Sumo

Mapoka ehurumende anoshanda panzvimbo yapamusoro yevatarisiri vehurumende, anoshanda nomutoro wakaoma wokuchengeta chengeteko apo anenge achiremekedza kodzero dzinokosha. Magungano nemhirizhonga zvisina mutemo. "kuramba kusingatenderwi kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa kwevagari vemo) zvinoedza ganhuriro dzechiremera chemapurisa. Zvirongwa zvepamutemo zvinodzora mamiriro ezvinhu aya hazvina kupfavirira kana kuti kufanana; zvinotora mutemo wemitemo, gadziriro dzemitemo, tsika dzemitemo, tsika dzetsika, uye kodzero dzavanhu dzamarudzi ose. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwavashandi vemitemo asi nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vagari vehurumende vanotsvaka kuzvidavirira. Nyaya inoongorora nheyo dzinokosha dzemitemo idzo dzinobvumira, kudzikamisa, kudzora, uye kuhwirudzura mapurisa pakubata magungano asina mutemo, uye magariro, uye kusimbisa kuronga kurongwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Hwaro Hwepamutemo Hwokuita Kwamapurisa

Masangano emapurisa anobva mumabhuku akawanda emitemo, simba raangaita, uye nzira dzaanofanira kutevera.

Mitemo Yetsika

Masimba mazhinjisa akaita mitemo yakananga iyo inoita kuti mapurisa atarisire kuungana kunotyisidzira nhevedzano yavose. MuUnited Kingdom, Public Order Act 1986 [[FLT]] (sokushandurwa) itsika huru. Inorondedzera [[[FLT:]]riot[ [[FLT]]]. [Mubato unopawo simba mapurisa kuti aise mamiriro ezvinhu paboka renyika nenzvimbo dzeungano] [[FLT:] [FLT]] , [FLT] , [5] , uye [FLT] Chiratirongedzero chamagwaro].

MuUnited States, hamuna chimurenga chimwe chehurumende; panzvimbo pezvo, anotaura kuti ane mitemo yavo vamene. Somuenzaniso, Penal Code Adition 404-406 inorondedzera gungano risiri pamutemo (vanhu vaviri kana vakawanda vanoungana kuti vaite chiito chisiri pamutemo kana kuti kuita chiito chapamutemo nomutoo wamasimba masimba) uye chimurenga (kushandiswa kupi nokupi kana kuti masimba kunoitwa navanhu vaviri kana kuti vanopfuura vanovhiringidza rugare rwavose). Maruwa mazhinji anewo [[FLT:] Mabasa[[[FLT:]] [[FLT: 1]] ayo anobvumira vakuru vakuru kuraira kubvisa uye kuvhara avo vanoramba. Vanozivikanwa zvikuru asi vanodzorwa mune zvenhau inopfuvura. [5]

Mitemo inotungamirirawo zvishandiso zvinoshanda zvinowanika kumapurisa. Mabumbiro ehurumende akawanda anobvumira zvakajeka kushandiswa kwezvombo zvisati zvashandiswa ( zvinopa mapurisa kunyevera vanhu zvisati zvatanga kuparadzira gungano. Zvikumbaridzo zvakananga nemiitiro zvinofanira kunyorwa kuti zvive nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira.

Nheyo Dzomutemo Dzakajairika

Mutemo wavose, zvikurukuru munyika dzinogara nhaka gamuchidzanwa rapamutemo reEngland, unogovera nheyo dzehwaro dzinobatanidza mirau. Mufungo wakare we usiri wapamutemo unovambira shure munguva dzeMiddle Ages, pakuvamba kuungana kunopinza mungozi kwaityisidzira rugare rwaMambo. Mumutemo wavose, musangano unova usiri mutemo apo vanhu vatatu kana kuti vazhinji vanosangana nevavariro yokuputsa rugare kana kuti kuita chiito chipi nechipi chisiri pamutemo. Mutemo unozivikanwawo nomutemo wavose unozivikanwawo [[FLT:] waityisidzira mugari wemo wemo wemo yeKing James James Version. (na kupfurikidza newedzero, chibvumirano) kudzvinyirira kurwisana nechiito chanhasi muchimiro [FT] [FT] [FT].[5]

