Mabasa eDare Rakasiyana - siyana: Nhungamiro Kugadziriro Yepamutemo yeUnited States

Gadziriro yapamutemo yeUnited States inovakwa pamubatanidzwa wematare anoshanda pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende. dare rimwe nerimwe rine basa rakasiyana, simba, uye mabasa. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa haasati ari bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi vomutemo ̬ kunobetsera mugari wemo ari wose kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inodzorwa sei, kuti kakavadzano dzinopedzwa sei, uye kuti mitemo inotsanangurwa sei nokushandiswa. Iyi nhungamiro inoputsa marudzi akasiana - siana ematare, mabasa awo makuru, marudzi enhau aanobata, uye chikonzero nei iyi nhau nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vanhu vose zvavose.

Dare Redual Court: Federal neHurumende

United States inoshanda mugadziriro yedare mbiri, kureva kuti kune gadziriro dzakasiana asi dzinowirirana dzematare ehurumende nematare ehurumende. Iyi dare rakavakwa muBumbiro remitemo reU.S., iro rinopa masimba chaiwo kuhurumende yehurumende nepo richichengeta mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende. Somuuyo, matare ehurumende anobata nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, Bumbiro remitemo, uye gakava pakati pehurumende kana kuti pakati pehurumende dzeUnited States nesangano redzimwe nyika. matare ehurumende, kune rumwe rutivi, anobata ruzhinjisa hwuzhinjisa rwemhoshongano dzapamutemo ̬ kubva pakuputswa kwemotokari yomumugwagwa kuti irambe, magakava, uye mhaka zhinji dzoutsotsi.

Matare Ehurumende

Matare ehurumende ane simba rakaganhurirwa, kureva kuti anogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinobvumirwa neBumbiro reMitemo kana kuti mirau yehurumende. Gadziriro yedare rehurumende yakarongwa mumitsetse mitatu mikuru:

  • U.S. Dare roruwa ̵ Idzi ndimatare okutonga egadziriro yehurumende. Kune matare eruwa 94 munyika yose, uye anonzwa mhaka dzose dziri mbiri dzevagari vemo neutsotsi dzinomuka mumutemo wehurumende. Mienzaniso inobatanidza gakava rekodzero, nhau dzemitero dzehurumende, uye mhaka dzokutengesa mirimo. Matare eruwa anotongawo mhaka dzehurumende dzinodzora ̬ majekiseni pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiyana- siyana umo chitsamakwidzo chiri mugakava chinopfuura $75 000.
  • U.S. Dare reZvikumbiro & #811; Anonziwo matare amatunhu, aya matare apakati anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa uye kumasangano ehurumende. Kune matare 13 enhu okukwirira. Basa rawo guru nderokuvimbisa kuti mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mukati mokutonga. Haachengeti kutonga kutsva kana kuti kunzwa ufakazi hutsva; panzvimbo pezvo, anohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga nenharo dzapamutemo.
  • U.S. Dare Gurusa ̵ dare rapamusoro zvikurusa murudzi, Dare Gurusa ndiro muitisi wokupedzisira womutemo wehurumende nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Inonzwa chiverengero chiduku chenhau gore rimwe nerimwe, chinosarudza kupfurikidza nomuitiro unonzi writ weceritari[.]

Mukuwedzera kuiyi mwero mikuru mitatu, gadziriro yehurumende inobatanidza matare chaiwo akadai se U.S. Dare reBankruptic, U.S. Dare reMitero[, [[FLT], [[FLT]] U, rinobata zvikumbiro uye zvimwe zvinoda hurumende. Idzi matare dziripo kubata nzvimbo dzakajeka zvikuru dzinoda unyanzvi.

Matare Ehurumende

matare ehurumende ane simba rehurumende ̵ anogona kunzwa runenge rudzi rupi norupi rwenhau kutoti achichengeterwa zvakananga matare omubatanidzwa. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine gadziriro yayo imene yedare, asi vazhinjisa vanotevera chimiro chakafanana chetatu:

  • Dare rehurumende (kana kuti Matare makuru) ̫ Aya ndiwo mabhinya anoshanda egadziriro yehurumende. Anonzwa mhaka dzoutsotsi hwemhosva, kupara mhosva dzavagari vemo dzinobatanidza zvitsama zvikuru zvemari, nhau dzemhuri (dhivoreji, kodzero yokuchengeta vana), uye mhaka dzezvibvumirano. Masangano mazhinji anewo matare akaganhurirwa emhosva dzenhau duku, dzakadai sematare ezvipatara, matare maduku anotaurwa nezvawo, uye matare eparabhuroti.
  • Mumhemberero dzeDare & #821; Haisi hurumende iri yose ine dare rapakati (inenge 40) asi muiyo inoita, aya matare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare rokutonga nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Anobetsera dare rapamusoro rehurumende kubata kukwirira kuri kwose.
  • State State Courts /#821]; dare rakakwirira zvikurusa muhurumende imwe neimwe. Inonzwa kukwirira kunobva kumatare apakati (kana kuti zvakananga kubva kumatare anotonga munyika duku). matare makurusa ehurumende ichiremera chokupedzisira pamutemo wehurumende, kubatanidza mabumbiro ehurumende, kutoti kana mubvunzo womubatanidzwa uchibatanidzwa.

Gadziriro yedare ramativi maviri inobvumira nyika kubata nhau zhinjisa dzomunzvimbomo nepo hurumende yehurumende ichikurukura itiro hanya dzenyika.

Mabasa eCore eNhevedzo Yedare Roga Roga

Nepo miitiro yakananga ichisiyana, matare pamwero uri wose anoita mabasa matatu akafara: kuwana maidi, kushandisa mutemo, uye kuva nechokwadi chokururamisira kupfurikidza nokuhwirudzurwa.

Matare Okutonga

Kutonga kunoitwa nematare edzimhosva uye mabasa awo makuru anosanganisira:

  • Kuwana-kasimba ̵ Mutongi kana kuti vatongi vanonzwa ufakazi, vanonzvera zvapupu, uye vanosarudza chakaitika chaizvoizvo. Iri ibasa rinokosha zvikurusa nemhaka yokuti maidi anowanwa pakutongwa anowanzova okupedzisira.
  • Kushandisa mutemo ̵ Mutongi anosarudza kuti mitemo ipi yapamutemo inoshanda ndokurairidza vatongi mukuwirirana nayo. Mukutonga kwebhenji (hapana vatongi), mutongi anoita zvose zviri zviviri kuwana idi nekuita chisarudzo chapamutemo.
  • Kupa marutongeso [ ̵ Pashure pokutonga, dare rinopa chisarudzo (mukutonga kwedare) kana kuti rutongeso (mukutonga kwebhenji). Ikoku kunogumisa gakava uye kungabatanidza mirairo nokuda kwekuvadziko, mirairo, kana kuti tongero dzoutsotsi.

Dare rokutonga rinowanzova apo ruzhinji runobatana zvakananga zvikurusa negadziriro yapamutemo. Dare rehurumende rinotsanangura [ kuti matare oruwa i "pomero" nokuda kweinenge nhau iri yose yomubatanidzwa.

Matare Anoda Kutongwa

Dare rinotonga hariiti nyaya itsva. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanohwirudzura kutongwa kwedare kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti mutemo washandiswa zvakarurama uye kuti kodzero dzomukwirirwi dzakadzivirirwa. Mabasa avo anobatanidza:

  • Kurangarira chinyorwa [ ̵ dare reAppellate rinorava marekodhi, kunzvera ufakazi, uye hwirudzuro zvinoitwa mukati mokutonga.
  • kanganisa dzepamutemo ̵ dare rinosarudza kana mutongi anotonga akaita chikanganiso mukushandisa mutemo. Mhosho dzinozivikanwa navose dzinobatanidza mirayiridzo isina kukodzera yedare rinobetsera vatongi, kubvumira ufakazi husingabvumiki, kana kuti kududzira zvisina kururama mutemo.
  • Kusarudza muuyo ̫ dare reAppellate ringasimbisa (mubatanidzwa) chisarudzo chedare rakaderera, [[[FLT]]] [[FLT:]] , uye [[FT] [[FT:7]]] (mushure)) nhau yemuedzo mutsva, kana kuti [[FLT:]] rutongeso. [mune dzimwe matare, matare angadzidzingawo chaita kukwirira.

Dare redare rakawanda rinonzwa nhau mumapoka avatongi vatatu, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nhau dzinokosha dzichinzwiwa [[FLT: 0] neyavatongi vose vari mudunhu iroro]. Mupimo wokuhwirudzura unosiyana zvichitsamira pakuti nhau yacho ndeyeidi here (yapamutemo) kana kuti mutemo (devo).

Matare Makurusa

Matare makurusa, ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende, anobatira sedare rezvisarudzo zvokupedzisira.

  • Kuhwirudzura kwechiJudicial ̵ Simba rokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisiri zvehurumende. Iri basa rakakurumbira zvikurusa paDare rapamusorosoro reU.S., rakavambwa mu [[FLT:]Barbury v. Madison [1803]).
  • Kupedza rwisano ̵ Dare rapamusorosoro reU.S. rinopedza kusabvumirana pakati pematare edunhu ezvikumbiro, kuvimbisa kutsanangurwa kwakafanana kwomutemo womubatanidzwa. matare makuru ehurumende anoita zvimwe chetezvo nokuda kwehurumende yawo.
  • inogadza muenzaniso[ ̵ Zvisarudzo zvinobva kudare rapamusorosoro zvinosunga matare ose echiduku mukati moudzori ihwohwo. Iyi nheyo ye stare decis[ inovimbisa kutsiga nokudeya kujeka mumutemo.

Dare Gurusa reU.S. rine simba rechisarudzo ̵ kunosarudza mhaka dzipi dzokuteerera. Muzvinenge 7 000 zvikumbiro gore rimwe nerimwe, Dare rinowanzopa mhedziso kuvasingasviki 100. Uku kusarudza kunobvumira Dare kuisa ngwariro panhau dzoukoshi hwenyika.

Mhosva Dzakasiyana - siyana

Hezvino zvinonyanya kutsauranisa:

Mhaka Dzematsotsi

Mitemo yekorini [ inobatanidza gakava pakati pebato ravanhu voga (vanhu, mabhizimisi, masangano) kana kuti pakati pebato nehurumende apo hurumende inenge isiri kupotera mhaka. Mienzaniso inobatanidza magakava, kukuvara kwomunhu oga, rwisano dzezvinhu, uye nhau dzemhuri. Mutezo wedare unotsvaka muripo kana kuti nhevedzano, kwete chirango. Mupimo wechibvumikiso ndi "kudzosa ufakazi" (zvinotoda hazvo).

Nhau dzorusarudzo dzinounzwa nehurumende (muurayi) pamunhu kana kuti sangano rinopomerwa kuputsa mutemo woutsotsi. Hurumende inotsvaka chirango chakadai sefaindi, kusungwa, kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo. Mupimo wechiratidzo ndewekuti "Kusapanikira kune mufungo" ̬ asvomhesvedzero huru zvikuru. Matsotsi anokamurwa kuva matsotsi (mhaka huru dzakafanana nokuponda, kupambadza) uye kukanganisa (mhaka dzisina basa setsoro duku).

Somuenzaniso, vapomeri vane kodzero yepamutemo yokutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi uye kumiririra pamutemo.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwenyaya

Kuti nyaya inzwiwe mudare rehurumende, inofanira kutongwa:

  • Kumuka pasi pomutemo womubatanidzwa (kutonga kwenhau), zvakadai sokutaura pasi peBumbiro reMitemo, mutemo womubatanidzwa, kana kuti chibvumirano chehurumende; kana kuti
  • Mapati akabatanidza anobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana (kudzora kwoukuru) UYE anobatanidza chitsama mugakava chinopfuura $75 000.

Matare ehurumende, mukupesana, ane simba rose uye anogona kunzwa nhau ipi neipi isingawiri muhurumende chete.

Zvirwere Zvakasiyana Nezvimwe

Dzimwe nhau dzinoda matare chaiwo nemhaka younyanzvi hwawo kana kuti mugariro wechienzi:

  • BANULTY ̵ inobatwa chose chose nematare ehurumende anobhuroka. Idzi matare anobetsera vanhu namabhizimisi kurongazve kana kuti kusunungura zvikwereti pasi peBankrupcy Code.
  • Patent nechiratidzo ̵ Dare reZvikumbiro reU.S. reFederal Garty rinonzwa zvikumbiro zvose zvepamutemo. Nhau dzapatront dzinowanzobatanidza nhau dzesayenzi nedzemichina dzakaoma kunzwisisa.
  • [[FOLT:0]] Tax [#821]; Dare reMitero reU.S. rinopedza gakava pakati pavateresi neRevolution Service yoUniversity SERS isati yabhadharwa.
  • ̵ Dare reUniform of Military Justice rinogadza matare-anogara nokuda kwemitezo yebasa, nokukwirira kuDare rokukwirira reU.S. nokuda kweMasimba Anoshongedzera.
  • Juvenile nemhuri [ [#821]; matare eHurumende ane mapoka chaiwo nokuda kwokusindimara kwepwere, dziviriro yavana, uye nhau dzemhuri dzakadai sechatanuro nokurera.

Kunzwisisa kuti idare ripi rinobata nyaya ipi rakakomba nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka nyaradzo yapamutemo kana kuti kudzivirira padare.

Kufamba Kwenyaya Mugadziriro

Kuenzanisira kuti mabasa ematare akasiyana - siyana anoshanda sei pamwe chete, funga nezvechinoitika chaichoicho. Kambani inopomerwa mhaka yokuputswa kwechibvumirano mudare reruwa nemhaka yokuti masangano anobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana uye chitsama chemari chinopfuura $75 000. Dare roruwa rinotonga.

Kambani yacho inokwidza zvikumbiro kuDare reZvipinduro reU.S. nokuda kwedunhu iroro, ichitaura kuti mutongi akapa miraidzo isina kufanira. Dare rinotonga rinohwirudzura nhau yedare redare, hariwani mhosho, uye rinosimbisa. Kambani ipapo inokumbira Dare Rapamusorosare kumbiriso yeceretiorari. Kana Dare Rapamusoro rikapa mhedziso, richanzwa zvibvumikiso zvokutaura ndokupa chisarudzo chokupedzisira. Kana Dare rikaramba kuhwirudzurudzura (kwomuzvarirwo), chisarudzo chedare redare redare renyika inotonga chinomira.

Kana nhau yacho yaibatanidza mutemo wehurumende bedzi (munzira idi, gakava pamusoro pechibvumirano chenzvimbo pakati pavagari vaviri vehurumende imwe cheteyo), raizotanga mudare rehurumende rokutonga, ipapo enda kudare rehurumende renhambo yepakati (kana rinowanika), uye pakupedzisira kudare guru rehurumende. matare ehurumende haasati aizobatanidzwa kutoti nhau yomubatanidzwa yamuka, yakadai sedenho yebumbiro remitemo.

Iyi nzira inoratidza hwirudzuro [[FLT: 0] yebvunzo ye [[FLT: 1] basa rematare: matare anotonga anowana maidi ndokushandisa mutemo; matare anoruramisa mhosho; matare makuru anogovera mhedziso nehumwe.

Nei Kunzwisisa Kuchinetsa Mudare

Kunzwisisa mabasa ematare akasiyana - siyana kunobatsira, kunobatsira, uye kunobatsira vanhu vose.

Betsero Dzedzidzo

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kudzidza pamusoro petsika yedare kunova nounyanzvi hwokufunga hunokosha. Vadzidzi vanonzvera nhau chaidzoidzo dzedare, vanokurukura kurangarira kunobva mumitongo yemitemo, uye vanoyera tapuro yemienzaniso yemitemo. Ikoku kunokudza nzwisiso yemagadzirire anoita mutemo nzanga. Zviwanikwa zvakadai se Cornell Legin Information Institute uye OYEZ[ zvinogovera zvinhu zvinowanikwa zviri nyore uye zvinorekokoteswa zvenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro-soro.

Kubatanidzwa Kwechibvumirano

Apo vagari vemo vanoziva kuti idare ripi rinobata gakava rakati, vanogona kushandisa zviri nani nhau dzavo vamene dzemitemo. Somuenzaniso, mumwe munhu anoda kunyora chirevo chiduku anofanira kuenda kudare duku romunzvimbomo, kwete dare reruwa. Kunzwisisa mibato yedare inokurudzirawo kuvhota kwokuziva pasarudzo dzedare uye zvirongwa zvedare zvine chokuita nedare. Vanhu vane zivo sezvingabvira zvikuru vanoremekedza zvisarudzo zvedare ndokutora rutivi muupenyu hwomubatanidzwa.

Zvirongwa Zvinoshanda

Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi angabatanidzwa mudare rapamutemo ̵ saapomerwi, mukwirirwi, chapupu, kana kuti jur ̬ kuziva mabasa okutonga nematare anotonga kunoderedza nyongano nefunganyo. Kunosimbisawo ukoshi hwemimiriri yapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, kukwirira hakusati kuri kuruma kwechipiri paapuro; kunonangidzira pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo, kwete ufakazi hutsva. Kunzwisisa ikoku kunogona kubetsera vamiriri kusarudza kana vachikwidza.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yemitemo yeU.S. igadziriro yapamutemo yakaoma asi inowirirana umo dare rimwe nerimwe rine donzo rakasiana. matare ehurumende nehurumende zvinowirirana, kubata marudzi akasiyana- siyana enhau dzakavakirwa pahurumende. matare edare anoyera maidi, matare makuru anoongorora nokuda kwezvikanganiso, uye matare makuru anogadza mienzaniso inowirirana. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa aya mabasa, vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanowana mufananidzo wakajeka wemashandisirwe eruramisiro munzanga inosarudzwa navanhu vose. Kutonga kwomutemo kunotsamira kwete bedzi pamatare asi pakodzero dzavose dzinonzwisiswa nedzinoremekedza. Nokuda kweimwe fundo, [[FLT: 0] U. Dare repamutemo redare [[FLT: 1].] rinopa tsananguro dzakajeka dzedare rimwe nerimwe nokutonga. Munhu upi noupi, anogona kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu ari nani, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzemitemo.