Nheyo yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri inomira sechinhu chikuru chemiitiro yetsotsi yeAmerica, ichidzivisa hurumende kuisa munhu mumatare akawanda kana kuti zvirango nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Nepo vimbiso yeFindth Amendment iri yakananga mukati momutemo mumwe chete, kushandiswa kwayo kunowedzera kuva kwakaoma zvikuru apo mufambiro mumwe chetewo unoisa vakuru vakuru vakuru voudzori hwehurumende, hurumende, uye zviremera zvedzinza. Kunzwisisa kuti ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri dzinoshanda muidziri idzo dzakasiyana kana kuti dzakaita kaviri kudarika idzi tsika dzapamutemo kunoda kuongororwa nokungwarira dzidziso mbiri dzouchangamire, mugariro wakasiyana wematare emadzinza, uye mutemo weutsotsi weAmerica. Nyaya inopa kuongorora miganhu inodzo inodzo inodzorwa nemitemo mikuru.

Chii Chinonzi Ngozi Huviri?

Dare reMitemo rePrefect Claus reFindromence of the Findt Amendment kuU.S. rinopa kuti: “Hapana munhu achasungwa nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kuti aitwe kaviri mungozi youpenyu kana kuti makumbo.” Iyi dziviriro inoshanda kutongerwa mhaka kupfurikidza neKirasi ye14, ichivimbisa kuti hapana munhu angatongwazve mhaka imwe chete pashure pokunge apiwa mhosva imwe chete, kana kuti kurangwa kanopfuura kamwe chete nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo muhurumende. Chiratidzo chinobatira mhedziso, chinodzivisa kudzvinyirirwa kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokutongwa kunodzokororwazve, uye kuchengetedza migove inotonga.

Mubvunzo mukuru unomuka mumashoko akawanda okutonga ndewokuti “kuedza kumwe cheteko” kunoshanda mumativi ose akasiana - siana. Mudzidziso youchangamire youtongi , masangano maviri anozvitonga akaparadzana] (amwe nemitemo yakasununguka) ane mabhii uye fariro dzakazvimirira) angatonga mumwe nomumwe nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo pasina kuputsa njodzi mbiri. Iyi nheyo, inovakirwa mupfungwa yokuti Changamire mumwe nomumwe ari kuisa mitemo yake amene, yakatenderwa yasimbiswazve neDare gurusa rehurumende uye inoumba gadziriro yokunzvera nayo mubatanidzwa wehurumende, hurumende, uye dare reruwa.

Utongi Hwomubatanidzwa: Hurumende Dzehurumende Dzakaumbwa Nehurumende

Dzidziso youchangamire huviri inoti hurumende yehurumende nehurumende imwe neimwe zvigaro zvakasiana. Naizvozvo, chiito chimwe chinogona kuputsa zvose zviri zviviri mutemo womubatanidzwa nowehurumende, uye chiremera chimwe nechimwe chingatonga nenzira yakazvimirira. Mhaka yechiratidzo inogadza mutemo uyu munhambo yazvino uno ndi United States v. Lanza, 260 U.S. 377 (1922), apo Dare rakarangarira kuti kukwikwidzwa kunoteverwa kunotevedzana nehurumende nezviremera zvomubatanidzwa nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho hakupunzi Jeophy Claus Claus Claus yeChiviri nemhaka yokuti hurumende mbiri dzinowana simba radzoroma radzose kubva kumanyuko akaparadzana.

Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswazve mu Heath v. Alabama, 474 U.S. 82 (85), apo Dare Rapamusoro rakataura zvakajeka kuti dzidziso youchangamire huviri “haisi mutemo wounyanzvi asi ipfungwa inokosha yehurumende.] Muiyi gadziriro, munhu anobira bhangi rinobhangi rinobhadharwa nehurumende anopara mhosva yehurumende (kubasa) uye utsotsi hwehurumende (pashure). Kana hurumende ikatanga kudzorwa ndokuwana kupiwa mhaka, hurumende yehurumende ingangotonga nokuda kwokubiwa kwayo pasina kuparira njodzi kaviri. Hurumende inobatira zvakafanana kana hurumende ikatanga kuenda.

Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso yacho ichiri yakavakirwa, yave ichitsoropodzwa uye ichisiyiwa. Somuenzaniso, “kutonga kwapachivande” kungadzivisa kutonga kwechipiri kana kupomera mhaka kwokutanga kwomukuru mukuru kuingovawo zvako chifukidzo chomutongi wechipiri.

Nhamburiko Dzinoshanda Dzouchangamire Hwomunharaunda

Nokuda kwavatengesi, ikoku kunoreva kuti mutengi asina mhaka mudare rehurumende angangotarisana nepomero dzehurumende dzinoparirwa nezvinoitika zvimwe chetezvo zvikuru. Mienzaniso inocherechedzwa inobatanidza mhaka dzekodzero dzehurumende umo kukwirira mhaka kwehurumende kunoguma nokuregeredzwa kwemhosva, asi zviremera zvehurumende gare gare zvinounza pomero muruvengo rwehurumende kana kuti mirau yapamutemo.

