Kuitwa Kwomuitiro: Kupfupikisa

Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti kushanda kwehurumende uye kuti zvisarudzo zvinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva zvinova sei. Muitiro wokuita kuti pfungwa, zvinetso, uye zvikumbiro zvavose zvive mitemo inomanikidzirwa. Nepo miitiro chaiyo inosiana nenyika, mufungo mukuru unoramba usingachinji zvinoshamisa: zivai nhau, kutanga mhinduro, kuimutsa, uye kana yakatenderwa. Nyaya ino inobvisa rwendo rwacho kubva muchinetso kuenda kuchinhu chaichoicho, ichitsanangura nhano imwe neimwe nemienzaniso yakajeka uye kusimbisa vatambi vanochinja.

Pamwoyo payo, kugadzira mitemo irudzi rwakarongeka rwechinetso. Vagari, mapoka ezviwaro zvemhindu, mabhizimisi, kana kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanozivisa mukaha kana kuti kudikanwa kwezvoutano (kwakadai sokusakosha kwezvoutano, mirau yemhoteredzo yakareruka, kana kuti tyisidziro yokudzivirira. Varidzi vemitemo vanokarakadza mhinduro, idzo dzinonzverwa nokungwarira kupfurikidza nemiitiro yemitemo. Chinoguma, mutemo, unotakura uremuro wokuchengeta nokugadza mipimo inosungirwa nokuda kwetsika. Kunzwisisa zvizere iyi, kunobetsera kunzvera upenyu hwechibvumirano, kubva pakutora kwacho mutemo kusvikira kumugumo kwayo.

Danho 1: Kuratidza Kuti Unoda Kuzivikanwa uye Kusarudza

Nyaya yacho inofanira kufungwa nezvayo kuti igadzirwe papurogiramu yacho.

  • [[FLT: 0] Public Concern: Kuparadzira zvinobudisa nhau kwakapararira, kunyunyuta, kana kuti zvirongwa zveuswa zvinosundira nhau mucherechedzo. Somuenzaniso, sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo rakaparira rusaruro rwedzinza kutungamirira kwomuitiro weU.S.
  • Appert kana kuti Commission Reports: Tsvakurudzo kupfurikidza nokufunga, masangano esayenzi, kana kuti masangano ehurumende anosimbisa zvinetso zvinoda chiito chemitemo. Njodzi yemari ya2008 yakatungamirira kumishumo mizhinji iyo gare gare yakazivisa Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act.
  • [ Kutanga kweBazu: Mapurezidhendi, magavhuna, kana kuti meya vangazivisa zvokutanga uye vatungamiriri vakananga masangano kukarakadzo dzokuronga.
  • Comment Aisenator kana kuti mumiriri anopinzwa somunhu oga munhau uye mabasa okuvaka tsigiro pakati pavashandi biyake.

Gara rakaipa nerezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisakiso chiri chose hachisi chinhu chokutanga; nguva, pfuma, uye zvamatongerwe enyika zvichava zvinhu zvose. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakadzama pamusoro pokuti nhau dzinosvika sei purogiramu yedare, ona [[FLT: 0]] Nhevedzo yeNdevedzo inoshuma kuti purogiramu yavose inofamba.

Nhano 2: Kugadzira Bhiro

Kana nhau yangova bedzi padariro, basa rokugadzira rinovamba. Vagadziri vemitemo (kana kuti vashandi vavo) vanogadzira rugwaro rwemitemo. Mumasangano mazhinji emitemo, kunyora kunotsigirwa namahofisi anodzidzira basa seHofisi yeLegislative Replace muU.S. Congress, iyo inovimbisa mutauro wepepa racho kuva wakarurama uye unonzwika zviri pamutemo.

  • Kusimbisa Chinetso: Mutengo wacho unowanzovamba ne “donzo” kana kuti“ kuwana chikamu” chinotsanangura chikonzero nei mutemo uchidikanwa.
  • [ Kuzivisa Kugadziriswa: Nheyo dzakajeka -- yakadai sokuita gadziriro itsva, kunyora mirau iripo, kana kuti kuisa mutero() yakanyorwa.
  • [ Kuisa michina inomanikidzirwa: Ndiani achashandisa mutemo? Zvirangoi zviripo nokuda kwokusawirirana?
  • Kubatanidza rondedzero: mashoko anodzivisa kujeka gare gare. Somuenzaniso, pamutemo pamusoro pe “kunzvera kwemagetsi” unofanira kurondedzera chaizvoizvo icho chinofukidza.

