Apo vanhu vanofunga nezvemuitiro wokuita mitemo, ndangariro dzavo kazhinji kazhinji dzinomhanyira kuWashington, D.C., uye U.S. Congress. Zvisinei, mitemo inoumba zvakananga zvikuru muitiro wako wezuva nezuva(kushandira, kutumira vana venyu kuchikoro, kuwana rezinesi, kana kuti kunyange kutenga musha unoitwa nenzira inokurira mudzimbahwe renyika yako. Hurumende imwe neimwe, kubva kuCalifornia kusvikira kuMaine, inoshandisa muchina wayo umene wemitemo, uye kunzwisisa muitiro uyu ndiyo nhano yokutanga kuva inobudirira mukudzora kwako umene. [[FLT:]] Development [FLD]]10] kuU.S. Constitution inopa mashoko akafara, inoita kuti ive muchina mukuru wezvoutano, uye kuchengetedzwa.

Rwendo rwomutemo wehurumende haruwanzova chinhu chakarurama. Inzira inonanga yakazadzwa nekurukurirano, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kunzvera kukuru. Nepo mitemo yakananga ichisiyana muhurumende nehurumende, kuvakwa kwacho kunoramba kuri kwakatanhamara. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seCalifornia neNew York, dzine nguva yakazara, masangano emitemo, nepo dzimwe, kufanana neNew Hampshire neMontanate, dzinovimba nevagari vemo vanosangana kwemwedzi mishomanene bedzi pagore. Nebraska inoshamisa neyayo imwe imba yapamutemo (Unimaral), nepo imwe nyika iri yose inoshandisa bimaral system system (marksssss: Dare neImbaresains). Iyi mirayiridzo inotakura ichivako, inopa chirongwa chakajeka, inopa pakagadzirwa chiteverwa chiteshi.

Bhuku raGenesi reHurumende Rinotangira Kupi?

Mutemo mumwe nomumwe wehurumende unogona kutanga sepfungwa. Iyi pfungwa inogona kubva kunenge kwose kwose: mushandi anonyorera mumiririri wavo tsamba, sangano rebhizimisi rinokurudzira kugadziridza, sangano rehurumende rinozivisa mukaha mukotsekano yekotsekano yavose, kana kuti muiti wemitemo anoronga chigadzikiso chechipikirwa. Iyi miitiro yokutanga yemitemo zvinhu zvisina kurongwa zvegadziriro yemitemo.

Pfungwa isati yava chikarakadzo chakarongwa, inowanzoitwa nzvero huru nechivako chakabatana. Mapoka okunyoresa urongwa hwetsika anganyora mutemo wemuenzaniso waanopa kuvagadziri vemitemo. Masangano ehurumende angakumbira kuti "kuchenesa" zvikwereti kuti agadzirise zvinhu zvinodavirwa mumutemo uripo. Kazhinji kazhinji, zvinoitika zvakadai senjodzi yomusikirwo, chiitiko chechikoro, kana kuti chinja kukuru kwezvemari kuparira kukurumidzira kwechiito chemitemo. Pasinei zvapo namanyuko, pfungwa inofanira kuwana murwi wemitemo anoda kuitsigira nokuifudza kupfurikidza negadziriro yacho.

Unyanzvi Hwokuchinja: Kushandura Pfungwa Dzichishandurwa Kuva Rugwaro Rwepamutemo

Kana pfungwa yava negamba, inofanira kushandurwa mumutauro wakananga womutemo. Imomu ndimo umo Office of Legislative Counser kana kuti vashandi vakaenzana naro vapamutemo vanotanga kushanda. Ava vagadziri vemirayiridzo vamabhizimisi havatsiki vanoshanda zvakananga nomutsigiri wemitemo kuvimbisa kuti pamutemo mutevedzero une ruzha, wakajeka, wakanyorwa zvakajeka, uye unoita nharidzano yawo yakarongwa. Muitiro unoumbwa noudzame, sekipo yakarasika kana kuti chitsamaudzo chisina kujeka zvinogona kuchinja revo yose yomutemo uye kutungamirira makore okunyorwa.