Mugumisiro mumwe unokosha kushandiswa kwourongwa hwedare rehurumende se “kumira kwokudzokera shure” apo miuyo yehurumende isingagutsi. Vachuchisi vehurumende vanganonoka kutongwa nehurumende asi vanopindira kana mhaka yehurumende ikaguma nokuregeredzwa kana kuti mutongo wakareruka. Iri simba rakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pounyanzvi hwevachuchisi nokuderera kwomugumo, kunyange zvazvo Dare rakaramba richitsigira dzidziso serutivi rwuri madikanwa rwehurumende.

Matare Orudzi: Mhaka Chaiyo Youchangamire Hwakaparadzana

Kubatana pakati pematare endudzi nezvimwe zviremera kunounza kuoma kuwedzera. Marudzi anozivikanwa samarudzi anotsamira pa anotsamira pahurumende yakagarwa nhaka (] ane mugariro wakavapo mukuru kupfurikidza nemitemo yehurumende nedare gurusa. Nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakapetwa kaviri, nhau huru ndeyokuti matare emadzinza anobatwa se “vatongi vakaparadzaniswa" kubva kuhurumende dzehurumende, kana kuti kana kuti zviri zvombo zvinobudirira zvehurumende yomubatanidzwa.

Munhau, Dare Gurusa rakaitirwa mu United States v. Wheeler, 435 U.S. 313 (1978), kuti rudzi nehurumende yakasiana zvidzori. Mu Weelr, murume weNavajo akateterera ane mhaka kumurairo wetsika wemufambiro usina nhevedzano uye gare gare gare akatukwa nokuda kwokubatwa chibharo kwakavakirwa pamufambiro mumwe chetewo. Dare rakatonga kuti kudenha kwedzinza hakuna kudzika miganhuro yehurumende nemhaka yokuti dzinza rakawana uchangamire hwaro hwaro hunobva mudzinza, kwete kubva muboka raro resimba renyika. Kuumba ikoko matare orudzi kwakaparadzaniswa nokuda kwemadonzo maviri.

Zvisinei, zvinoitika zvinotevera zvakaomesa iyi gadziriro. Mutemo naMasimba masimba emhuri paChiito cha2010 na [[FLT] masimba anorwisana navakadzi] Masimba anorwisana nokupa mhaka dzavakadzi. yakawedzera kudzorwa kwematsotsi edzinza pamitezo isati iri yamarudzi mumigariro yakati, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemasimba masimba emhuri munyika dzamadzinza. Iyi mitemo yakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kukwirira kwamadzinza kwavakadzi kwamarudzi kwaigona kubatwa sezvibvumikiso zvenyika kana kuti zvedzinza. Mu [[FLT:]] United States. Brongeta yorusarudzo yedzinza [FLT]. [FLT: 5], 579.Urusarusarusaru rwamarusarusaru rwamarudzi rwakarangarira kana kugona kushandiswa nokuda kwezviratidzo dzoudzo dzoudzo dzoruwa. Zvitendero zvakadzo zvapamutemo zvedzinza rakasimubatanidzwa, apo zvinodzodzosera matare zvamarudzi anosiiwa mumidzo dzakareveri zvinodzo dzakasiiwa.

Tapuro ye United States v. Lara

Imwe yenhau dzinokosha zvikurusa dzinobata nouchangamire hwedzinza nengozi dzakapetwa kaviri ndi United States v. Lara, 541 U.S. 193 (2004). Mu Lara, mukwidziridzi akanga ari zvose zviri zviviri mutezo weLake Siok naU.S. akatongwa nedzinza nokuda kwokudenha mukuru mukuru wehurumende uye gare gare nehurumende yehurumende yemubatanidzwa nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe. Dare rapamusorosoro raidavira kuti kupomedzerwa kwapa mhaka hakuna kurambidzwa nenjodzi nemhosva nemhaka yokuti hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzeruwa dzakanga dzakaparadzana. Dare rakasimbisa kuti rinogona kurondedzera uchangamire hwedzinza kupfurikidza nomutemo, uye simba redzinza risingadzoronge richishandiswa nenhengo dzoruwawo.

Chisarudzo [[FLT: 1] chinosimbisa musiano wakakomba: nepo hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dziri zviremera zvakasiana, mugariro wematare edzinza unogona kusiana zvichitsamira pakuti mukwirirwi inhengo yedzinza here uye pazviremera zvehurumende zvapamwe zvinotambira. Kunongedzerwa kwematare edzinza kunoramba kuri zviremera zvakasiana. Mamwe matare akaderera akapanikira kana kukwirira kwamadzinza kwemitezo isiri pasi pemitemo yakasimbiswa kuchifanira kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende, kupinza dziviriro dzakapetwa kaviri. Sezvo zvino, murangariro wakapararira ndewokuti matare edzinza anoramba ari akaparadzaniswa nokuda kwamadonzo enjodzi mbiri, asi mutemo hauna kugadzikiswa chose chose chose.

