi mbiri, nemisiyano yamano. Somuenzaniso, ICTYS ibvumidza mabhii akabatana nokuda kwomufambiro asina kuvimbiswa zvomenemene (g., mhaka dzisina kufukidzwa netendero yapakuvamba). Dare reICCS idict resitooresa zvikuru nokuda kwenhau. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakadana nokuda kwekokorodzano yakabatana pa biko mumutemo woutsotsi wamarudzi ose, zvichida pasi pemasangano eUnited Nations General Assembly, kuderedza zvisarudzo nokugovera mitemo yakajeka nokureta nokushanda kwakaenzana.

Kubudisa Madhigirii Neuchapupu Hwepanzvimbo Yacho

Madare azvino uno anowedzera kuvimba noufakazi hwemitengo, mashoko esocial social media, uye mashoko enhau. Ngozi yengozi yakapetwa kaviri inogona kumuka kana ufakazi hutsva hukavapo makore pashure pokuzviwanira mhaka. Vamwe vanoramba vachipomera mamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa paCouncil of Europe’s Extrandition kuEuropean Convention on Human Rights (Protocol No. 7, Chikamu 4), icho chinobvumira kuvhura kana maidi matsva kana kuti machangobva kuwanwa achiratidza kupfumiswa kweruramisiro. Assembration of United States yarangarira kuva magandro emitemo eRoma asi ichigere kugamuchira kupesana kwakadaro, ichitya kuti chingakanganisa kupera.

Kusimbisa Kusimba Kwacho

Gadziriro pakati pomubatanidzwa nengozi dzinopetwa kaviri ingawedzera sezvo nyika dzakawanda dzinogamuchira mitemo yedzose. Nyika dzakadai seBelgium neSpain dzakatonga vaichimbova vatongi vane mhaka idzo dzingaedzwawo neICC. Gadziriro yakajeka yokusarudza kuti inzvimbo ipi inopfuurira inodikanwa. ICC yakatanga muitiro we "kuwirirana," kukurudzira kupomera nyika nepo dzichichengeta chiremera. Asi kana kutenderwa kwenyika kwakabviswa gare gare gare pabudiriro, ko ICCO kune imwe banza here? Mumitezo yazvino uno, kana kufamba kwenyika yakanga iri yechokwadi, chiito chokupedzisira cheICRAC, kunyange kana nhevedzano yacho yakavakirwa pakanga pane zvikanganiso. Zvikarakadzo zvinokarakadza kuti kuICCO kuteverwa mutongo worudzi kana `itwe seyamatongo werudzi rwakaitwa mukuwirirana neruramisiro?"

Basa Remajemusi Nemasangano Ezvikwata Zvomunharaunda

Kuumbwa kwematare ezvipembenene akadai seKosovo Special Chambers, Dare reChirevo rapamberi reAfrica reMutongi nekodzero dzevanhu, uye Dare reAfrica rinokarakadzwa rinowedzera miganhu mitsva kunjodzi mbiri. matare aya anowanzova nedare renyika yose uye dzimwe nguva anodzora neICC. Somuenzaniso, Dare reSanihedrime reAfrica reSanihedrime rakaitirwa kuedza mhosva dzemarudzi ose, asi ukama hwaro neICCC hahurongerwi zvizere. Ko kutendima neDare reAfrica raizokwikwidzwa neICB kuteswa nedare rapanhauro reAfrica here? Mhinduro inotsamira pakuti Dare reAfrica rinorangarirwa se "curt" murevo yeChikamu 20 cheChikamu chemitemo cheRomedzo cheRoma.

mhedziso

Ngozi mbiri dzinoramba dziri pfundo ramaruramiro okutonga akarurama mururamisiro yamarudzi ose youtsotsi, bva kushandiswa kwayo mumativi ose emitemo kwakazadzwa nechinetso. Kuvambira paMiloševiji nhau kusvikira kuGbagbo aregi, matare akatungamirira kunyanduka pakati pokupedzisira nokuzvidavirira, kazhinji kazhinji achitsamira pamitemo inopesana uye kududzirwa kwedare. Sezvo nzanga yamarudzi ose inopfuurira kutsika yeruramisiro yakabatana zvikuru, inobatanidza mitemo ye bis muimo yemabhero yemaromu. Kuchinja kwapamberi, kungava kupfurikidza nebvumirano kana kuti kutsanangura kwokutonga. Kufanira kudzikamisa kodzero dzemitemo inopomerwa kurwisana nemhosva huru dzenyika.

" Hapana munhu achatongwa pamberi pedare nokuda kwemhosva iyo iye kana kuti iye akatopiwa mhaka pakupedzisira kana kuti kupiwa mhaka neimwe dare.]. — Yachinjwa kubva muICC Rome Sigmentte, Chikamu 20.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera rugwaro rwapamutemo rwe Chiratidzo cheRome, , Chirevo chapamutemo[, uye kunzvera kwedzidzo ye [[[FLT:]] bices mumutemo wetsotsi renyika yose kunobva kuMarudzi naMarangerwo oMutemo. Mitemo yakawanda inogona kuwanwa muMagariro eChibatanwa yeMitemo] yeMitemo yemitemo yemitemo .C.C.