Kunzwisisa kuti mwero yakasiana- siyana yenhau dzehurumende inokosha sei nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vakaronzeswa. Nyaya inonzvera mhatsa yenzvero yenhau idzo dzinoratidzira kushanda kwehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye dzehurumende dziri muchinetso. Mwero mumwe nomumwe unoshanda mukati menzvimbo yayo umene yechiremera, zvishandiso zvakasiana, miitiro yokuita zvisarudzo, uye miitiro yokuzvidavirira. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani simba neganhuriro dzechikamu chimwe nechimwe chehurumende uye kuti zvinobatana sei kuumba muitiro wavose.

Vaiti Vatatu Vehurumende: Basa Rakafanana Rokupedza Zvinetso

Hurumende dzinoshanda pamwero yakasiyana - siyana, imwe neimwe ine mitoro yakasiyana, inoita kuti pave nemari, uye miganhu yehurumende.

  • Hurumende yenharaunda ye – maguta, matura, mataundishi, uye maruwa chaiwo
  • Hurumende yeChimiro – masangano ehurumende, magavhuna, masangano ehurumende, uye matare
  • [ Hurumende yeFederal[ – Congress, Purezidhendi, masangano ehurumende, uye Dare rapamusorosoro

Mwero mumwe nomumwe unoita basa rakasiyana mukugadzirisa nhau, kubva pazvinetso zvenzanga zvakanyanyisa kusvikira kugadziriro dzemiitiro munyika yose. Kuparadzirwa kwemasimba kunoumbwa neBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, neThoset Amendment inochengeta masimba asingagoverwi kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti vanhu. Kunzwisisa kuparadzana uku kwakananga kunokosha kuongorora kuti zvinetso zvinopedzwa sei uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona kutungamirira nenzira inobudirira zvikuru kutsika dzavo.

Fundo Yenyaya yeHurumende Yomunzvimbomo: Kutarisirwa Kwehurumende uye Kuchengeteka Kwavanhu

Hurumende dzemo dziri pedyosa navanhu uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinotanga kuita chimwe chinhu kuitiro hanya dzenzanga. Kotsekano yavose mutoro mukuru, uye maguta akawanda akaedza mapurisa enzanga sechinotsiva gadziriro dzokuchengeta mutemo. Porosali yenzanga inosimbisa kuvaka ukama hwakanaka pakati pamasangano anochengeta mutemo nenzanga dzaanobatira, kuisa ngwariro pabatira pamwe, kuvimba, uye kupedza zvinetso.

Fundo Yenhau: Camden, New Jersey

Muna 2013, guta reCamden, New Jersey, rakabvisa mapurisa aripo panzvimbo paro ndokuritsiva nesangano idzva rakagamuchira mapurisa enzanga. Kugadziridzwa kwaibatanidza kurovedzwa kukuru mukubvisa basa, kukwikwidzana kwetsika, uye kuvimbisana kwenzanga. Vakuru vakuru vakanzi vaende kunharaunda dzakati kuti vazoshanda nevagari voga, vachipinda zviitiko zvenzanga uye vachishanda nemasangano omunharaunda kuti vagadzirise zvinetso zvisingadzorwi.

Zvakaitika zvakatoshamisa. Pakati pa2014 na2020, Camden akaderedza zvikuru mhosva dzechisimba, kusanganisira kuderera kwe40% mukuuraya. Kushandisa zviitiko zvesimba kwakaderera ne50%, uye kunyunyuta vakuru kwakaderera zvikuru. Zvichida zvinonyanya kukosha, kuvimba kwenzanga kwakava nani. Kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti vagari vemo vainzwa vakachengeteka uye vachida kushandira pamwe nemitemo.

Chinoitika ichi chinoratidzira kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogona sei kupedza zvinonetsa vanhu nokushandisa zvirongwa zvitsva zvinoisa ukama panzvimbo yokuchengetwa. Inosimbisawo unyanzvi hwehurumende yomunzvimbomo: nemhaka yokuti dare reguta nameya vaiva nechiremera chakananga padhipatimendi ramapurisa, vakakwanisa kushandisa chinjo huru munguva pfupi zvikuru. Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pechinjo yeCamden, ona National Institute of Justice policial papepa renzanga muCamden.