Nhau Dzinocherechedzwa Nezvinoitika Zvepamutemo

Kupfuura Ranza, Heath, uye Lara[, dzimwe nhau dzinoverengeka dzinoumba kushandiswa kwenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri kumativi ose. Kunzwisisa iyi mienzaniso inogovera mufananidzo wakajeka wenzvimbo yepamutemo.

Gguedge v. United States (2029)

Mu Ghostry v. United States, 587 _U.S._ (2029), Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa nenzira yakananga dzidziso mbiri youchangamire mumhaka umo musungwa akapomerwa mhaka yembanje iri mudare rehurumende akanga ambowarirwa nehurumende nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. Dare rakaramba kuti dzidziso yacho inofanira kudzorwa, rikarangarira kuti rugwaro rwaJeopardy Claus nerevo yapakuvamba zvinobvumira machinda akaparadzaniswa kuranga chiito chimwe chetecho. Ruramisiri Alto, kunyora nokuda kwe 7-2 voruzhinji, rakasimbisa kuti “vanhu vadzivirikidzwa mungozi imwe cheteyo, uye kutaura ikoko kwave kunoreva kuti mumwe mutongo wakasiana mutongo udzori mutongo udzori mumutemo wakasiana.[3]

Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle (2016)

Musiano unokosha unobatanidza zviremera zvenzvimbo. muPuerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle, 579 U.S. 59 (2016), Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti Puerto Rico nehurumende hadzisi zviremera zvinoparadzaniswa nokuda kwemadonzo engozi yakapetwa kaviri nemhaka yokuti chiremera chePuerto Rico chinotorwa kumanyuko mamwe chetewo ehurumende yeU.S. Constitution neCongress (8) kupfuura manyuko akazvimirira ouchangamire. Ikoku kunosimbisa kuti uchangamire huviri hwedzidziso inotsamira pachinhu chimwe kana chisaririra chichiwana simba rahwo kubva kumarobhurongero akazvimirira, asingatsigiriki. Kunzvera kwematare eruwa kunosimubatanidzwa nemhaka yokuti uchangamire hwehurumende hunovakwa nehurumende.

Bvunzurudzo Dzinoshanda Nedzinosiiwa

Kunzwisisa mazano aya kunokosha chaizvo kumatare anobatsira anoona nezvemagweta, vachuchisi, uye vatongi vanobata nyaya nenyaya dzine chokuita nemhosva dzakawanda.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kupomera mhaka [[[FLT: 1]: Vane simba vehurumende vangamirira mhaka yehurumende kuti ipedzise pamberi pokuronga pomero, kushandisa uchangamire huviri kuwana tendero kana kuti mutongo une hasha zvikuru.
  • Plata kutaurirana[[FLT: 1]: Mukwirirwi angatarisana nedzvinyiriro yokupomera mhaka mune rimwe divi kuti adzivise kukwirira kunotevedzerwa mune imwe. MaAttorney anofanira kurayira vatengi pamusoro pengozi yokukwirirana kuviri pakukumbira.
  • [[Indaneti][Foral estopel: Kunyange zvazvo ngozi yakapetwa kaviri ingasadzivisa kutongwa kwechipiri, munyu wenhau yepreclusion[ (Colpabilical ebromable) (Collegatel ebromal) ingashanda kumativi ose. Kana nhau yechokwadi yakasarukirwa mumuedzo wokutanga (mg. haana kuita chiito), kuti kuwanwa kubatira murwi murwendo wechipiri pasi pomurayiro wakatangwa [FL:] sa[FLT]. Slowen[FLT], 396], 4370.[4]
  • Jouristional denho[[FLT: 1]: Mumatare edzinza, mukwirirwi angataura kuti rudzi haruna simba pamusoro pemitezo kana kuti kukwirira chiito chenyika, kuchiparira dziviriro dzakapetwa kaviri. Zvinetso zvakadaro zvinoda kusanoongororwa kwechiremera chehurumende nechimiro chemitezo yedzinza.