Vatambi vehurumende, vakadai savatsvaki vebasa, mapoka ezvouranda, kana kuti masangano ehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji vanogovera muuyo kunyange mutongo usati watangwa nenzira yakarongwa. Mumiitiro yeparamende yakadai seUnited Kingdom, zvikwereti zvehurumende zvinorongwa navashandi vehurumende mudhipatimendi rezvokushandira, kazhinji kazhinji vachishanda pedyo nehofisi youfundisi. MuU.S., mutezo upi noupi unogona kusuma pamutemo, asi mutemo mukurusa unobva kubazu rehurumende kana kuti utungamiriri hwebato.

Danho 3: Kutanga uye Kuverenga Kwokutanga

Mutengo wacho unoiswa pamutemo pamberi pedare remitemo. Mugadziriro dzemitemo dzemabhikameya − zvakadai seGungano reU.S. (Imba neDare) kana kuti UK Paramende (Imba yeCommons neImba yaMadomasi) (mutemo unogona kutanga mukamuri ripi neripi, kunyange zvazvo zvikwereti zvemari zvakati zvichifanira kutanga muimba yakaderera. Kusuma kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunochengetwa: rugwaro runoraviwa zvinonzwika zvinonzwika (kana kuti, mumuitiro wazvino uno, musoro warwo unopinzwa muchinyorwa) ndokugovera nhamba (umt. H. 1.R. kana kuti S. 123). Iyi mutengo wose unogona kuuwana pamutemo kuti utsigire.

MuU.S., Mutauriri weImba kana kuti Mutungamiriri weDare Rinotungamirira anoita mutungamiriri weDare, chisarudzo chinogona kutapura zvinoshamisa jambwa remutemo (matare eushamwari angaritungamirira, nepo ane utsinye angariviga). MuUK, Kurava Kutanga ndokwepamutemo; basa chairoiro rinovamba paSpect Reading.

Danho 4: Kuhwirudzura kweDare uye Kunzwa

Matare ndiwo anogadzirwa masoseji emitemo. Sezvinobvumwa kuti iyi ndiyo nhano yakakomba zvikurusa nemhaka yokuti matare anobvisa zvikwereti zvizhinjisa. Dare chairoiro richada kuti:

  • Zvapupu zvinonzwa: (kubatanidza nyanzvi, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, vamiriri veindasitiri, uye vagari vemo vakatapurwa) zvinovhura. Kunzwa kunogona kuvhurwa kuvoruzhinji uye kunowanzonyorwa kana kuti kudzokororwa. Zvinovaka chinyorwa chechokwadi chomutemo.
  • [[FT.0] Ratidza Ribhii: Mitezo yeDare inokarakadza kugadziridzwa, chinjo dzekurukurirano, uye vhoti kana mari yacho ingatumirwa kunzvimbo yakazara. Manyoro ari apo rugwaro runochinja, pane dzimwe nguva zvikuru.
  • Mushumo waBill: Kana yakatenderwa, dare rinopa mushumo unotsanangura rumbidzo dzaro nemiuyo inokarirwa yomutemo. Uyu mushumo unowanzobatanidza kunzvera kwakakwana kwechikamu nesendiro.

Matare ane zvigaro zvine simba zvinodzora zvirongwa.

Kunzvera kuti matare anoshanda sei muU.S., shanyira mukuru mukuru .gov peji yedare, iyo inoronga matare ose nemibato yawo.

Nhano 5: Kupokanidzana Nokutaura

Pashure pokunge dare rashuma mutongo, rinosvika pauriri hwekamuri racho nokuda kwekurukurirano yakazara.

  • Imba yavamiriri (U.S.): Kukakavadzana kunodzorwa zvakasimba neDare reMitemo, iro rinogadza miganhu yenguva uye rinosarudza kuti ndeipi miganhu inogona kupiwa. Imba inowanzoshandisa “mutemo wakavanzika” unorambidza kugadziriswa kupi nokupi.
  • Senate (U.S.): Kukakavadzana kunowanzova kusina kuganhurirwa, kuchibvumira vanambuya kutoti kukumbira (kuvhotazve 60). Vagadziri vanogona kupa nzvimbo yakazaruka yezvigadziriso, kuchitungamirira kukurukurirano dzakaoma.
  • Imba yeCommons (UK):[ Gakava reKurava Kwechipiri rinonangidzira ngwariro panheyo dzemitemo yepepa. Pashure pacho, mutengo unoenda kudare reimba yose kana kuti dare repepa ravose nokuda kwokunzvera kwomutsetse. Kurava kwechitatu ibanza rokupedzisira rokugadziridza nevhoti.