Mutemo wavose wakatangawo usati waita chinhu chinodikanwa , icho chinobvumira vakuru vakuru vamapurisa kushandisa simba rine mufungo kudzivisa kuvadziko iri pedyo. Mumashoko akapoteredza enyongano, iyi nheyo inoruramisa zviito zvaizova zvisati zviri pamutemo (g.g., kupinda muzvinhu zvakavanzika, zvinodzivisa vanhu vamwe navamwe) chero bedzi vachiwirirana netyisidziro. Mutemo weEngland, wakadai se Thomas v. Sawts [13], unorangarira kuti mapurisa aigona kupinda musangano wapachivande kuti adzivise kuparadzwa kworugare (aapokanidzwa asi kunogara. Marusaru, zvisinei, akasimbisa kuti mutemo wavose haufaniri kuiswa mukuwirirana nekodzero dzemitemo.

Mutemo Webumbiro Remitemo Nekodzero Dzevanhu

Zvichida ganhuriro dzapamutemo dzinodenha zvikurusa pamabasa ehurumende dzinobva padziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwegungano rapachena nokutaura. MuUnited States, First Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro okuungana norugare. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakabvumirana kuti hurumende ingaisa nguva ine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro pamiitiro pakuramba. Mapurisa angasaparadzira kuungana kwechisimba nemhaka bedzi yeshoko rayo; vanofanira kuva noufakazi hwechiito chokukurumidza chokusateerera mutemo kana kuti tyisidziro yakajeka yavose. Mhaka yechiratidzo Brandenburg v. [126] [199]) yakasimbisa kuti kutsigira masimba masimba masimba kungadzivirirwa kutorerwa kutozoparira chiito chokusateerera mutemo uye sezvinobvira kukuita. Iyi miganhuro yapamutemo yokupindira mukurwisana nezvamatongerwe enyika.

MuUnited Kingdom, Chiratidzo cheHuman Rights Act 1998 chinobatanidza European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Chikamu 11 chinodzivirira rusununguko rwekuungana nesonganiro, nepo Chikamu 10 chinodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura. Zvisinei, vose vari vaviri vari pasi peganhuriro dziri dzakanyorwa nomutemo[ na [[FLT:]] inodikanwa munzanga yedemocracy [ nokuda kwezvinangwa kubatanidza chengeteko yavose, kudzivirirwa kwenyongano, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzevamwe. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rakasimbisa rasimbisazve kuti kudzongonyengedzeka nesangano rerugare rinofanira kuva muganhu. [[FLT:] Zberberg.v[FLD] [FT]

Munyika yose, [[NT: 0] Sungano yeInternational on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) inovimbisawo maruramiro okuungana kworugare (Nyaukwa 21) norusununguko rwokutaura (Artle 19). Komiti yeMagariro echiHumuni yeSangano reSangano reMarudzi reMarudzi reChipoka rinofanira kusimbisa nhungamiro ine udzame paganhuriro dzapamutemo: zvinofanira kuva [[FLT:] zvinotendwa, zvinowirirana, uye zvisati zviri zvisipo zvinoyera [[FLT:]. nyika dzinovimbisa kuti masangano anoraira mutemo anorovedzwa kuremekedza idzi kodzero mukati mamiriro ezvinhu eboka. [FLD:] .[FULT] ZVISIC] ZVINE Nhene ZVINETSwo pamutemo [FFFFF] [FFF]]

Kurambidzwa Kwepamutemo Nedziviriro

Nepo mapurisa nenzira yomuzvarirwo achishuva kungwarira kukuru mukati memigariro inokakavadza, ganhuriro dzapamutemo dziripo kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira uye kuchengeta mutemo. izvi zvinodzivisa hazvisati zviri mhinganidzo kugadziriro yakanaka yokushanda kwemapurisa; izvo zvinosimudzira chivimbo chapamutemo nechavose.