Panewo zvimwe zvisingazivikanwi apo kuchuchiswa kwechipiri kunorambidzwa kunyange pakati pevatongi vakaparadzana:

  • shoori: Kana kuroverera mhaka kwokutanga kwamambo kwakanga kuri chishandisowo zvacho chechipiri, chechipiri chingadziviswa. Uku kusiiwa kwave kuchizivikanwa mudictiona asi hakuwanzoshandiswi.
  • Mufambiro weHurumende[: Kana kukwirira kwechipiri kukaitwa mukutenda kwakashata kana kuti kunetsa mukwiridzirwi, muitiro wakafanira ungakudzivisa, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusati kuri kupesana kwengozi kaviri pase.
  • SSta shamhu dzemijenya: Mimwe mitemo yehurumende, yakadai se murairo wePetra (Kubviswa kwemitemo yeChiratidzo chomukati), inodzivisa kupiwa mhaka kwehurumende pashure pokunge muedzo wakati kuti usanganiswe. Mitemo yePetrate haisungi pamutemo asi inhungamiro inoda kutenderwa kubva kumushandisi Attory General pamberi pokutanga kutongwa kuviri.

Basa Romutemo Wenyika Dzose Nokutonga Kwokunze Kwenyika

Kunyange zvazvo nhau dzenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri dzinomukawo mumashoko ematare okumwe. United States kazhinji kazhinji haizivi zvitendero zvokumwe kana kuti kupiwa mhaka sedzinorambidza kupa mhaka muhurumende mbiri, sezvo zviremera zvamarudzi ose zvakaparadzana. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvibvumirano nezvibvumirano zvinobatanidza “mabhii muintem” (ngozi yakapetwa kaviri) zvitsauko zvingava zvinodzivisa kutambudzwazve pashure pomuedzo wokumwe nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. Somuenzaniso, Convention It It at province Schengen Regivement uye zvimwe zvibvumirano zvemirayiro zvinogovera dziviriro zvakaganhurirwa kupetwa kaviri mumarudzi ose anoisa chiratidzo chezviratidzo. MuU.S., kushayikwa kwemitemo yemitemo kunoreva kuti kusava kwomumwe mutezo wehurumende hakudzivisi mutemo wehurumende nokuda kwezviito zvakapuko.

Kuongorora Zvakaoma Kunzwisisa: Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yenyanzvi Dzezvemitemo

Vachirangarira kujeka uye pane dzimwe nguva kusina kugadzikana kwengozi dzakawanda dzakapetwa kaviri, varapi vanofanira kushandisa nzira dzinotevera:

  • Chiziviso chapakuvamba: Mukati momugariro, inzai kana mufambiro wacho ungagona kuputsa hurumende, hurumende, uye/kana mutemo wedzinza. Purisai kana kuchuchisipi kwapamberi pekupinda mumatare kwakaitika mune dzimwe nharaunda.
  • Kunyorwa kwezvinoitika zvakatangira: Wana makopi anobvumikiswa emitongo, marekodhi, uye mirayiridzo yedare rinobetsera kutongwa kupi nokupi. Mapepa aya anokosha mukusimudzira njodzi kana kuti kutaura kwokuzvidzora.
  • Tsvakano nenyanzvi[[FLT: 1]: Munhau dzinobatanidza matare edzinza, bvunza gweta rinoisa mumutemo wedzinza kana kuti mutemo weIndia wehurumende kuti uone mawirirano ehurumende.
  • Tsvakaro dzepemhemheswo [: Apo mutengi anotarisana nematare maviri anobvira, rangarira kukurukura chisarudzo chenyika yose icho chinofukidza pomero dzose dzinobvira mumativi ose. Zvibvumirano zvakadaro hazviwanzowaniki asi zvinobvira apo vachuchisi vanobatira pamwe.
  • Kutanga kwemitemo kuchiita kuti ive nomutemo: Misangano inopfuurira kuchenesa ukuru hwekudzora kwematsotsi edzinza. Zvikwereti zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakakarakadza kufutunurwa chiremera chedzinza pamusoro pemitezo isiri mitezo, icho chaigona kuchinja nhevedzano mbiri. Garai manyuko akadai se National Conference of State Legislatures[ uye Hurumende yeMutongi weBastic.]

mhedziso

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri mumashoko akapoteredza ematare ehurumende, ehurumende, uye edzinza inoratidzira chimiro chakaoma chehurumende yeAmerica. Dzidziso youchangamire huviri inobvumidza kukwirira kunotevedzana nezviremera zvakasiyana, asi kushandiswa kwayo kumatare edzinza kunoumbwa nechimiro chakasiana chamarudzi sahurumende dzakazvimirira, pamberi peidzo, dare rinotonga. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro ragara richitsigira dzidziso yacho, rakazivawo kuti hadzisi masangano ose akaparadzana pamutemo anosiana Puerto Rico kuva anosiana neakatanhamara. Kunzverazve kwoupanduko kwamarudzi, kunodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende woruwa, kunoreva kuti varadzi vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa mipimo yemitemo, mipimo, uye unyanzvi hunoratidzirwa pano, nyanzvi dzapamutemo dzinogona kufambisa kukuvadziko mbiri mbiri dzinoshanda kupfurikidza nokurava. [F3][4][5]