Gakava rakawanda rinobatira madonzo akawanda: iro rinozivisa vamwe vaiti vemitemo, rinobvumira vanhu kuona nharo nokuda nokupesana, uye rinogovera mabanza egadziridzo dzokupedzisira. Kuzivisa kunotevera. Mumiitiro mizhinjisa, voruzhinji vakapfava vaavo varipo navavhoti vakaringana, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nhano dzichida kuva nohukurusarudzo (g., tsinhirano yemitemo inodzora kana kuti kuisa wirirano).

Danho 6: Kufunga Nevamwe Vari Mudare

Kana muromo wacho ukapfuudza muromo wacho nokugadziridza, kukurukurirana kunotanga.

  • [ Komiti yeConference (U.S.): Dare rechinguvana nemitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri rinosangana kuyananisa misiyano. Muuyo “mushumo webvumirano” unofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri pasina kumwe kugadziriswa.
  • Kuchinja mashoko (Masangano ePuratimendi): MuUK, Imba yeCommons neImba yaMadzimu kusvikira chibvumirano chasvikwa, kana kuti Paramende (muzvinoitika zviduku) inobvumira Vatendi kukurira kuramba kwaMadzishe.
  • [[FOL:0] Mabhiri pakati pedzimba (Australia): Mabhiri anogona kutenderera, imba imwe neimwe ichirangarira zvikarakadzo zvomumwe.

Vatungamiriri vemitemo nezvigaro zvedare kazhinji vanoshandisa nzira isina kurongwa kuti vadzivise dare rinoitirwa musangano.

Nhano 7: Kutendera Kana Kuti Kutsigira

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angopfuura bhiri rakafanana, rinotumirwa kumukuru wehurumende(_preant), gavhuna, kana kuti mambo mugadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Mutungamiriri ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka:

  • [ Chiratidzo cheBill: Chinova mutemo pakarepo kana kuti pamusi wakatarwa.
  • `Irevo' kuBill: Mukuru mukuru anoidzosera kudivi redare nokuramba. MuU.S., vhoti mbiri nhatu muimba imwe neimwe inodikanwa kukunda vheti. Mugadziriro dzakawanda dzeparamende, mutungamiriri wehurumende (um., UK monarch) ane basa retsika zvikuru uye anopa chinenge nguva dzose chinenge chirevo choumambo.
  • [[FOLT:0] Pocket Veto (U.S.): Kana purezidhendi asingasainira pamutemo mukati mamazuva gumi apo Congress inopikirwa, haisati ichizova mutemo.
  • Mune mawire-wiread Veto (dzimwe nyika): Mudzimwe nyika dzeU.S., magavhuna anogona kutora zvinhu zvakananga zvokushandisa pasina kuramba pamutemo wose. Dare repamusorosoro reU.S. rakarova muganhu wemubatanidzwa wematem vhato muna 1998.

Mumasangano eparamende, mukuru mukuru (cabinet) rutivi rwedare remitemo, naizvozvo kusawirirana hakuwanzowanzoitika, saka zvikwereti zvehurumende zvinova zvinenge pamutemo nguva dzose.

Nhano 8: Kubva paMutemo Kuenda Kukusimbiswa: Mitemo Nokushandiswa

Kuisa chibvumirano chegweta hakuchinji nokukurumidza. Mitemo mizhinjisa inopa chiremera kusangano rehurumende kuti rinyore mitemo ine udzame inozadza zvinenge zvataurwa. Somuenzaniso, Ceac Air Act haina kutsanangura chaizvoizvo kuti ingagona kuyera sei kubudiswa kwemhepo; Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yakazobudisa mitemo inosungisa. Gadziriro yacho inosanganisira:

  • Kugadza Hurumende: Hurumende dzinobudisa Ziviso Yokuita Ruramisiro (NPRM) muFederal Register kana kuti magazini yapamutemo inowirirana, ichikoka tsinhiro yavose.
  • [ Nguva yeRevolution: Vagari vemo, mabhizimisi, uye mapoka ezvifariro anopa mhinduro. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kurangarira idzi tsinhiro ndokupindura mukutonga kwavo kwokupedzisira.
  • [ Kutonga kworumwe rudzi: sangano rinobudisa murairo wacho nechitsama chamashoko chinotanga kutsanangura rondedzero yawo. Murayiro une simba romutemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review:[[FLT: 1] Mapati anotapurwa anogona kudenha murairo mudare, achiitira nharo kuti unopfuura chiremera chesangano kana kuti kuputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.

Iyi nhano inowanzonzi “chisi-remariti" nemhaka yokuti kuita mitemo kunoratidzika somutemo. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kutevera miitiro yakagadzwa neAdministrative Procedure Act (U.S.) kana kuti mirau yakafanana mudzimwe nyika. Nokuda kwemirayiro yehurumende inoitwa sei, ona [[FLT: 0]] wirirano. gov al, kwaunogona kutevera mitemo inokarakadzwa ndokupa tsinhiro.

Nhano 9: Kungwarira Nokunzvera

Kana mutemo wangoshanda chete, vatongi nebazi rinotungamirira vanoongorora kuitwa kwawo. Mibato yokutarisira inosanganisira:

  • Kunzwa kwePunion Ass: Matare anodana vakuru vakuru vesangano kuti vapupurire pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwebasa nemiuyo.
  • Office yeMasarudzo (GAO) Mishumo: GAO, sangano rakasununguka muU.S., kunzvera nokuyera mapurogiramu.
  • Sarudza Claus:[ Mimwe mitemo inopera yoga pashure penhambo yakatarwa kutoti yatenderwazve nedare. Ikoku kuraira kurangarirazve kwenguva dzose.
  • Jehodicial Traption: Matare anodudzira mutemo apo gakava rinomuka, iro rinogona kujekesa nenzira inobudirira kana kuti kuganhurira mwero womutemo wapakuvamba.

Kana mutemo ukaratidza kuva usingashandi kana kuti unoita kuti pave nemigumisiro isingakarirwi, denderedzwa racho rinovambazve: vanotarisira kuzivikanwa kwechinetso chacho, vanosunda nokuda kwegadziridzo kana kuti kugadziriswa, uye muitiro wokuita unotanga. uku kusimba kunovimbisa kuti mitemo inochinja nemigariro yenzanga uye fambiro mberi dzoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Kusiyana Kwemasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nepo matanho arondedzerwa pamusoro apa achishanda zvakafara, pane misiyano mikuru pakati pegadziriro dzapurezidhendi neparamende, masangano emitemo anoitwa neuncameral nebigameral, uye hurumende dzehurumende dzakabatanidzwa:

  • Presidentials (g. United States, Brazil): Mutungamiriri akaparadzana nedare remitemo, kuchitungamirira kurwisano dzakawanda nekurukurirano. Simba reVeto nderechokwadi, uye kuparadzana kwamasimba kunononoka kuchinja.
  • Parliamental Systems (mue. United Kingdom, Germany, Japan): Mutungamiriri (kabhinet) anobva kudare remitemo, naizvozvo mari dzehurumende dzinotongopfuvura. Ngwariro iri pachirango chomukati nebvumirano dzakabatana.
  • Unicameral Legislatures (zvikurukuru, Sweden, New Zealand, nyika zhinjisa dzeU.S. kunze kweNebraska): Kamuri rimwe bedzi, naizvozvo muitiro wacho wakapfava zvikuru (8.4 dikanwo yeyananiso yebungaral.
  • Gadziriro dzemitemo (muremo, U.S., Canada, India): chiremera chokuita mitemo chinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende dzenyika nehurumende. Chibvumirano chingatapura bedzi nzvimbo yehurumende kana kuti kudikanirwa batira pamwe mumwero.

Nokuda kwemifungo inoenzaniswa nemiitiro yewiscti munyika yose, Premen inopa mirayiridzo mikuru pamusoro penzira iyo tsika yeWestminster inoshanda nayo, nepo Literary yefundo dzenyika dzeCongress[ inogovera kupetwa kwemiitiro yakasiana-- siyana yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutora Kiyi: Kuitwa Kwemitemo

Muitiro wokuita hachisi chinoitika chimwe asi chiitiko chinopfuurira. Mutemo hauwanzova mugumo; inhau inopfuurira mukurukurirano pamusoro penzira iyo nzanga inofanira kudzorwa nayo. Kunzwisisa nhano(kuvambira papurogiramu yokuita nokutarisira) kuvagari vemo kuti vaite zvine revo. Kana uri kupupurira pakutonga, kupa tsinhiro yavose pamusoro pomurairo, kana kuti kuvhota, kutora rutivi kumwe nokumwe kunoumba kutevedzana kwedenderedzwa. Mitemo haichinjiki; izvo zvishandiso zvinorarama zvinoda ngwariro yenguva dzose uye, apo kunenge kuri madikanwa, kugadziriswa.

Kupfurikidza nokushambadza nhano, tinoona kuti kuita mitemo kunowanika. Munhu upi noupi anogona kunyora fambiro mberi yegweta, kusvasvavirira kuvamiriri vavo, kana kuti mutsigiri wechinjo kupfurikidza nechiito chakarongwa. Gadziriro yacho inodzivirira, zvakadai sehwirudzuro yedare netarisiro yedare, asi inotsamira pavapindi vanozivikanwa uye vanoshingaira kuti vashande zvakanaka. Nguva inotevera unonzwa pamusoro pomutemo mutsva, rangarira paunogara mumuitiro uyu.