Kuwedzera Kutonga Kwomunzvimbomo: Vatakuri Vamataundi Vanochengetedza

Imwe nzvimbo umo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinokunda inzvimbo inochengetedzwa. Maguta kazhinji kazhinji anotungamirira nzira mukugamuchira miitiro yegirini nemhaka yokuti ane udzori hwakananga pakushandiswa kwenyika, mabumbiro emitemo okuvaka, kutarisirwa kwetsvina, uye zvokufambisa. Somuenzaniso, guta rePortland, Oregon, rakaita gadziriro yokuchengetedza inobatanidza kuderedzwa kwegasi rinodzivisika kwemhepo inodziya, kusimudzirwa kwezvirongwa zvekufambisa vanhu vose nokuchovha, uye zvikarakadzo zvechiva chevhu rakasvibira. Nhambudzo dzeguta racho dzakaita kuti rive muenzaniso worudzi nokuda kwokutsigirwa kweguta, zvichiratidza kuti hurumende yomunzvimbomo inogona kuita fambiro mberi inokosha kunyange mukushayikwa kwehurumende yakasimba kana kuti mibatanidzwa yehurumende.

Miuyo mikuru inobatanidza kuderera kwe25% mukubudisa carbon mumunhu kubvira muna 1990, wedzero ye 30% mukushandiswa kwokufambisa kwavose, uye wedzero inoshamisa muchiverengero chezvivako zvinosimbiswa. Rubudiriro rwePortland runosimbisa simba rehurumende yomunzvimbomo kuedza mitemo inofambira mberi ndokuigadziridza kuzvinodikanwa zvenzanga. Dorobat of Portland’s Climate Action Plan [ rinogovera kunzvera kwokudzikamakuru.

Kuongorora Zvakaitika Kuhurumende: Kuchinja Dzidzo

Hurumende dzine mutoro mukuru nokuda kwegadziriro yedzidzo nokutsigira mari. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ichigovera mari ndokuisa nhungamiro dzakafara (zvikurukuru, kupfurikidza neAll Students Foundes Act), inodzora mipimo yezvidzidzo, mapepa okunyora mudzidzisi, uye nzira dzokushandisa chikoro. Ikoku kunoita kuti kugadziridza nzvimbo yegore rimwe nerimwe kuve mubato une simba wokuvandudza miuyo yavadzidzi.

Fundo Yenhau: Massachusetts Education Reformation (1993)

Muna 1993, Massachusetts yakapasa Education Reform Act, mutemo wakatanhamara wakagadziridza nenzira inoshamisa gadziriro yezvikoro zvehurumende. Mutemo wakanga uri mhinduro kufunganya kwakapararira pamusoro pemari isina kururama uye kubudirira kwedzidzo yakaderera. Zvikamu zvikuru zvaibatanidza:

  • Kuwedzera zvikuru mari yokutsigira zvikoro zvehurumende, zvichinyanya kusimbisa maruwa ane urombo zvikuru
  • Kugadzwa kwetsika dzedzidzo dzakadzika midzi uye kuongorora mashandiro anoitwa vadzidzi
  • Vadzidzisi nevatungamiriri vechikoro vanofanira kufambira mberi
  • Mipimo yokuzvidavirira nokuda kwezvikoro zvinoita mabasa akaderera, kubatanidza kupindira kunobvira kwehurumende

Migumisiro yacho yakanga ichiorora. Mumakumi maviri amakore akatevera, Massachusetts nguva dzose akatanga kurangarirwa munyika yacho paNational Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) muzvose zviri zviviri kurava nenhamba. Mukaha pakati pavadzidzi vakakwirira navakaderera vakaganhurirwa, uye mwero wekupedza kufunda wechikoro chapamusoro wehurumende wakawedzera kupfuura 90%. Rubudiriro rweMassachusetts rwakanzverwa nokunongedzerwa soufakazi hwokuti hurumende dzinogona kuita kuti pave neenderero yemipimo yedzidzo apo dzinobatanidza mari yakakwana nemipimo yakakwirira nokuzvidavirira.

Zvisinei, kuchinja kwacho kwakanga kusiri kusina denho. Vatsoropodzi vakacherekedza kuti pfundo pakuedza kwakarongwa rinogona kutungamirira kukudzidzisa kumuedzo nedzvinyiriro nokuda kwavadzidzi. Mukuwedzera, kusiyana mumari yechikoro kwakapfuurira, zvikurukuru pakati pemataundi akapfuma namaruwa omumaguta. Kunyange zvakadaro, Massachusetts anoramba ari muenzaniso une simba wechinetso chenzvimbo yehurumende inogadzikiswa. Vhiki reMassachusetts rechinjo yeMassachusetts[

Mumwe Muenzaniso Wehurumende: Kugadzirwa Kwezvifambiso

Hurumende dzinoitawo basa rinokosha mugadziriro dzezvokufambisa, izvo zvinokosha nokuda kwokukura kwemari uye kunaka kwoupenyu. Muenzaniso unocherechedzwa ihurumende yenhamburiko dzaColorado dzokuita kuti gadziriro yadzo yokufambisa ive yazvino uno iende kuFasTER (Founding Advations for Surface Transportation and Economic Recovery) Act. Yakapfuudzwa muna 2009, mutemo wakawedzera mari yokunyoresa motokari uye mari yakadzoreswa kuti igadziridze migwagwa nebhurogiramu. Yakatangawo kufambisa mari yakazvitsaurira nokuda kwemabasa akawanda epasi, kubatanidza mikoto yebhasikoro nezvinofambiswa nemotokari.

Somuuyo, Colorado yakakwanisa kuita fambiro mberi huru mukuderedza kuwanda kwemotokari, kunatsiridza chengeteko yemigwagwa, uye mitoo yokufambisa inofutunuka. Mutoo wehurumende unoshanda unoratidza kuti kuita chisarudzo chenzvimbo yenzvimbo yehurumende kunogona sei kupedza zvinodikanwa zvegadziriro zvehurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvakanyanyokura zvikuru kuti zvisagona kuitwa nehurumende yomunzvimbomo asi nzvimbo yakanyanyonyanya kuti hurumende irongedze mamiriro ezvinhu nokukurumidza. Department yeFASTER peji inoratidzira udzame hwepurogiramu nemiuyo.

Fundo Yenyaya Yehurumende: Muitiro Wokurapa

Hurumende yehurumende ine kusvika kwakafara zvikurusa uye simba gurusa remari. Inogona kugadza mipimo yenyika, kuparadzira zviwanikwa munyika dzose, uye kushandisa gadziriro dzemasero makuru dzinotapura muAmerica yose. Utano inzvimbo imwe umo chiito chehurumende chave chichishandurwa, pasinei zvapo nekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika inopfuurira.

Fundo Yenhau: Afford Care Act (ACA)

Akanyorwa muna 2010, Affordble Care Act yakaitirwa kuwedzera kuchengetedzwa kweutano, kuderedza mari, uye kunatsiridza kunaka kwetarisiro. Yakanga iri mutemo mukuru wezvoutano kubvira pakasikwa Medicare naMedicaid muna 1965. Zvinhu zvinokosha zvaisanganisira:

  • Kukura kwemari yaMedicaid kuti ipedze vakuru nemari inosvika 138 muzana yomwero wourombo womubatanidzwa
  • Kugadzirwa kwemisika yeinishuwarenzi youtano (kuchinja) uko vanhu nemabhizimisi maduku aigona kutenga inishuwarenzi yomunhu oga nemari
  • Kuronga kuti vanhu vazhinjisa vawane inishuwarenzi youtano (udzori hwomunhu oga) uye kuti vashandirwi vape bhazi (murayiro webasa)
  • Dziviriro dzevatengi, dzakadai sokudzivisa varegeredzi kuramba kufukidzwa nemhaka yemigariro yapamberi pezvi

ACA yakava netapuro huru. Pakasvika 2016, mwero usina kuvhengana wakanga waderera kubva pa 16% kusvikira pasi pe 9%, uchimirira mhindu yeanenge mamiriyoni 20 eAmerica vakatenderwa. Mutemo waderedzawo kukura kwendyiko dzezvoutano ndokuderedza kupfuudzwa nedzinza nemari. Zvisinei, ACA yakatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo uye chishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika, uye dzimwe nyika dzakasarudza kusawedzera Mdhicaid, kusiya miganhu inofukidza. Kukwanisa kwehurumende kuita kuchinja kukuru kwakadaro kunoratidza simba rayo rokutaura zvinetso munyika yose, asi denho dzokuita purogiramu dzinoratidzawo ganhuriro dzechikamu chimwe chehurumende apo hurumende inenge iri pamutemo. Nokuda kwoudzamedzero, [FFK: 0]

Kugadziridzwa Kwemhoteredzo: Mutemo Wakachena Wemhepo

Mumwe muenzaniso une simba wokugadziridza chinetso chehurumende iCleaner Air Act, yakapfuudzwa pakuvamba muna 1970 uye yakagadziridzwa zvikuru muna 1977 na 1990. Iri mutemo wakabvumira Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kugadza mipimo yemhepo yakanaka yenyika nokuda kwezvinoshatisa zvinokuvadza utano hwavanhu nemhoteredzo. Yaidawo kuti nyika dzikudziridze gadziriro dzokuita kuti dzisvitse mipimo iyoyo neganhuriro inobudiswa yakagadzwa nokuda kwamanyuko enzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzira zvinhu nemotokari.

Miuyo yave inoshamisa. Chifo chapanguva ino kubvira muna 1970, kushatisa kutanhatu kunoteverwa neEPA kwakaderera ne75%, kunyange sezvo upfumi hweU.S. hwakawedzera nakatatu muurefu. Chiratidzo chakadzivisa mamirioni ezvirwere zvemafemo, hosha yemwoyo, uye rufu rwapamberi penguva. Cease Air Act inoratidza kuti utungamiriri hwehurumende hunogona sei kugadzira mipimo yetsika inodzivirira maAmerica ose, nepo huchibvumira nyika nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuti dziwane mipimo iyoyo. Iyi systismism ndiyo chiratidzo chemitemo yezvakati yazvakati yakapararira. .EPA'SCHECHECHE ji yemouse Air Act [FLD] pejitanul:1]

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Simba Neganhuriro Nenzira Dzose

Mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende une betsero dzakasiana nedzisina betsero pakugadzikisa chinetso. Kunzwisisa uku kushambadza kunobetsera vadzidzi navagari vemo kuyera zvikarakadzo zvemiitiro ndokunzwisisa kuoma kwekudzora.

LevelStrengthsLimitations
LocalProximity to community; rapid response; ability to tailor solutions; high accountability to residentsLimited resources and expertise; vulnerable to local politics and NIMBYism; may lack capacity for large-scale change
StateBroader fiscal base; authority over key services (education, transportation, health); laboratories of democracyCan suffer from political gridlock; varying willingness to act; sometimes too large to be nimble, too small for economies of scale
FederalMassive resources; ability to set national standards; redistribution across states; long-term policy stabilitySlow and bureaucratic; one-size-fits-all may not fit local contexts; requires broad political consensus; implementation often delegated to states

Kunzvera iyi nhau kunopa nzwisiso inokosha pamusoro penzira yakasiana--- siyana yehurumende inogona kupedza nayo zvinetso nenzira inobudirira. Hakuna mwero mumwe idivi repea; kazhinji kazhinji miitiro inobudirira zvikurusa inobatanidza batira pamwe inobatanidza kuyambuka mitsetse. Somuenzaniso, ACA yakatsamira pamisika inofambiswa nenzvimbo dzehurumende newedzero yemibato yemiitiro yehurumende isati iri yechisarudzo, uye mienzaniso yemapurisa enzanga inowanzotsigirwa nemhindu yehurumende nebetsero yezvounyanzvi yehurumende.

Kubatana Kwehurumende: Mhaka Yokudavidza Kwapakarepo

Hurumende yakabudisa zvirango zvezvipatara, zvikagovera mari kupfurikidza ne CARES Act, yakabvumira kushandiswa kwekurumidziro kwemishonga, uye zvibvumirano zvokupa mishonga. Kunyange zvazvo madhipatimendi outano omunharaunda akaedza nokunzvera. Hurumende dzakabudisa zvirango zvokugara pamusha, zvikadzo zvezvipatara, uye zvakaparadzira nhomba. Hurumende yakabvumira kuti itsigire mari kupfurikidza ne CARES Act, uye kutaurirana kwezvibvumirano zvekukurumidza.

Zvidzidzo zvinobva mudenda racho zvinosanganisira kudiwa kwenzira dzinonyatsooneka dzokukurukurirana nadzo, kukurukurirana mashoko ari nani, uye kutsigira nemari yakawanda zvirongwa zvehurumende uye zvoutano zvomunharaunda.

Mugumisiro: Kuuraya Vagari Vomunyika Vanozivikanwa Nokuongorora Zvirwere

Kunzwisisa kuti mwero yakasiana - siana yenhau dzehurumende inokosha sei nokuda kwokusimudzira kuva mugari wemo akadzidza. Kupfurikidza nenzvero dzechakaitika, vadzidzi vanogona kuona kushandiswa kunoshanda kwemitemo yehurumende uye tapuro dzayo panzanga. Mienzaniso yemapurisa enzanga muCamden, chinjo yedzidzo muMassachusetts, Affordal Care Act, uye murairo wemhoteredzo zvose zvinoratidzira kuti mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende une basa rakasiana uye kuti chinetso chinobudirira chinowanzoda kuva muvhenganiso wenzira.

Vadzidzi vanofanira kukurudzirwa kufunga kuti: Ihurumende ipi yakakodzera kugadzirisa dambudziko rimwe nerimwe? Vagari vemo vanogona sei kutsigira kuchinja zvinhu panzvimbo imwe chete?

Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa iyi nhau semabudiro ezvirongwa zvokunzvera zvakadzama, nharo, kana kuti zviidzo. Somuenzaniso, vadzidzi vanogona kuita basa semitezo yedare romunzvimbomo vachikwikwidzana bhajeti yehurumende, kana kuti sezvo vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vachigadzira nzira yokushandisa dzidzo. Mibato yakadaro inovaka unyanzvi hunodikanwa nokuda kwokushingaira, vachibatanidza kuva mugari wemo mugadziriro yehurumende yakaoma kunzwisisa.