Chitanga: Hwaro Hwehurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Nheyo yehurumende yakaganhurirwa ikokumira kwehurumende yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorwa. Inovimbisa kuti chiremera chehurumende chinoshandiswa mukati memiganhu yakarondedzerwa, ichidzivisa kutonga kwouzvimiririri nokuchengetedza rusununguko. Gadziriro dzemitemo dzinogovera kuvakwa kwemiganhu yehurumende inodzorwa nemitemo yedemocracy mumitemo inomanikidzirwa. Nyaya ino inonzvera miganhu mikuru yetsika dzenzanga nemitemo yenzanga, inodzora, inoita kuti hurumende dziite nenzira yakajeka, isingareviswi, uye inoramba ine maruramiro makuru. Pasina kudzo dzapamutemo dzinodzo dzapamutemo, kunyange hurumende dzakasarudzwa dzinogona kukwendengurira kuudzo yechiremera, sezvinoratidza kakawanda. Nyaya inonzvera mipimo yemitemo yetsika nemitemo, yokutonga, yokutonga, yenyika yose, uye yorutivi rutivi rwamarudzi ose.

Gadziriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo

Mabumbiro emitemo ndiwo mabumbiro emitemo makurusa enyika dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Anobatanidza zvikurukuru gadziriro dzinobatanidza masimba ehurumende nekodzero dzavagari vemo. Bumbiro remitemo rakasanogadzwa harisati richingopa bedzi chiremera; rinoisawo ganhuriro dzourongwa nedzetsika. Zvinhu zvitatu zvinotsoropodza zvikuru.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ehurumende kunokamuranisa mitoro yehurumende kuva mapazu akasiana - siana, magadziro, uye dare. Iri boka harisi iro rinoshanda chose chose asi rinoshanda; bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda zvaro munzvimbo yaro yakagoverwa. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa mitemo kuCongress, kuuraya Purezidhendi, uye kuvimbisa kumatare ehurumende. Gadziriro zhinji dzeparamende, dzakadai sereGermany, uyewo dare remitemo rakasimba sebazi rechina routariri. Kuparadzana kunosimbiswa neganhuriro pamitezo inopfuudzwa: hapana mushumiri angabatira panguva imwe chete somutongi kana kuti mutengi mubatanidzwa wemitemo.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinotanga mipimo yokuti bazu rimwe nerimwe riganhurire masimba avamwe, kuva nechokwadi chebatira pamwe noutarisiri. Gadziriro yeU.S. iratidziro: Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo weveto, asi Congress inogona kubvisa ikoko nevhoti ine mativi maviri matatu; Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru ndokuita kuti zvibvumirano zvive; mutongi anogona kuputsa mitemo seisina kubatana. MuUnited Kingdom, umo mukuru mukuru anotorwa kubva kudivi, anonzvera chimiro chouchangamire hweparamende, chishoro chakasimba, uye Home yeShes resis. Miteo yemitemo inovimbisa kuti hapana bazu rinogona kuita basa rimwe chete panhau dzinokosha.

Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Mabhiri ekodzero anovimbisa kodzero dzinokosha nerusununguko, kudzivirira vanhu kubva kuhurumende inonyengerwa. Idzi dzinodudzwa maruramiro(speech, rudzidziso, gungano, muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana (inoshanda seganhuriro dzakafanorongwa pamabasa emitemo nevakuru vakuru. Bhiziro rekodzero dzeU.S. reRevori yekodzero (kugadziriswa kwegumi rokutanga) uye matare eCanada ekodzero nerusununguko imifananidzo yakakurumbira. Mumitemo yazvino uno miganhuro haisati iri bedzi yakaipa (rusununguko kubva mukudzorwa kwehurumende) asiwo yakananga (zvikamu zvakapikirwa zvedzidzo, tarisiro dzoutano), inoisa mitoro pahurumende. matare emitemo anonyoresa kodzero idzi, achivimbisa kuti vatambi vehurumende vanoremekedza miganhuro yavo.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare chishandiso chine simba chinogonesa matare kuyera kuva kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende nomutemo. Uyu muitiro unogovera nzvero yedare pasimba remitemo neroukuru, uchishanda sedziviriro yokupedzisira pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira. Mhaka yechiratidzo yeU. Marbury v. Madison [1803] yakasimbisa simba rematare ehurumende rokushayisa mitemo isingawirirani neBumbiro remitemo. Kubvira ipapo, kunzvera kwokutonga kwakapararira kunzvimbo dzinosarudzwa neukuru zvakasiana.

Kududzirwa Kwemitemo

Matare anodudzira mitemo mukuwirirana nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, achivimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana nekodzero dzakatangwa. Tsinhiro yeBumbiro reMitemo inogona kuva yapakuvamba (kutarira kurevo yapakuvamba) kana kuti chinyorwa chipenyu (mipimo inowirirana). MuGermany, Federal Constitution Court inoshandisa muedzo wemwero kuti ione kana mutemo uchiputsa kodzero uye kana kudzorwa ikoko kururamiswa kwakarurama. Uyu mutoo unoda kuti hurumende iratidzire donzo rapamutemo, kuwirirana, kudikanwa, uye kuwirirana [[FLT:] recureatority . Kunzvera kwakadaro kunoparira kujeka uye masimba kururamisa kururamisa kusununguka kwayo.

Kusarudza Zvaungaita Pachine Nguva

Zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinotanga mienzaniso inotungamirira mipimo yomunguva yemberi, kusimbisa mipimo yapamutemo munguva inopfuura. Mumiitiro yavose, matare maduku anosungwa nezvisarudzo zvedare rapamusoro pasi pe stare decis[. Kunyange munyika dzevagari vemo, rutongeso rwedare remitemo rwebumbiro remitemo rune muganhu wetsika dzine chiteshi chesimba remitemo. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yeFrench Conseil Conseil Constitutionnel inova mapenduro etsika kurugwaro rwemitemo yeChibvumirano. Kupfurikidza nokududzira mutemo unodzika, muenzaniso unoderedza kusavimba uye unoita chiito chinokosha chehurumende.

Kusvika Kururamisiro

Vagari vemo vanogona kudenha zviito zvehurumende mudare, kugovera mutoo wokuzvidavirira. Ikoku kunoda mitemo yakamira isingaganhuriri zvikuru, pamwe chete nemiitiro yapamutemo isingadhuri neyakakodzera nguva. Nyika zhinji dzakatanga miitiro yokunyunyuta yebumbiro remitemo inobvumira vanhu kukumbira zvakananga dare rapamusorosoro. Varfusculascherde[[FLT] [FLT] [1] (kunyunyuta kwokusabhabhabhabha,) muenzaniso unodudzwa zvikuru: munhu upi noupi anotaura kuputswa kwamaruramiro avo anokosha anogona kuunza mhaka pashure pokunetesa mimwe mishonga. Nenzira yakafanana, Bumbiro remitemo reSouth Africa rinopa chimiro chakafara kumunhu upi noupi anoita fariro yavo vamene kana kuti fariroro yapachena. Pasi pokuwana hwirudzura kubetsera kunoshanda.

Utariri Hunotonga

Sezvo bazu rinozvidavirira zvakananga zvikurusa kuvavhoti, maparamende namasangano zvakarongedzerwa kunzvera mukuru mukuru.

Matare

Matare anokosha anoongorora mabasa ehurumende, achiita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire munzvimbo dzakadai semari, ruramisiro, uye nhau dzokumwe dzinoitisa kutemwa, magwaro okukumbira, uye nhau dzepasi penhau. MuDare reUnited States, matare anogona kumanikidza kupupurira nokunongedzera ruzvidzo apo zvapupu zvinoramba kubatira pamwe. matare eUK Palamende anosarudza, anotsigirwa nevanoongorora masangano ehurumende, anoita mishumo inowanzomanikidza kuchinja. Mitumbi inotonga yeHurumende (GAO) muU.S. kana kuti National AProlution Office in UK.w, inoshumawo masangano, ichigovera kunzvera kudzokera kumashure kwebasa ravakuru vakuru vakuru vebasa.

Kutongwa Nevanhu Vose

Vatongi vanoronga kutonga kuti vaunganidze mashoko uye vabvumire vagari vemo kutaura zvinonetsa pamusoro pemiitiro yehurumende. Uku kunzwa kunowanzova kwakazarukira vanobudisa nhau nevoruzhinji, kuvimbisa kuti . Vanogona kufumura kusashanda zvakanaka, uori, kana kuti kukundikana kwemitemo. Mukati menjodzi yemari ya2008, kutongwa kwedare reUnited States kwakaunza nzvero yavose kumiitiro yebhangi uye mhinduro dzehurumende. Muparamende, nguva inobvunzwa nevanopa paparamende, nguva ino-8.Nyaudzo dzinofanira kupindura mibvunzo kubva kumaMPs / inoshandira chinangwa chakafanana, kumanikidza mukuru mukuru wehurumende kuti akurumidze kuzvidavirira panguva chaiyo.

Kutenderwa Kwemari

Mitemo inodzora kushandiswa kwemari yavose, ichivimbisa kuti mari inogoverwa mutsinhirano nezvinokosha zvedemokrasi. Iri “simba rechikwama” nderimwe rechekero dzekaresa pachiremera chavakuru vakuru. Mabumbiro emitemo mazhinjisa anoda kuti mitero ipi neipi kana kuti ndyiko ipi neipi itenderwe nomutemo. Mitemo nevhoti pamari, uye matare okunyoresa mari adzorerwe kudzokororwa kwezvikarakadzo zvehurumende. Mune dzimwe nyika, dare rinotonga rinewo masimba okugadziridza bhajeti remari rakakarakadzwa. Apo mukuru mukuru anoedza kufuratira ganhuriro yedare kupfurikidza nemitemo yechapanguva yapamberi kana kuti kubviswa kubhadharo yendyiro yehurumende inodzoro; kudzorwa kwemari yemitemo yehurumende inodzivisa kuhwina.

Mutemo Unodzora

Mutemo unodzora unodzora mibato yamasangano anodzora ehurumende. Iyi nharaunda yomutemo inovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinobvumirwa nomutemo, zvine mufungo, uye zvinoyera nenzira yapamutemo. Sezvo hurumende yazvino uno yakura, masangano ehurumende akafunga kuita masimba makuru okutonga uye okupikira, achiita kuti mutemo wokudzora uve nzvero inokosha.

Miitiro Yokuita Zvechiuto

Masangano anofanira kutevera miitiro yakatangwa pakugadzira mirau, kubvumira purogurano nokuoneka. Administrative Procedure Act (APA) inoda chiziviso nekomupiyuta: masangano anobudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa muFederal Register, anokumbira tsinhiro dzavose, uye anopindura kunhau dzinokosha asati agadza mutemo wokupedzisira. Iyi purogiramu inodzora kururamisa zvisarudzo zvavo nokurangarira kumwe kusvika. Nyika zhinji dzine zvinodikanwa zvakafanana. MuEuropean Union, Better Legation Agenda regiver reconficilemsmssssssss arectivess arectivesss remintions. Miteo mikuru yemitemo inodzo inodzo inodzorwa.

Kuhwirudzura Zviito Zvedare

Matare anogona kuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvesangano kuti ave nechokwadi chokuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvemitemo nebumbiro remitemo. Mupimo wehwirudzuro unosiyana: muU.S., pasi pe CHEVron dzidziso (zvino yakachinjwa nemiraudzo yedare remisi ichangobva kupfuura), matare anosundwa nerondedzero dzine mufungo dzemitemo isinganzwisisiki; muUK, matare anoshandisa mupimo une mufungo pasi pe Wednesbury [ kuhwirudzura. Pasinei zvapo nomupimo, hwirudzura sechidzo inodzorwa mukurwisana nezviito zvisingadzoreki. APUPURO dzinofanira kugara mukati medzero dzawo ndokutevera mutemo. Paanogona kutsaudzira, matare kana kuti adzore zvimwe nokuda kwezvimwe.

Kukwanisa Kukwirira

Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanotapurwa nezvisarudzo zvokutonga vanogona kufadza zviremera zvapamusoro, kupa chekero pasimba resangano. Kukumbira kwepasi pevhu, mahofisi, uye matare kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatira semishonga yokutanga inoyera. Somuenzaniso, zvikanganiso zveUK yoKutanga Tribunal zvinonzwa zvikumbiro zvinopesana nezvisarudzo zvehurumende pamusoro penhau dzinovambira pamutero kusvikira kukupinda munyika. Kubva ipapo, kukumbira kunogona kuenda kuUpper Tribunal uye pane dzimwe nguva kuDare reAppel. Kunzvera kwakadaro kunovimbisa kuti zvikanganiso zvinogona kugadziriswa pasina hazvo kuenda kudare remitemo, zvichiita kuti gadziriro isvike uye ibudirire.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose

Mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu wenyika yose unoita kuti pave nemipimo iyo hurumende dzinofanira kuomerera pairi, dzichiganhurira simba radzo pavanhu vamwe navamwe.

Tsamba Nekokorodzano

Nyika dzinoita zvibvumirano zvemarudzi ose zvinodzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo, dzezvamatongerwe enyika, dzemagariro, dzemagariro, uye dzetsika. Sungano yeInternational Paramende on Civil and Political Rights (ICCR) neSungano yeInternational on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICECR) zvinoumba musimbo wemitemo yekodzero dzenyika dzakawanda. Zvishandiso izvi zvinoumba mutemo wekodzero dzenyika yose. Somuenzaniso, UK’s Rights Act inoita kuti pave neSangano reEurope rekodzero dzemunhu (CHS) uye kuti pave nekodzero dzeAfrica dzekodzero dzevanhu nedzero yehurumende. Zvishandiso zvinodhaka izvi zvinoumba miserongedzero yemitemo yehurumende.

Kuongorora Mitumbi

Masangano enyika yose anoongorora mawirirano nemipimo yekodzero dzevanhu, achipa hurumende mhosva yokutyora mutemo. Dare rekodzero dzevanhu reUN (reICPR), European Court of Human Rights (ECTHR), uye Inter-American Commission on Human Rights mienzaniso yakakurumbira. Kutarisira uku kunowedzera kumishumo inobva kunyika, kupedzisa, uye dzimwe nguva kunogona kunzwa kunyunyuta. Zvisarudzo zvekodzero dzemunhu mumwe nomumwe zvinobatira nyika dziri nhengo, uye kudzorwa kwazvo kunotarisirwa neDare reEurope. Non-liancel Commience yezvokudzoromedzo kana kuti kunyange kubviswa kusangano. Kutarisira uku kunowedzera kutendwa kwenze kwekuzvidavirira uko gadziriro dzemhuri dzisingagoni kugovera.

Munhu Mumwe Nomumwe Anonyunyuta Michina

Vagari vemo vanogona kuunza kunyunyuta pamusoro pehurumende dzavo kumasangano enyika yose, vachitsvaka kugadziriswa kwekodzero dzevanhu. ECTHR inoronga zviuru zvezvirongwa zvemunhu oga gore rimwe nerimwe, uye kutonga kwayo kwakamanikidzira chinjo mumutemo wenyika, zvakadai semiitiro yokuongorora kana kuti kodzero dzokuvhota. MuICPR’S First Observation Protocol Protocol, vanhu vari munyika dzinoda vanogona kupa nyunyuto kuDare rekodzero dzevanhu reUN. Nepo zvisarudzo zvedare racho zvisingasungiri pamutemo semarutongeso edare, zvine uremu hunokosha hwetsika nehwematongerwo. Miitiro yakadaro inovimbisa kuti apo mishonga yomumba inokundikana, mugwagwa wamarudzi ose inoramba iripo.

Kutora Rutivi Rworuzhinji Nokuona Zvakajeka

Kutora rutivi kwavose nokujeka zvinokosha nokuda kwokuganhurira simba rehurumende. Apo vagari vemo vanoziviswa ndokuvimbisa, vanogona kurangarira vakuru vakuru.

Rusununguko Rwemashoko

Mitemo iyi inobvumira vagari vemo kuwana zvinyorwa zvehurumende, kusimudzira kuonana nokuzvidavirira. Freedom of Information Act yeU.S. imuenzaniso unoratidza zvinhu zvikuru, inogonesa vatori venhau, vanoshinga, uye vanhuwo zvavo kukumbira magwaro anobva pamabasa esangano kusvikira kukurukurirano dzemaimeyili. Nyika dzakawanda dzakashandisa mitemo yakafanana, kunyange zvazvo kusava nekodzero nokutarisira zvichisiyana. Hurumende dzeFOI dzinobudirira dzinoda kubudiswa kwamashoko makuru, kugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi akaderera, uye kutarisirwa kwokuzviisa pasi pezvipfuudzo. Pasina maruramiro okuziva, vagari vemo havagoni kunzvera nenzira inobudirira zviito zvehurumende kana kuti kudenha.

Kutsigira Kudzora

Michina yakadai sokubvunza vanhu inoita kuti vagari vemo vapinde mumiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo. Iyi inogona kurongwa kupfurikidza nenhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose, misangano yehoro yetaundi, kana kuti bhajeti yokugovera mari. MuBrazil, bhajeti yokubetserana mumaguta saPorto Alegre. MuEuropean Union, Komishoni inoronga kubvunza vanhu pamusoro pomutemo wehurumende. Nepo kusiri kubatanidzwa kwose kunobatira, inomanikidza hurumende kurangarira mirangariro yakasiana- siyana uye inogona kuzivisa zvikanganiso mumirayiro inokarakadzwa. Mirayiro yemitemo yerangano yerangana inovimbisa kuti kuvimbisana kwakadaro hakungori kwokufananidzira chete.

Dziviriro Dzemapfuti

Mitemo inodzivirira vanhu vanoshuma kusazvibata kwehurumende, kukurudzira kuzvidavirira nokuperera. Varwi vanodzorwa kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nokutsiva, nhoo dzakasimba dzemitemo dziri madikanwa. Whistlepuzer Protection Act yeUnited States, inodzivisa zviito zvakaipa zvavashandi vehurumende vanozivisa mashoko asiri epamutemo, tsvina, kana kuti kushatiswa. Mitemo yakafanana iripo muhurumende dzakawanda. Mitemo yeSangano yaMarudzi, kufanana neiyo inosimudzirwa nesangano reEcooperation and Development (OECD), inokurudzira miitiro yakanakisisa. Pasina dziviriro yapamutemo, ngozi yokutaura yakakwirira zvikuru, uye mashoko anokosha pamusoro pehurumende inosabatwa zvisina kufanira kana kuti uori haitongooni chiedza chezuva.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzokuganhurira simba rehurumende dzinokosha kuutano hwenzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokugadza miganhu yakajeka, kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira, uye kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga, izvi zvirongwa zvinotsigira nheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Gadziriro dzokutonga, kuhwirudzura kwomutemo, udzori hwemitemo, mutemo wokutarisira, mutemo wekodzero dzavanhu munyika yose, uye gadziriro dzokupa nhevedzano imwe neimwe dzinobetsera kugadziriro yokunzvera inodzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechiremera. Zvisinei, zvivako izvi hazvisi kuzvidavirira kwechiremera chomunhu oga; zvinoda kungwa nokungwarira kunopfuurira, kuchada kwamatongeirwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuva mugari wemo vomunyika. Munhambo yokukwira kwekodzero dzavanhu, masimba ekurumidziro, masimba echimbichimbidziko, uye njodzi dzakaoma, nzanga dzehurumende inodzorwa mumutemo wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa napamutemo. Kuchengetwa kwadzokoro dzamagaro ose kunotsamira pakuzvipira kumutemo uye kudzivirira kunobvira.

[ nokuda kwokuravazve: U.S. Constitution → → [1] [1] Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu[[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .