VanaBaba Vakawanwa veUnited States vakanga vari vatungamiriri vezviono avo vakanzwisisa ukoshi hwokuita hurumende yaizodzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo vayo.zvinoitika zvavo nokutonga kweBritain zvakazivisa mipimo yavo negadziriro yavakagadza nokuda kworudzi rutsva. Nyaya ino inonzvera nzira iyo vakagadzira nayo hurumende nenzvero nedzikamo, kuparadzana kwamasimba, uye maruramiro avanhu sanheyo dzayo huru.

Madzibaba Akatanga Kuvapo

Kunzwisisa magadzirirwo ehurumende yeAmerica, kunokosha kunzwisisa mashoko enhau umo Vavambi vakashanda. Makoroni acho akanga atambura udzvinyiriri mukutonga kweBritain, uhwo hwaibatanidza mitero pasina kumiririrwa uye kudzorwa kwekodzero dzinokosha. Chiziviso cheWespondement pachacho chinoronga kutevedzana kwezvichemo zvinorwisana naMambo George III, kubva pakumisa mitemo inodzorwa nehurumende yehurumende kusvika pakubatanidza mauto anokamura mumisha yavanhu. Uku kudzvinyirirwa kwakanga kusiri chinhu chaiitika; kwakanga kuri kutsunga kwezuva nezuva kuvaka vakavamba kukurira udzvinyiriri. Chinjo yeAmerica (1775-178) hachina kungorwiwa hacho nokuda kwokuzvimirira asi nokuda kwenheyo iyo hurumende inogamuchirwa mubvumirano.

Pesvedzero Huru Pavanababa Vakavambwa

  • Kujekeswa: Vazivi vakafanana naJohn Locke naMontesquieu vakapesvedzera zvikuru Vanababa Vakavambwa nepfungwa dzavo pakodzero dzomusikirwo nehurumende kupfurikidza nebvumirano. Murangariro waLocke wekodzero dzisingaparadzwi(v] upenyu, rusununguko, uye chinhu) zvinoratidzika kuva zvinodokuva zviito muDecration of Independence (hasi Jefferfe yakachinja zvikuru “kuronda kwomufaro”. Montesquieus’s Mudzimu weMitemo yemitemo [[FLT], rusununguko] yakatsinhira nokuda kwokuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende kuva chibvumirano, mutariri, uye mapazu edare kudzivisa kushamba. Mava aya akafunda nokusano mumabhuku, uye Dare remitemo.
  • Zvikamu zveConfederation: Utera hwechinyorwa chokutanga chinodzora hwakasimbisa kudikanwa kwegadziriro yehurumende yakasimba zvikuru. Mupasi peZvikamu, hurumende yenyika yakanga isina simba rokutera mutero, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kana kuti kudzika mitemo. Shay’s Regiverging (1786-171787) yakaratidzira kuti kuronga kwacho hakugoni kuchengeta nhevedzano, kunyandura vatungamiriri vakafanana naJames Madison naAlexander Hamilton kudana nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo itsva. Kundikano yeMitezo yakadzidzisa kuti rusununguko runoda vatangi vapi vanokwanisa nechiito chinoshanda chakaisvonaka.* asi mumwe ane simba rake akanyatsobatanidzwa.
  • Tsiginations: Nyika zhinji dzakanga dzatotanga mabumbiro adzo amene emitemo, dzichigovera mienzaniso yegadziriro yehurumende. Virginia’s Declaration of Rights (1776), yakanyorwa naGeorge Mason, yakavimbisa rusununguko rworudzidziso, kutsikirira, uye kutongwa nedare. Bumbiro remitemo raMassachusetts, rakarongerwa parutivi naJohn Adams, rakabatanidza kuparadzana kwakajeka kwamasimba nouchangamire hwakakurumbira. Idzidzidzo mukuita kwougaro dzakapa vatangi varongi varo varo.

Kunze kweidzi pesvedzero dzakananga, Vavambi vakashandisawo nhau dzekare dzeRoman Republic, hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeAtene (8) uye magamuchidzanwa emitemo eBritain akadai seMagna Carta neMall of Rights yechiNgezi. Vakatsvaka kuparira republic, inorondedzerwa sehurumende umo simba rinogara muvanhu uye rinoshandiswa navamiriri vakasarudzwa, vakasiana nezvose zviri zviviri utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu noutongi hwamambo.

Mazano Anokosha Anoitwa Nehurumende

Vavambi vaMadzibaba vakabatanidza nheyo huru dzinoverengeka muBumbiro reMitemo kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende itsva yaizodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe nepo ichichengeta nhevedzano nokusimudzira zvakanaka zvavose. Idzi nheyo dzakanga dzisiri dzoushinari; dzakanga dziri muuyo wekurukurirano huru nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo ye1787 yakaunganidza nhume dzine makumi mashanu neshanu dzakabva kunyika gumi nembiri (Rhode Island yakaramba kutumira vamiririri) vaimirira fariro dzenhando dzenhanharo: nyika huru dzinopesana nehurumende duku, fariro dzokuchamhembe dzinotarisana nedzokumaodzanyemba kwevarimi, vatsigiri vehurumende ine simba rakasimba guru rinorwisana naavo vaitya simba rehurumende. Chinyorwa chinoguma ibasa rounyanzvi rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Chimwe chezvirongwa zvinokosha zvikurusa chakanga chiri kuparadzanisa kwamasimba pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende: chibvumirano chemitemo, mutungamiriri, uye dare. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa akasiana: Congress (muteme remitemo) rinoita mitemo, Purezidhendi (anotema) anoita kuti iimanikidze, uye matare ehurumende (anobetsera) aadudzira. Chikosha cheMitemo chinogadza bazu rimwe nerimwe raro rimwe nerimwe roukuru. Imba yavamiririri inosarudzwa zvakananga navanhu; Dare reSangano rinosarudzwa pakuvamba nemitemo yehurumende (ripindwa ne 17 Demendementation); Purezidhea neElgency; uye vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa naPrezidente uye neDare rehurumende. Iyi mhindero yemiteko inosarudzwa yakaitwa nenzira isingabviswi.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Parutivi pokuparadzana kwamasimba, Madzibaba Akavakwa aishandisa gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine chiremera chokuganhurira masimba amamwe, richiva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna chinhu chimwe chinogona kudzora hurumende. Iyi tsika inoparira simba rokutarisirana:

  • Bazu remitemo (Coreff) rinogona kukurira maveto apurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vane matatu maviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Inodzorawo bhajeti uye inogona kubvisa purezidhendi navamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende.
  • Bazu guru rinogadza vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, vachipesvedzera gadziriro yokutonga.
  • Bazu redare rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isingawirirani nemitemo (hwirudzuro yedare), kunzvera simba reimba yomutemo neromukuru mukuru. Iri simba rakatangwa muchinoitika chechiratidzo chenhau Marbury v. Madison (1803], kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro remitemo risingaripi pachena; vavambi vaikarira matare kushandisa chiremera chakadaro.

Iyi michina yakagadzirirwa kwete kuita kuti pave nechero shoma asi kudikanwo batira pamwe nokurangarira. Sezvakanyorwa James Madison mu Murongi Nhaka. 51, “Kuda chinzvimbo kunofanira kuitwa kukurira chinzvimbo.” Kuparadzana kwemasimba nezvinonzvera nokuenzanisa pamwe chete kunoumba icho Montesquieu yakadana kuti “bumbiro remitemo rakadzikama.”

Kushanda Muchikamu

Federalism ndirimwe divi rakakomba regadziriro yehurumende iyo Vanababa Vanoumba vakatangwa. Inoparadza simba pakati pehurumende dzenyika nehurumende, ichibvumira dzikamo inodzivirira fariro dzomunzvimbomo nedzinochengeta chinzwano chorudzi. Bumbiro reMitemo rinodudza masimba ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende (Musoro I, Chikamu 8), zvakadai sokupa mari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutungamirira kutengeserana kwezvibvumirano. Mamwe masimba ose akachengeterwa nyika kana kuti vanhu, sezvinotaurwa muTenth Amend Remendimende. Federaliism yakanga iri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati peavo vaida hurumende yapakati (se Hamilton) naavo vaiiitya kuputsa uchangamire hwehurumende (se Patrick Henry).

  • Kubatanidza mhatsa muudzori: Nyika dzinogona kugadziridza mitemo kuzvinhu zvadzo chaizvo zvinodikanwa, dzichibatira se “zvirongwa zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.] Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa tarisiro youtano yapose pose kana kuti kuvamba kwecarbon pamberi pechiito chipi nechipi chorudzi.
  • inoreva kuiswa kwesimba: kupfurikidza nokuparadzira chiremera, unani hunoderedza ngozi youdzvinyiriri. Kana hurumende yenyika ikanyengedzeri, hurumende dzinogona kudzorera shure /a pfungwa yakakumbirwa gare gare mukati meNullificiation Crisis neCivil Rights Movement.
  • Anoita kuti kuedza nemiitiro: Kufunga kumwero wenyika (muchib., mitemo yeripo yavashandi, mirau yemhoteredzo) inowanzozivisa muitiro wenyika. Ichi chinetso chakagadziriswa zvakanaka chakarumbidzwa naJustice Louis Brandeis sechinopa “banza rokuedza kuedza kuedza kuedza zvinhu zvemagariro avanhu nezvemari pasina ngozi kurutivi rwose rwenyika.”

Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe uye Bhizi Rekodzero

Vachiziva ukoshi hwokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga, Vavaki veChinyorwa vakabatanidza Bill of Rights sedzosi rokutanga gumi kuBumbiro remitemo. Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba harina kuva negweta rekodzero(a idi rakamutsa chishoro chakakomba kubva kuvarwisi veAntifererarists vakadai saGeorge Mason naPatrick Henry. Kuwina rukudzo, vaFederation vakavimbisa kuwedzera gadziridzo. James Madison, pakutanga anopanikira, akanyoresa musengwa wekugadziriswa kwamashoko akagamuchirwa muna 1791. Idzi dzinoendidzo dzinovimbisa rusununguko runokosha nekodzero:

Kugadziridzwa Kunokosha Mubhuku Ramaruramiro

  • Amendment yekutanga: inodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, zvinobudisa, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Inorambidza Congress kutanga rudzidziso rwapamutemo kana kuti kuganhurira kushandiswa kwakasununguka kworudzidziso. Iyi donzo ndiyo fandesheni yerusununguko rwavagari vemo rweAmerica, inodzivirira kusabvumirana nekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • COND] COMYSM: inosimbisa maruramiro okutakura zvombo. Mutauro(*] A anosanodzorwa naMilitia, zvaari madikanwa kuchengeteka kweHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haasati achizodziviswa"/kwave kuri nhau yekurukurirano huru. Kududzirwa kweDare Rapamusoro kwavapo, zvikurukuru mu Degreeter of Columbia v. Hellar [2008], iyo yairangarira kuti kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu kuva nepfuti nokuda kwokuzvipfuradzira.
  • Finamendment: Varindi vanodzivisa nzvero isina mufungo nehosha. Inoda maruramiro akavakirwa pazvikonzero zvinobvira, anotsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti bvumirano, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kusechwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Iyi kurukurirano inokosha kukurukurirano dzazvino uno pamusoro pokunzvera, kuvandika kwapafoni, uye kuchengetwa kwomutemo.
  • pamue ` Bhetirobhuroku, faindi yakawandisa, uye zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose. Kugadziriswa uku kwakashandiswa kudenha chirango chorufu, migariro yetorongo, uye kutongerwa kwapamutemo. Mashoko okuti “mutoo newechienzi” anodudzirwa mukuwirirana nemipimo inochinjika yoruremekedzo.

Dzimwe gadziridzo dzinobatanidza Third (kusabatanidzwa kwezvikamu zvina zvavarwi munguva yorugare), yeshanu (vatongi vakuru, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri, kuzviparadzanisa, muitiro wakafanira, muripo bedzi wokutora), yechitanhatu (kutongwa nokutongwa navanhu vose, dare risingasaruri, maruramiro okupa zano), Nhengo (kutongwa kwechine zera mumhaka dzavagari vemo), Ninth (kururama kwakachengetwa navanhu hakuna kuganhurirwa kuna avo vanodudzwa), uye gumi (masimba asingapiwi kuUnited States anochengetedzwa kumasangano kana kuti vanhu).

Basa Rechirongwa Chenyika uye Kukakavadzana Nechitsotsi

Purogiramu yeBumbiro reMitemo yakanatswa kupfurikidza neimwe yenharo hurusa dzezvamatongerwe enyika munhau yeAmerica. Vatsigiri vemasangano emitemo, vanozivikanwa saFederalists, vakanyora nhevedzano yenhauro . Fidderis Pepars[ .___________akanyora naAlexander Hamilton, James Madison, naJohn Jay. Iyi rondedzero yakatsanangura nokudzivirira chimiro chebumbiro remitemo. Vatsoropote, vaAnti-FEdererist, vakanyora mapepa avo vamene (eg., [FLT:]][FL:3]] uye [FLT:]]

Chirevo chikuru chinodzivisa mirangariro yaibatanidza kushaikwa kwekodzero, simba rakafara reCongress pasi pe “chikamu chiri madikanwa nechakafanira”, uye kusikwa kwehondo yakamira. Federallists vakapindura kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba, utongi hwehurumende, uye chinetso chemitemo yaizodzivisa udzvinyiriri. Somuenzaniso, mu Munyorero weFederan Nha. [, Madison akarangarira kuti chibvumirano chikuru chehurumende yaizova nechapamutemo chiri nani kupfuura chiduku, nemhaka yokuti fariro dzakasiana - .

Iyi kurukurirano yakamanikidzira mativi ose ari maviri kujekesa nheyo huru dzehurumende amene. Kubvumirana pakupedzisira nechipikirwa chegadziridzo() kunoratidza kuti Madzibaba Akavakwa akagadzira sei gadziriro inokwanisa kugadziridza uye kukurukurirana. Bhii rekodzero pachadzo mugumisiro wakananga wedzvinyiriro yeAnti-Fedarisst.

Kufambira Mberi Kwechirongwa Chavanababa Chinovapo

Gadziriro yakatangwa neVavambi veMadzibaba ichiri kushanda nhasi. Chiono chavo chehurumende yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira rusununguko chakabatira somuenzaniso wehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kupota nyika. Nyika dzakadai seGermany, India, uye South Africa dzakabatanidza mativi eparadzano yemasimba, hwirudzuro yedare, uye urongwa hwehurumende mumitemo yavo vamene. Zvisinei, tsika yeAmerica inotarisanawo nedenho dzinokosha dzinoda kuvimbisana kunopfuurira.

Kujairana Nematambudziko Atiri Kusangana Nawo Mazuva Ano

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro remitemo richipa hwaro hwakasimba, dambudziko riri kuramba riripo nderokuchinja mitemo yaro kuti ienderane nenhau dzemazuva ano dzakadai seruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kodzero dzevanhu, uye utongi hwenyika yose. Kuwedzera kwehurumende, kuongorora kukuru, simba renzanga rokutaura norusununguko, uye kuiswa kwesimba rezvemari zvose zvinoedza mavambisirwe azvo. Matare anoramba achiramba achirwisana nokudzivirira kweGazhena kweGadziro yeDindemu yeChine Yenyika inobvumira mashoko emazuva ano. Kushandiswa kweSecondalmendement kumapfumbu uye kunoitwa neTenth Amend Refementsss, zvinotongeswa zvikuru, zvinotsigirwa nehurumende yakaganhurirwa.

Kupfuurirazve, gadziriro yevhota yakagadzirirwa nokuda kwezana ramakore rechi18(8) kubatanidza Electoral College uye kumirira kwakaenzana kweDare redare (zvine miuyo nokuda kwokuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nhasi. Vamwe vanotaura kuti aya mativi anopa simba gurusa kuhurumende duku, nepo vamwe vachikwikwidza kuti anodzivirira gadziriro yehurumende. Pasinei zvapo, Constitution’s Constitution inogovera mutoo wokuchinja, kunyange zvazvo kwakaoma namaune kudzivisa chinjo dzechimbichimbichimbi. Vavambi vai vairangarira kuti zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi zvaizofanira kutsanangura ndokushandisa chinyorwa kumigariro mitsva.

Kukosha Kwokubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano Chokuberekana

Dziviriro yorusununguko haisati iri bedzi mutoro wehurumende; inoda kutora rutivi kwokushingaira kuvagari vemo. Kupinda mumabasa ehurumende, zvakadai sokuvhota, kubatira padare ramatare, kupinda horo dzemataundi, uye kubatanidzwa munzanga, kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta mirangariro yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakagadzwa naMadzibaba. Sezvakataurwa naThomas Jefferson nenzira yakakurumbira, “Vagari vemo vakadzidza chinhu chinokosha nokuda kwokupukunyuka kwedu savanhu vakasununguka.” Vavambi vaidzivisa kusakendenga kuteererwa navanhu vose; vairangarira rusununguko sechimwe chinhu chinofanira kuchengetwa.

Zvinetso zvazvino uno zvakadai seraption, kuderera kwechivimbo mumasangano, uye muvhoti wakaderera zvinotyisidzira utano hweRepublic. Vavambi vakakakavadzana basa ramabato ezvamatongerwe enyika (avakasavimba), asi vakanzwisisa kuti vanhu vanozvipinza vamene vanofanira kuziviswa ndokupinzwa. Zvipingamupinyi zvisingapinzwa zvakadai se Constitution Center yeNational Center uye mapurogiramu edzidzo yehurumende zvinoshandira kusimudzira kunzwisisa Bumbiro remitemo nero.

mhedziso

Vavaki vakawanikwa vakagadzira hurumende yakarongedzerwa kudzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo kupfurikidza nedzikamo yokungwarira yesimba, maruramiro, uye hurumende. Basa ravo rakanga risina kukwana() Bumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba rakabvumira uranda, rakaganhurirwa maruramiro okuvhotera kuvarume vachena, uye akapa hurumende simba rapamusoro pandudzi dzeNative America. Bva vaiumba mbeu dzekuvandudza kwavo vamene, sezvo kugadziriswa kwapashure kwaidzo kwakaresa, kwakatambanudza uranda, uye kwakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo. Kurwisa kupfuurira kuziva mipimo yakakwirira yamadzikeri, ruramisiro, ruramisiro, uye ruramisiro kupfurikidza nehurumende yaizova isati iri pamutemo. Kana ngirozi idzo dzaitonga kunze kwehurumende. Kana kuti Hurumende dzaizova dzinotonga.