Mukati mokunyora, gweta nomuiti wemitemo vachasarudza rudzi chairwo rwemotokari yemitemo. Mitemo mizhinji inoisirwa kupfurikidza ne bhiri yavose (kushanda kwapachivande) kana kuti zvikamu zvakavanzika zvakavanzika [[[[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [zvinoshandiswa nokuda kwenhau dzomutemo] uye zvisarudzo zvamagadzirwo [[FLT]] (inoshandiswa nokuda kwemitemo yemitemo) uye kazhinji kazhinji [inoshandiswa nokuda kwemagariro emitemo kana kuti maapoka). Mutauro wokupedzisira unogoverwa, ([FLT:] chiverengero chokupedzisira.S.B, kana kuti chitsarudzo chitsaruso.

Kupedza Kufunda uye Kurava Kwokutanga

Kuwana mutsigiri kunotsoropodza. Mumasangano mazhinji emitemo emitemo, mabhiri anogona kuvawo nembiri yetsigiro yakafara yechikarakadzo. Mutsigiri wemitemo anoisa pepa repepa repepa rebhurokwa namunyori kana kuti munyori weimba, anoratidzira nguva yokusuma. Izvozvi zvinoteverwa ne [[FLT:] yokutanga kurava [, uko musoro wepepa unoraviwa zvinonzwika, uye kwainopinda pamutemo mumagazini yewirirano. Iyi nhanho inodzo yemitemo inobudisa pamutemo mudare remitemo.

Dare Rinomanikidza: Uko Mabhiri Anoenda Kundonzverwa

Pashure pokunge bhii ratangwa uye ragamuchira kurava kwaro kwokutanga, rinogoverwa kudare. Iyi sezvinobvira idanho rakakomba zvikurusa regadziriro yomutemo. Matare anoshanda savarindi vapasuo chaivo, achibvumira mutemi wemitemo kugovana basa rawo nokunzvera mari yaro. Chibvumirano chemari yedzidzo yechikoro chichatumirwa kuDare reDzidzo, nepo chikarakadzo chokupa mutongo weutsotsi chichienda kuDare reJudiciary. Iri boka rebasa rinobvumira vaiti kuti vagadziri vemitemo vatange unyanzvi hukuru munharaunda dzakananga dzemiitiro.

Gadziriro yedare yakarongedzerwa kunzvera kukuru. Mitezo navashandi vayo vanonzvera mutero, vanoita matare avose, uye vanonzwa chipupuriro chinobva kunyanzvi, vagamuchiri, uye vagari vemowo zvavo. Iri ibanza rakanakisisa nokuda kwavanhu vezuva riri rose kupesvedzera mutemo zvakananga. Misangano yedare yakawanda yehurumende inozarukira vanhu vose uye inogovera nguva youchapupu hwapachena. Matare anokumbirawo mashoko emari [ kubva kuhofisi yemari yehurumende, inoyera pesvedzero yemari yomutemo unokarakadzwa pamitengo yehurumende uye mari.

Muitiro Wokunzwa: Chipupuriro uye Chiratidzo

Pashure pehwirudzuro yokutanga, dare rinoita dare ravose. Zvapupu, kubatanidza mutsigiri wezvibvumirano zvemari, vatungamiriri vehurumende, vamiriri vezvirongwa zvezvimuko, uye vagari vemo voga, vanokumbirwa kupupurira. Vanopa nharo nokuda kana kuti kupesana nemitemo uye mibvunzo inobva kumitezo yedare. Chikamu ichi kazhinji kazhinji ndicho chinova chigadziro chikurusa chezvitsama zvemari kupepa.

Pashure pokunge dare rapedza, dare rinopinda muchirongwa che chokuratidzira. Mukati mokudzorwa, mitezo yedare inokarakadza, kurukurirano, uye vhoti padzoro kupepa. Chibvumirano chinogona kunyorwazve chose chose murukudzo, chero bedzi chinjo dzichiramba dziripo kumusoro wenhau yapakuvamba. Simba rechigaro chedare rakura pano; ivo vanodzora mafitime, vakurukuri vanoziva, uye vanogona kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kusarudza kuti zvii zvinobatanidza kunyange kuwana vhoti. Kana chigaro chedare chikasasarudza kuronga kuronga kunzwa kana kuti kuonga, bhii racho nenzira i "pigeongod" uye risingatongogamuchiri muvhoti wakazara.

Mishumo Yedare Nezviito

Kana kubhadharwa kwangopera, dare rinovhota bhiri racho rokupedzisira. Kune migumisiro inoverengeka:

  • Pass (Mushumo unotanhamarika): Dare rinorumbidza pamutemo kufambira mberi kuenda kunzvimbo yakazara nerumbidzo yakanaka.
  • Usapfuura (Mushumo usina kunaka): Dare rinorumbidza kurambwa kwechikwereti nekamuri rakazara.
  • Amend nePass (Mushumo Unogadzirika une Amendments):[ Dare rinochinja mutezo wacho uye rinorumbidza shanduro yakagadziridzwa.
  • Inotumirwa kuDare rimwe: Tsamba inotumirwa kudare rakasiana nokuda kweimwe hwirudzuro (imo, kubva kuDzidzo kuenda kuApproprias).
  • Rated / Yakaumbwa muDare: Mutengo unotsaurwa uye unourawa nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwerusando rwemitemo pasina vhoti yakashata.

Mudare umo ruzhinji rwezvikwereti zvinosangana nemugumo wazvo, kazhinji kazhinji chinyararire. Iyi "kufa" inogadzirwa nevavariro, yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa mutemo wakaiswa zvisina kukodzera kana kuti usiri madikanwa kushatisa karenda youriri. Conference of State Legislatures inogovera zviwanikwa zvakawanda pamifungo yemadare akasiyana - siyana ari mumativi enyika.

Kuita Nezviito Zvemudenga: Kukakavadzana Nokudzidzisa Mudare

Kana bhiri rikapukunyuka muitiro wedare, rinoiswa pakarenda nokuda kwokurangarira. Dare muimba imwe neimwe rinodzora chaizvoizvo iyi karenda, kusarudza nhevedzano umo mari inokurukurwa. Iyi inzvimbo ine simba, sezvo boka reruzhinji rinogona kushandisa mitemo kuronga zvirongwa zvaro nokunonozeka kana kuti kuvhara zvikwereti zvaro. Rumuko zvino runowana kurava kwaro [[ sekondi, apo inoratidzirwa muchimiro charo chokupedzisira, uye imba yakazara inogadzirira kurukurirano.

Gakava rinopa mutezo uri wose wenzvimbo yacho mukana wokuitirana nharo pachena kana kuti kupesana nemutemo. Vatongi vangapa kumwe kugadziriswa, kuedza kuuraya mutongo wacho kupfurikidza nokufamba kwemiitiro yehurumende, kana kuti kuita nhepfenyuro dzinozivikanwa se "filibusters" (panobvumirwa nemitemo yehurumende). Utungamiriri hweboka, kubatanidza Mutungamiriri weMajoliath neMutauri weImba, vanoshanda kurova mavhota ndokuvimbisa mitezo yebato kutsigira nzvimbo youtungamiriri. Ukuru hwekurukurirano kazhinji kazhinji hunoratidza ukurumbidziko yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kurava Kwechitatu Nokufarira Kwokupedzisira

Kana kurukurirano yangoguma, chikwereti chacho chinoenda ku chitatu kurava uye vhoti yokupedzisira. Nzira dzokuvhota dzinosiana nehurumende uye norudzi rwechibvumirano. Vavoice [[[FLT:]] ivhotiswo] yakapfava, apo mukuru mukuru mukuru anoda kuti "yes" uye "mhis" uye vatongi vari kurutivi rwukuru. ZVIVHOTERO[ zvinoda kuti mitezo iverengwe. ] runhare dzinooneka zvikuru, dzinoda mutevedzero mumwe nomumwe kuti dzionekwe.

Kana rugwaro rwacho rukapfuura mune imwe kamuri, runopfuudzwa kune imwe kamuri (Imba kana kuti Dare). Pano, muitiro wose(introduction, dare, uye gakava rouriri) (kudzokazve kubva pakuvamba. Kamuri rechipiri rinogona kupfuura rugwaro rwacho sezvakanyorwa, kurutsidzira, kana kuti kuruuraya. Kana imba yechipiri ikapfuudza shanduro yakagadziridzwa, muromo unodzoserwa kuimba yokutangira nokuda kwebvumirano.

Kugadzirisa Misiyano: Dare Romusangano

Kunozivikanwa zvikuru kuti Imba neDare zvipedze shanduro dzakasiana- siyana dzemurayiro mumwe chetewo. Apo imba inoramba kubvumirana nedzongedzero dzinoitwa nekamuri rechipiri, dare re resonganiro [ rinoumbwa. Iri iboka rechinguvana reboka duku remitezo rinobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri.

Mushumo wedare redare redare redare igwaro rine simba. Inomirira chibvumirano chokupedzisira chinokurukurwa. Chinokosha zvikuru, mushumo wemusangano unofanira kutenderwa kana kuti kurambwa chose chose namakamuri ose ari maviri; haugoni kugadziriswa. Ikoku kunopa chisarudzo chakajeka: gamuchira kana kuti kuuraya bhiri racho rose. Iri "ritora kana kuti kurisiya" rinopa simba gurusa kuvapiwa, richiita zvimwe zvekurukurirano dzavo zvakakomba zvikurusa uye zvine nhevedzano yose yemitemo. Kana dare remusangano rikatadza kusvika chibvumirano, mutengo wacho unofa, uye muitiro wacho ungafanira kutanga kubva pakukwatwa murusarusarudzo.

Denho YaGavhuna: Chipingamupinyi Chokupedzisira

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angopfuura zvimiro zvakafanana zvomuromo, anzi apetwa, aendeswa kuGavhuna. Basa raGavhuna icherekedzo yokupedzisira mudzikamo yesimba. Zvichitsamira pabumbiro remitemo rehurumende, Gavhuna ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka, chimwe nechimwe chine misi yakarongwa nerevo dzakananga dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

  • Chiratidzo mumutemo: Mutemo unova mutemo pakarepo kana kuti pamusi wakajeka unoshanda. Vamwe magavhuna vane mhemberero dzinoisa miromo yavose kuti vasimbise zvavakaita.
  • `Icho ` Gavhuna anodzosera mutongo wacho mukamuri rakavakirwa nevhato reshoko rinodonongodza zvirambidzo. A vhato anogona kazhinji kazhinji kushata noruvhoti rwamatatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri, kunyange zvazvo ichi chikumbaridzo chinosiana (dzimwe nyika dzinoda voruzhinji vanopfuura nokuda kwezvimwe zvikwereti).
  • Regai kuva mutemo pasina siginicha: Munyika dzakawanda, kana Gavhuna asingaiti chiito mukati menhambo yakatarwa (g., 5 kusvikira ku 14), mutengo wacho unova mutemo woga usina kutenderwa.
  • [[FOLT:0] Pocket Veto: Kana chibvumirano chemitemo chikaisa vamiriri vaSinai mutongo wekuuraya (kugumisa rusando) pamberi pokupera kwechiito chaGavhuna, Gavhuna anogona kungorega rugwaro rwacho ruchifa nokusaita chiito. Mutezo wemitemo haugoni kubvisa tsvina vhato nemhaka yokuti haruchisiri murusando.

Magavhuna akawanda anewo bhajeti ine simba yematemu anoramba kuti, inoabvumira kuramba zvikamu zvakati zvemari inotengwa pasina kuisa mutemo wose. Ikoku kunopawo mukuru mukuru simba guru pamusoro pemari yehurumende uye kunovabvumira kubvisa nokuvhiya mabhii kana kuti mabasa chaiwo anotengwa avanoshora. Kukwikwidza gaberneratorial toto kwakaoma noune, kuchida kuti mauto anoyambuka anoyambuka mativi ose. Unogona kuwana mashoko chaiwo pamusoro pegadziriro yomutemo yehurumende yehurumende uye gibernal kupfurikidza na [[FLT:] AUS].

Kubva paBill Kuenda Kuchiito: Kutevedzera

Pashure pokunge pepa rasainwa mumutemo, rinogoverwa chiverengero cheganhuro ne zvinoiswa mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Kubatanidza kunoreva mutemo mutsva unopinzwa muboka riripo remirau (mutoo, Mabumbiro emitemo eCalifornia kana kuti Mitemo yeNew York inosimbiswa). Iri sangano rinoita kuti mutemo usvike kuvatongi, magweta, uye vanhu vose. Munyori weHurumende kana kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende akafanana nawo ane mutoro mukuru wokuchengeta chinyorwa chemitemo yose inoteererwa.

Zvisinei, nhau yemitemo haigumi nechisaini chaGavhuna. Mitemo mizhinji inoisa nharidzano yomutemo wakafara asi inosiya udzame hwakajeka kumasangano ehurumende. Ikoku kunotungamirira kumuitiro wokuita mitemo [[FLT: 1], unodzorwa neAdministrative Procedure Act (APA). Somuenzaniso, mutemo unoda mvura yokunwa yakachena ungaita kuti dhipatime reDhipatimendi reZve reNzvikwakero nokurondedzera miganhuro chaiyo.

Kubatanidzwa Mukuita Rudzi Rwoumambo

Gadziriro dzegadziriro dzinokarakadzwa kushandisa mutemo mutsva. Iyi mitemo inokarakadzwa inobudiswa nokuda kwetsinhiro yavose, kazhinji kazhinji kwamazuva 30 kusvikira ku 60. Vagari vemo, mabhizimisi, uye mapoka okunyora zvinyorwa zvinogona kuisa tsinhiro dzakanyorwa, uye masangano anowanzodikanwa kupindura kuitiro hanya dzinokosha. Iyi rutivi ndiimwe ine simba, uye inowanzofuratirwa, pfundo rokutora rutivi rwavose. Masangano ipapo anogumisa mirau, iyo ine simba rakazara romutemo. Kunzwisisa uyu ndiko kunokosha ku kuziva kuti mutemo unova sei mutemo unotapura zvomenemene maruramiro ako nemisengwa.

Inzwi Rako Mumuchina Wemitemo

Nzira yomutemo wehurumende yakarongedzerwa kuva yamaune uye inodenha. Nhano iri yose (kubva papfungwa yokutanga kusvikira kukusaina kwagavhuna kumutemo wokupedzisira wesangano racho) inopa mikana yokupinzwa, kunatswa, uye kurukurirano yakasimba. Kunzwisisa rwendo urwu hachisi chidzidzo bedzi muvagari vemo; chishandiso chinoshanda nokuda kwokusatendeseka. Muitiro unononoka kudzivisa zvisarudzo zvokukurumidza, asi unopawo misiyano mizhinji yedzvinyiriro apo vagari vakatsunga vanogona kuita musiano.

Ungave uri kupupurira padare rinokutongwa. Unogona kunyora tsamba kumumiriri wako, kana kuti kungovhota paZuva Rokusarudza, kutora rutivi kwako injini inosunda gadziriro. Hurumende dzinowanzonzi "marabhoritari edemokrati," uye kuedza kwadzinoita kunotapura anenge mativi ose oupenyu hwako. Unogona kuronda fambiro mberi yegweta rakati kana kuti kunzvera vamiriri vako vomunzvimbomo vachishandisa zviwanikwa zvakafanana ne Open Fortutions.org, izvo zvinogovera mashoko akakwana pamusoro pemitemo yenyika munyika yose. Kuziva kuti muchina unoshanda sei nhano yokutanga mukuuita nechokwadi kuti unoshanda.