Basa uye Kudikanwa

Mitemo miviri ye inowirirana [ uye `pachipameso] ndiyo iri pakati pebasa rose resimba rapamutemo. Mumutemo wenyika yose negadziriro dzedzimba dzakawanda, mapurisa angashandisa simba bedzi apo kuri madikanwa kuti asvike chinangwa chapamutemo uye kunyange ipapo, mwero wesimba unofanira kuva wakaenzana kutyisidziro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nzira dzisiri dzechisimba dzinofanira kufungwa pakutanga, uye kana simba rikashandiswa, dzinofanira kuva mwero wakaderera unodikanwa. Discipt anoramba zvine rugare nepomero kana kuti kuputika kwegaro kungaputsa mwero wesimba kana kuti kukanganisa kukuvadza nokukurumidza.

MuUnited States, nhau yeDare Rapamusoro-soro Graham v. Connor (1998) yakasimbisa kuti kutaura kwokumanikidzira kwakanyanyisa mukati mokusungwa kunorangarirwa mu “kunzwisisa kweGrandment yeChina, ”“ mupimo. Iyi miraudzo inorangarira urefu hwoutsotsi, kana anonyumwirwa achiparira tyisidziro yapakarepo, uye kana anonyumwira ari kuramba nokushingaira. [[FLT:]] Gram[FLT] [[FT:3] inoshanda kusungwa kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe, matare anoshandisa kurangarira kwakafanana kudzora migariro yavazhinji. Muenzaniso, mu Brosseaugen. v[FFF] [FF] [5] [204], anodzokororwa nesimba rinozivikanwa pamaidi anozivikanwa pamaidi apamutemo, zvisinei kuti anoshandiswa panhambo dzenguva dzose.

Kuremekedza Kodzero Dzevanhu

Dare renyika yose rekodzero dzavanhu rinoisa misengwa yokuwedzera ingasabatwa zvizere nemirau yomumba. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu raita mutumbi wenhau pamapurisa anobata kutsutsumwa. mu [[FLT]] Oya Ataman v. Turkey [200] [200] [6], Dare rakawana kupunzi kwakaputswa kweChikamu 11 apo mapurisa aishandisa kubudisa kutsutsumwa kwega pasina kuedza kupi nokupi nokupi nokupi nokupi kuisa kukura uko kunokosha kworudyi kuungana. Dare rakasimbisa kuti kunyange ganhuriro dzapamutemo dzinofanira kuongororwa zvikuru. Nenzira yakafanana, [FLDFF:]

Masangano ekodzero dzavanhu akapupurira zvinoitika umo mapurisa akashandisa simba guru rakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti wirirano yezvamatongerwe enyika yavapandukiri. Dare reUN paRecomment of Racquential (CERD) rakakurudzira masangano kuita matanho okudzivisa mapurisa okusasarura muboka. Somuenzaniso, mukati me 2020 George Floyd anokakavara muUnited States, mishumo inobva kuACLU neRCOM Watch Watch yakaratidzira kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunoshandisa simba mukurwisana navapanduki vechiBlabhu pami vanorwisana navachena mumigariro yakafanana.

Ganhuriro Dzenguva, Nzvimbo, uye Dzomunhu

Kunyange magungano ane rugare anogona kuva pasi peganhuriro dzine mufungo. Hurumende dzingaisa zvinodikanwa zvemvumo, dzinogadza nzvimbo dzokuramba, uye dzinogadza ganhuriro dzenguva — dzinodaidzwa idzodzo dzinobatanidzwa nedzisingadzorwi, dzakagadzirwa zvishoma, uye dzinosiya dzimwe nzira dzekurukurirano. Dare Gurusa reU.S. mu raipiwa misengwa. Rock Against Racquential[ [1998]) raidavira kuti hurumende ingadzora vombidzo yakawedzerwa pakonzati isina kuputsa Pendement, chero bedzi murairo wacho uchiruramiswa pasina nongedzero. Kurangarira kwakafanana kuforanisa nenzira negungano.

Zvisinei, apo ganhuriro dzinova dzinorema zvikuru kana kuti dzinoshandiswa nenzira yokuzvidira, dzingaumba kudzongonyedzwa pamaruramiro okuungana. Somuenzaniso, kuraira vashori kuwana mvumo kumukuru wamapurisa uyo asina kuisa ngwariro kurambidza mvumo inoputsa First Amendment (ona Shuttlesworthworth v. Birmingham[FL], 1969). MuUK, Plub Orct Agact [[FLL:3]] inopa mapurisa simba rokuisa migariro pamaforass nemagungano, kubatanidza migariro iyoyo inofanira kuvakirwa pachitendero chine mufungo chokuti vhiringidzo yakakomba, kuvadziko kuzvinhu, kana kuti nzanga ichava nechinoitika chakaoma. “Mumatongo anodudzirwa chakakomba.

Kugadzirisa Kwapamutemo Nokuzvidavirira

Apo mapurisa anodarika miganhu yemitemo, vanhu vanowana nzira mumatare anoverengeka. Kurapa kwevagari vomunyika kunobatanidza zviito zvokupinzwa mutorongo kwenhema, kudenha, bhatiri, kurovererwa kwoutsinye, uye kuputswa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti dzevanhu. MuUnited States, 422 U.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . anodzivirira kazhinji kazhinji kacho vatariri vapamhosva kusava nekodzero dzakatangwa, kana pamutemo watonge watozongova watorerwa, kana pamutemo watozongoitwa, nguva pfupi yapfuura munyika (g. Coloradorado, New York) yakadzivirira izvi.

MuUnited Kingdom, mutaurisi angaunza chiito chehurumende nokuda kwokudarika kumunhu kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo kwenhema, kana kuti kutsvaka kuvadziko muChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu 1998 nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzeKokorodzano. Mukuwedzera, mapurisa angazviisa pasi pe Office yePolice Epial (ICOPC) kunzvera muzvinoitika zvakakomba. IOPC ine simba rokurumbidza kuranga kana kuti kunongedzera mhaka kuHurusa Rwisano rwePUNIO (CPS) nokuda kwepomero dzeutsotsi dzinobvira.

Kurapa kweutsotsi kunobatanidza kuroverera vakuru vakuru vamwe navamwe nokuda kwedenho, bhatiri, kana kuti kuuraya muzvinoitika zvakakomba. Zvisinei, pomero dzoutsotsi mumapurisa hadziwanzoparirwa nomutoro wakajeka zvikuru uye kuzviisa pasi kazhinji kazhinji kuzvisarudzo zvavakuru vakuru vakakamukana zvechipiri. Gadziriro dzemapurisa dzomukati dzinoitawo rutivi, asi vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti havana kuzvimirira nokuoneka. Mamwe masangano akatanga mitumbi yakatanhamara yenzvero yehurumende yakadai semabhodhi echiuto .

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Zvinetso zvakasiyana - siyana zviri kuitika panguva ino zviri kukanganisa mutemo wokuti mapurisa ehurumende atarisire kuungana uye zvimurenga zvisiri pamutemo.

Kushandiswa Kwezvombo Zviduku Zvine Tsvina

Kushandiswa kwamakemikari (gasi reganda), kinetic revolvement (mabara erubber, bean shocks), uye zvishandiso zvenzwi (LRADs) zvakaparira nzvero yapamutemo. Matare pane dzimwe nguva akarangarira kuti kushandiswa kwezvombo zvakadaro mukurwisana navapanduki vasina masimba kunoputsa kodzero yokuungana murugare. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLY:0] Getatel v. Texas Department of Public Safety[ [201], dare reruwa rakabvumira kukwirira kunorwisana navarwi veTexas avo vakakanda zvitsigirisi zvishoma kushora vakanga vasingatyisidziri kutyisidzira. dare rakarangarira kuti simba rakanga risiri revone mwero. Njouni yeYate yeBooti yeEurope [FT] [FP][20]

Mimwe miganhu zvino iri kuganhurira kana kuti kurambidza zvombo zvishoma. United Kingdom’s Home Office inosimbisa kuti mabhuroko (ball) anofanira kushandiswa bedzi mumigariro yakakomba uye nemvumo huru. MuUnited States, maguta akadai sePortland, Oregon, akarambidza kushandiswa kwegasi reburi remheni nokuda kwokudzora boka kunze kwemigariro yekurumidziro. Zvisinei, denho dzapamutemo dzinopfuurira, uye masangano amapurisa anowanzotaura kuti zvirambidzo zvakadaro zvinodzivisa mano amapurisa okudzivirira chengeteko yavose.

Kushandisa Madhigirii Nezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga

Kuramba kwazvino uno kunowanzorongwa nezvinotumirwa nevenzanga, uye mapurisa akatendeukira nenzira inowedzera kukuongorora kwemichina kuti aone nokufanotaura magungano asiri epamutemo. Gadziriro dzemitemo nokuda kwokuongorora dzinosiyana zvikuru. MuUS, chirambidzo cheFreadmerment cheChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa chinoshanda kumichina yokutsvaka kana kuti kumira kumunhu ari oga bedzi kana pane kariro ine mufungo. Matare akaisa kuti kuongorora nzvimbo dzenzanga dzenzanga kazhinji kazhinji kunobvumirwa, asi kuwana nguva chaiyo yemashoko ezvikamu zvesero kunoda chaizvoizvo pamutemo. UK’s . [[FLT: 0] Masimba eInstigatation Act 2016[FLT:] anogovera hwaromedzo dzapamutemo nokuda kwemitengodzo huru, asi chiito chakatsoropoteswa namapoka avanhu nokuda kwokusadzidzwa kwakakwana.

Zvinetso zvemitemo zvakanangidzirawo ngwariro pakushandiswa kworuzivo rwokuziva chiso mukati mokuramba. Mu Edards v. South Carolina (1963), Dare rakaziva maruramiro okuungana “murugare” pasina tyisidziro yehurumende. Kuvapo kwemakamera nemheno zvinogona kuva netapuro inovhuvhura inotyisa paichocho kurudyi. MuUK, Dare reApped in R (Bridges) v. Chikuru cheMakuru avano cheSouth Wales Police [[FLT:] 2020]) chakataura kuti kushandiswa kwezviso zvemotokari zvakashamba zvemotokari kwaidzwa kwaidzwa kwaishatswa kwaidzwa nemhaka yokushaidzwa kwapamutemo uye kukundikana kudzivirira nhau yenhau. Iyi ino inonyandura mapurisa nokuda kwokutonga kwamabasa okunzvera mukati mativi ose.

Kushorwa uye Kuedza Kwomuchadenga

Kumuka kwe kusingatsivi . pamutemo kunofunga kuti varongi vanozivikanwa uye vanogona kubatanidzwa mukurukurirano. Pakamuka nokukurumidza pasina gadziriro, mapurisa angarwisa kushandisa nguva, nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro nenzira yapamutemo muna 2011 2011. Dzimwe miraudzo dzinogamuchira mutemo unoda mapurisa kuedza kubvisa kurukurirano uye kukurukurirana pamberi pokuedza, kunyange mukuita magungano. Somuenzaniso, New York’s [FLT:]

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinotonga mapurisa ehurumende kubata magungano nemhirizhonga hadzisi mitemowo zvayo younyanzvi; dzinomirira musengwa wenzanga wokudzikamisa nhevedzano yavose nerusununguko rukuru. Kuvakwa kwakasimba kwepamutemo kunogovera miganhu yakajeka nokuda kwechiito chamapurisa, kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira apo miganhu iyoyo inoyambuka, uye kudzivirira kodzero yavagari vemo yokuunganidza nokutaura zvichemo. Nheyo dzinoda kutevedzerwa, kubatana, uye kusasarura kunofanira kutungamirira chiito chiri chose chemitemo, uye kupfurikidza nokusaita zvamazano okushandisa zvombo. Sezvo unyanzvi hutsva hunobuda, masangano okugadza uye matare anofanira kupfuurira kutsigira izvi zvigaro zvose zviri zviviri kuchengeteka nokuzvidzorwa. Masangano omutemo anochengeta kuzviisa pasi papamutemo uye kuoneka pachena anofanira kutungamirira vanhu vose kuti vasave nokuvimba nevo nokubudirira munzanga.

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