Matare Negadziriro Yeruramisiro: Nhungamiro Nokuda Kwavagari Vapasi

Matare masangano anodudzira mitemo uye anoita zvisarudzo mumatare. Anovimbisa kuti ruramisiro inogoverwa kupfurikidza nokupedza nharo pakati pavanhu vamwe navamwe, masangano, kana kuti hurumende. Gadziriro yokutonga inogovera gadziriro yakarongeka yokupedza rwisano norugare, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kuita kuti vanhu vazvidavirire pasi pomutemo.

Chiremera chematare chinobva mubumbiro remitemo nemirau inogadza udzori hwazvo. MuUnited States, bazu rinotonga rinoshanda nenzira yakazvimirira kubva kumapazu emitemo neanotonga, kuparadzana kwamasimba akarongedzerwa kudzivisa ruoko rupi norupi rwehurumende kuva rune simba zvikuru. matare ehurumende anobata nhau dzapamutemo dzezuva riri rose, nepo matare ehurumende achikurukura nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, uye gakavadzano pakati pehurumende. Iyi tsika ine miviri inobatira mamiriyoni avanhu gore rimwe nerimwe, inogadzira chinhu chiri chose kubva mukupunziswa kwemotokari yemotokari yemotokari kusvikira kurusarudzo yesangano rinoumba.

Mhosva inotanga apo mumwe munhu anonyora chinyunyuto kana kuti chikumbiro, achitanga chiito chepamutemo icho dare rinofanira kupedza.

Muitiro Wapamutemo Mumatare: Nhano Nenzira

Vatongi kana kuti vatongi vanoongorora mashoko aya kuti vaone kuti ndiani akarurama. Izvi zvinotevera nhevedzano yakafanorongwa kuti ipe mumwe nomumwe mukana wokutongwa zvakanaka.

Tsinhiro Yokutungamirira

Muitiro wapamutemo unovamba nemagwaro akanyorwa anonzi kuteterera. Mumhaka yavagari vemo, mupomerwi anonyora nyunyuto inoonesa maidi nepomero dzapamutemo. Mukwirirwi anopindura nemhinduro, achibvuma kana kuti kuramba mhaka imwe neimwe. iyi kurukurirano inozivisa nhau idzo dare rinofanira kupedza. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, hurumende inopomera mhaka kupfurikidza nemhosva kana kuti mashoko, uye mukwirirwi anopinda mukuteterera kwokuva nemhaka, kwete nemhaka, kana kuti pasina makwikwikwi.

Dare rinogona kuona kuti ichokwadi chipi chakanyorwa uye ndechipi chinoramba chichikwikwidzana. Izvi zvinochengetedza nguva uye zvinoisa mari panhau dzechokwadi pane kuisa pfungwa panhau dzechokwadi.

Kuwana Pase

Kuongorora kunosanganisira kukumbira kuti munhu apinde mudare, uye kukumbira kuti apiwe magwaro. Izvi zvinodzivirira kutongwa nokuhwanda, zvichivimbisa kuti hapana kana paine uchapupu hwakavanzika hungaita kuti munhu wacho ashamiswe neimwe nzira.

Kuongorora kunokurudzirawo kuti pave nokugadzikana. Apo mativi ose ari maviri anonzwisisa zvizere simba nokusasimba kwenzvimbo dzawo, kazhinji kazhinji anosundwa kukurukura chisarudzo panzvimbo pokubhejera pamugumisiro wokutongwa.Anenge makumi mapfumbamwe neshanu muzana yemhosva dzevagari vemo dzinopera vasati vasvika pakutongwa, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti kuwana kunojekesa zvicharatidzwa nouchapupu.

Kutonga

Kana nhau yacho ikapfuurira kutongwa, inoda kurongwa, mashoko okuzarura anobvumira rutivi rumwe norumwe kuratidzira zvarunoda kubvumikisa. Mutongi anopa nhau yake pakutanga, achidana zvapupu nokusuma zviratidziro. Pashure pouchapupu humwe nohumwe, rutivi runopesana rune mukana wokuyambuka - imerine, kuedza kuvimbika noururami hwechipupuriro.

Kana mutongi wacho akasarudza kuti zvibvumikiso zvacho zvii zvingataura uchapupu hwacho, nyaya yacho inopupurirwa neZvapupu, magwaro anotangwa, uye nyanzvi dzingapa pfungwa pazvinhu zvine chokuita nounyanzvi.

Kutonga uye Kutonga

Muwani, mungava mutongi kana kuti mutongi, vaune uye vanosvika pachisarudzo. Munhau dzoutsotsi, chisarudzo chinofanira kuva chakabatana uye mupimo woufakazi hauna kupanikira. Nhau dzavagari vemo dzinoda kufungwa kwoufakazi, kureva kuti rutivi runohwina runofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yarwo kuva rwechokwadi zvikuru kupfuura zvisati zviri. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira mhedziso dzisingachinji munhau dzevagari vemo, kunyange zvazvo komba yezvokuda kubvumirana kwebonde.

Mutongo wacho unoratidza kusunungurwa kunoitwa munhu anenge apiwa mari yaainge apara, kurayira mumwe munhu kuti aite kana kuti asaita chimwe chinhu, kana kuti asaita maruramiro.

Nzira Iyo Vatongi Vanoita Nayo Zvisarudzo

Vatongi vanodudzira mitemo uye mitemo yakare kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvakabatana.

Kududzira Mashoko Anokosha

Kana mutemo uchishanda panhau, vatongi vanofanira kusarudza kuti chii chinangwa chedare. Vanoongorora mutauro wakajeka womutemo, vachiverenga mashoko maererano nerevo yavowo zvayo. Kana mutauro wacho usina kujeka, vatongi vangabvunza nhau dzemitemo, kusanganisira mishumo yedare uye nharo dzepauriri, kuti vanzwisise chinangwa chemutemo wacho. Vanofungawo nezvemasangano okuvaka, ayo ari mitemo yakatangwa kuti vaturire magwaro epamutemo.

Somuenzaniso, nheyo yemukurumbira inoda kuti mitemo youtsotsi isina kujeka idudzirwe nokuda kwomukwiridziri.

Mutemo Wavose Nezvisarudzo

Mutemo wakawanda weAmerica unobva kwete mumirau asi muzvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinoungana munguva yakati. Dzidziso yokutarira, kureva kuti "kumira mukuwirirana nezvinhu zvasarudzwa," inoda vatongi kutevera mienzaniso yakagadzwa nematare makuru musimba rimwe chetero. Iyi nheyo inovimbisa kuti mhaka dzakafanana dzinobatwa nenzira yakafanana, ichisimudzira ruramisiro nedzikamo mutsika yapamutemo.

Mutongi paanotarisana nenhau isina kusarudzwa kare, mutongi anofanira kurangarira kupfurikidza nokuenzanisa nhau yazvino nenhau dzakafanana uye kushandisa nheyo dzawo dziri pasi. Iyi nzira yomutemo inobvumira mutemo kushanduka zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo migariro mitsva inomuka.Vatongi vangabva mumuenzaniso apo migariro inochinja zvikuru kana kuti apo zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zvinobvumikisa kuva zvisingashandi, asi ivo chaizvoizvo vanoda ruramiso yakasimba nokuda kwokuita kudaro.

Uzivi Hwokutonga Nouchenjeri

Vatongi vanouya nemitoo yakasiana kubasa ravo. Vamwe vanonamatira kuuzivi hwapakuvamba, vachidudzira gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo mukuwirirana nerevo yadzo panguva yokugamuchirwa. Vamwe vanogamuchira constitution magenti mapenyu, vachibvumira revo yechinyorwa kushanduka nechinjo dzenzanga. Iyi misiyano youzivi inogona kutungamirira kumiuyo yakasiana muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza dziviriro yakaenzana kana kuti muitiro wakafanira.

Kutonga kunoshandawo muzvisarudzo zvakawanda. Vatongi vanosarudza mitongo mumitsetse iri mumitsetse yemitemo, kusarudza kana ungapa mitongo inopfuuridzirwa, rayirai pamusoro pezvibvumikiso zvakajeka, uye mufambiro wedare. Nepo kungwarira kuchibvumira vatongi kuwirirana nemigariro yakasiana yenhau imwe neimwe, kunoparirawo bviro yokuchinja. Kuongorora uye mitemo yemitemo inobetsera pakushandisa uchenjeri.

Kuongorora Uchapupu

Vatongi vanofanira kuyera kuvimbika noukuru hwoufakazi hunopiwa mudare. Vanosarudza ufakazi uhwo vatongi vanganzwa, vachishandisa mitemo youfakazi yakagadzirirwa kubvisa mashoko asina kuvimbika kana kuti anofungira mano akaipa. Mukati mekutongwa kwebhenji, umo mutongi anoita somuwani weidi, mutongi anoyera ratidziro yokupupurira, anorangarira ufakazi hunotsigira, uye anoyera chipupuriro chinorwisana.

Mitemo youfakazi, yakadai seFederal Rules of Evidence inoshandiswa mumatare ehurumende, inoratidzira mazana amakore oruzivo rwokuzviwanira pamusoro pemashoko akavimbika zvakakwana nokuda kwefambiro yapamutemo. Munzwi, somuenzaniso, kazhinji kazhinji anopesana anobviswa nemhaka yokuti boka risingagoni kuyambuka mutongo wapakuvamba unoregeredza. Chipupuriro chapashure chinofanira kusvitsa mipimo yokuvimbika isati yagona kupiwa kudare rinobetsera. Iyi dziviriro yemitemo inodzivirira kuperera kwemhaka.

Basa Remajaya Muzvisarudzo zveDare

Vatongi vanoteerera uchapupu hwacho vokurukura nyaya yacho kuti vazopa mutongo wacho.

Kusarudzwa Kwechikamu uye Kuiswa Kwenzvimbo

Kodzero yokutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi inosimbiswa neSixth Amendment yemhosva dzoutsotsi uye Seventh Amendment yemhosva dzevagari vemo mudare rehurumende. Jury inotanga nokusarudzwa neboka ravagari vemo vanodanwa basa, zvikurukuru vachitorwa mumapepa okunyoresa anonyoresa uye erezenisi romutyairi.

Rudzi rumwe norumwe runogona kudenha vatongi nokuda kwechisakiso kana vakaratidzira fungirano chaiyoiyo, zvakadai soukama hwomunhu oga nebato kana kuti mirangariro yakasimba yakafanorongwa pamusoro penhau yacho. Kurova nokuda kwechisakiso hakuna kuganhurirwa. Rutivi rumwe norumwe runogamuchirawo chiverengero chakaganhurirwa chedenho dzinoparadza, idzo dzinobvumira kubviswa kwavavatongi pasina kutaura chikonzero. zvisinei, denho dzokudzivisira hadzigoni kushandiswa kutsauranisa hwakavakirwa padzinza kana kuti kuva murume.

Vatongi vokupedzisira zvikurukuru vanoumbwa nemitezo gumi nemiviri mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichishandisa zvigaro zviduku zvedare redzimhosva munhau dzevagari vemo. Vatsivi vanosarudzwa kutsiva mutongi upi noupi anova asingakwanisi kubatira mukati mokutonga. Vavariro ndeyokuunganidza boka ravagari vemo vanomirira chikamu chenzanga chakaenzana uye vanogona kusarudza mhaka yacho nenzira isina chizivano.

Mufambiro Wakanaka Nekuzvidira

Pakutonga, vatongi vanofanira kutevera mitemo yorumano. Havagoni kukurukura nhau yacho nomunhu upi noupi, kubatanidza vatongi biyavo, kutozosvikira kurukurirano dzavamba. Havagoni kunzvera nhau yacho vachizvimirira, kushanyira chinoitika chezvinoitika, kana kuti kushandisa zvinobudisa nhau kuti vaunganidze mashoko. Iyi ganhuriro inodzivisa kushatiswa kwechisarudzo chedare rinobetsera vatongi kupfurikidza nepesvedzero dzokunze kana kuti rutongeso ruchikurumidza.

Pashure pokugamuchira mirayiridzo inobva kumutongi pamusoro pomutemo unoshanda, vatongi vanorega basa kunzvimbo yokurangarira kuti vakurukure ufakazi. Vanosarudza mukuru mukuru kutungamirira kurukurirano nokukurukura nedare. Kupa mvumo kunogona kupedza maawa kana kuti mazuva, kuchitsamira pakuoma kwenhau uye kuva pedyo kwoufakazi. Jurress anohwirudzura zviratidziro, kunzverazve, uye gakava revo yechikamu chimwe nechimwe choufakazi.

Kana vatongi vasingagoni kubvumirana pashure pokunge vataura nyaya dzakawedzerwa, mutongi angataura mhosva isiri iyo, achida kuti vatongi vazotongwazve.

Kugadzirwa Kwenyuchi

Mumigariro isingawanzoitiki, vatongi vangasarudza kusunungura mukwiridziri pasinei zvapo noufakazi hwakasimba hwemhosva. Uyu muitiro, unozivikanwa sokuparadzwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, unoitika apo vatongi vanodavira kuti kushandisa mutemo kwaizoparira muuyo usina kururama. Nepo matare ane simba risina kusimba rokuparadza, haana maruramiro okuita kudaro, uye vatongi havasati vachiwanzozivisa vatongi nezveichi chinobvira. Nullitiation ibatira sevhara rechengeteko mukurwisana netsoropo asi ine ngozi yokuderedza mutemo apo inoshandiswa nenzira yokusangwarira.

Zvinhu Zvinopesvedzera Zvisarudzo zveDare

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunobatsira vagari vemo kuona kuti nei nyaya dzacho dzichizomira sei uye kuti ndedzipi dzingabudirira pakudzitsanangura.

  • Mitemo yemitemo: inoshanda kunhau yacho. Mitemo inoita mitemo inorondedzera kodzero, mabasa, uye zvirango. Dare rinofanira kushandisa mitemo iyi seyakanyorwa, kunyange zvazvo kududzira kuchigona kutapura zvikuru revo yazvo. Mashoko chaiwo omutemo, kuiswa kwawo mukati mebumbiro remitemo rakafara, uye musi waro unoshanda zvose zvinopesvedzera kuti dare richaishandisa sei.
  • Zvisarudzo zvedare rekare zvinotungamirira mirau yazvino uno. Matare anotevera nheyo yokutarira decisis, kureva kuti anonamatira kuzvisarudzo zvakapfuura munhau dzakafanana. Zvikamu zvakabva kumatare makuru zvinosunga matare echiduku musimba rimwe chetero. Kunyange zviteshi zvisingasungi miganhu inobva kumamwe mativi zvinogona kuva zvinonyengetedza, zvikurukuru apo zvinenge zvichisanofungwa kana kuti apo kusava nechiremera chomunzvimbomo.
  • Chibvumikiso: Maidi noufakazi zvinopiwa mukati mokutonga. Ufakazi hunobatanidza ufakazi, zvinyorwa, zvinhu zvinooneka, mapikicha, makarekodhi, uye mirangariro yenyanzvi. Kurema kunopiwa kurutivi rumwe norumwe kunotsamira paukoshi hwarwo, kuvimbika, uye kusachinjana nohumwe ufakazi. Ufakazi hwakasimba hunotsigirwa namanyuko akawanda uye kumira muchinjikwa.
  • Nheyo dzemitemo: Kurangarira kunopiwa namagweta navatongi. Zvibvumikiso zvapamutemo zvinoshanda zvinobatanidza maidi enhau yacho nomutemo unoshanda uchishandisa mufungo, muenzaniso, uye mirau. Vatengi vanoisa zvibvumikiso zvavo kuti vakwirire kunzwisiso yedare yeruramisiro nenheyo dzapamutemo dzinowirirana. Vatongi vanonzvera idzi tsinhiro ndokutsanangura mirangariro yavo yakanyorwa iyo inotungamirira nhau dzomunguva yemberi.
  • Bhegi rechibvumikiso: Ipi paunofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yacho uye kusvikira kumweroi. Munhau dzoutsotsi, kuchuchisa kunofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yacho pasina panikiro ine mufungo. Munhau dzavagari vemo, mupoka anofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yacho kupfurikidza noufakazi hwapamberi kana kuti, mumigariro yakati, kupfurikidza noufakazi hwakajeka uye hunopwisa. Chitsama chomutoro chinogona kusarudza muuyo apo ufakazi hunova hwakadzikama zvikuru.
  • Mitemo yemitemo yakatemwa: Kutonga kudzora kuti nhau dzinofamba sei mugadziriro yedare. Mitemo yemiitiro yavagari vemo neyoutsotsi inorondedzera mipimo yenguva, zvinodikanwa zvokunyora, uye muitiro wokufambisa. Kukundikana kutevera mitemo yemitemo kunogona kuguma nokudzingwa, rutongeso rwapazaruro, kana kuti kubviswa kwoufakazi. Iyi mirau inotapura zvisarudzo kupfurikidza nokuumba izvo dare rinorangarira.

Kukwirira Nezvisarudzo Zvedare Rapamusoro

Kukwirira hakusi kutsva; kunonyanya kusimbisa kuti dare rakaita zvikanganiso zvakakanganisa zvakakanganisa mugumisiro wacho here. matare anoongorora nyaya yacho, kuverenga mipfupi yakanyorwa kubva kumativi ose, uye kunzwa mashoko anotaurwa asati ataura.

Dare rekuongorora rinoshandisa mipimo yakasiana- siyana yehwirudzuro zvichitsamira parudzi rwenhau yacho. Mibvunzo yomutemo inohwirudzurwa de novo, kureva dare redare rinotonga rinosarudza nhau yemitemo nenzira yakazvimirira pasina kunongedzera kudare rinotonga. Kuwana idi kunohwirudzurwa nokuda kwemhosho yakajeka, kuchiva kuzviisa pasi kune revo huru kumutongi anotonga akacherekedza zvapupu zvakananga. Zvisarudzo zvemitemo nezvisarudzo zvetsika zvinohwirudzurwa nokuda kwokushandisa zvisina kufanira kwoungwaru, mupimo unoisvonetswa zvikurusa.

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa munzvimbo imwe neimwe, rakadai sedare rapamusorosoro rehurumende kana kuti United States Supreme Court, rine chisarudzo chokusarudza kuti imhakai dzokuteerera. Dare iri rinogamuchira zvarinowanzogamuchira bedzi nhau dzinopa mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akaderera. zvisarudzo zvaro zvinogadza muenzaniso unowirirana nokuda kwematare ose ari mukati mehurumende.

Kutsanangura Kunoita Bumbiro Romutemo

Madare anoita basa chairo mukududzira bumbiro remitemo, zvose zviri zviviri rehurumende nerehurumende. Apo chiito chomutemo kana kuti chehurumende chinodenhwa sechisiri chibvumirano, matare anofanira kusarudza kana kuchiputsa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rokutonga rakatangwa nenhau yenhau yakatanhamara Marbury v. Madison muna 1803 uye rave riri pakati peAmerican jurisprudence kubvira ipapo.

Tsinhiro yeBumbiro reMitemo inoda kuti matare adzikane patsika dzinokwikwidzana. Kodzero dzinoiswa muBill of Rights dzinowanzorwisana nefariro dzehurumende muchengeteko yavose, chengeteko yenyika, kana kuti udzori hunobudirira. Dare rinoyera fariro idzi richishandisa miedzo yakasiyana - siyana, zvakadai sokunyatsoongorora kodzero dzinokosha kana kuti kuongorora kwapakati nokuda kwekodzero dzinobva pamunhurume. Mugumisiro wacho unotsamira pakuti dare rinosiyanisa sei kodzero dzinobatanidzwa uye kuti hurumende inoruramisa sei kudzora.

Dare rehurumende rinotsanangura bumbiro raro romutemo rakazvimirira, kazhinji kazhinji richigovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura zvinoda Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende.

Nzvero Pasimba Rokutonga

Dare parinoshandisa chiremera chinokosha, rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yechekero nedzikamo. Bazu remitemo rinogona kuchinja mitemo iyo matare akadudzira munzira idzo dare risingadi mubatanidzwa. Congress inogonawo kuganhurira chiremera chematare ehurumende, kunyange zvazvo isingagoni kubvisa mibato mikuru yebumbiro remitemo. Hurumende dzingakarakadza kugadziriswa kwemitemo kuti kubvise kurondedzerwa kwemitemo yenyika.

Kana mukuru mukuru akaramba kuita kuti murayiro wedare uteererwe, vatongi vane zvishandiso zviduku zvokumanikidza kuzviisa pasi.

Muitiro wokugadza unonzverawo simba rokutonga. Vatongi veFederal vanosarudzwa napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare, vachivimbisa kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nomuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.vatongi vehurumende vangatarisana nesarudzo dzokuchengeta kana kuti kugadzwazve navatongi, vachigovera mikana yenguva dzose yezvinotaurwa navanhu pamusoro pebasa rokutonga.

Mashoko Anoshanda Nokuda Kwevagari Vacho

Munhu wose anobatanidzwa mudare anofanira kuziva kukosha kwokuchengetedza uchapupu, kusvitsa nguva mumisangano, uye kupa nharo dzakajeka. Kuziva kuti vatongi vanotevera muenzaniso wavo kunogona kubatsira vatongi kuongorora simba remhosva dzavo nokuongorora kuti nharo dzakafanana dzakagadziriswa sei.

Kushanda semutongi kunoratidza kuti matare anoshanda sei uye kunopa mukana wokuitawo chimwe chinhu pakutongwa kwedare.Vaya vanonzwisisa basa rawo uye mitemo yokutsigira matare vanogona kubatsira kuti zvisatongwa zvakanaka.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira fundo yakadzama, zviwanikwa zvinobva ku Federal Judication Center ne[FLT]American Bar Association zvinopa tsananguro dzinosvika dzemiitiro yedare. Mashoko epamutemo anobva ku Legal Information Institute paCornell Law School anogovera kusvika kwapachena kumirau, mitemo yedare, uye nyaya dzinobatsira vagari vemo kuti vanzwisise mitemo inotapura upenyu hwavo.

mhedziso

Dare rinoita zvisarudzo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokungwarira unodzikamisa mitemo, maidi, uye mitemo yetsika. Muiti wechisarudzo mutongi kana kuti mutongi, nharidzano inoramba iri imwe cheteyo: kusvika chisarudzo chakanaka nechakarurama chakavakirwa paufakazi nomutemo unoshanda. Nepo gadziriro yapamutemo inogona kuratidzika kuva yakaoma neinotyisidzira, nheyo dzayo dzinokosha dzinowanika kumunhu upi noupi anoda kudzidza.

Nokunzwisisa mashandiro anoita matare, vagari vemo vanova vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kudzivirira kodzero dzavo, kuita zvavanotarisirwa kuita, uye kupindira mune zvine revo mugadziriro yeruramisiro. Mutemo unotsamira kwete bedzi pauchenjeri hwevatongi asi pakuvimba uye kushandira pamwe kwevanhu vanosvika pamberi pavo, kushanda mumatare, uye kutsigira masangano anopedza kusawirirana murugare. Mugari wemo akadzidza anoramba ari nheyo yakasimba zvikuru yegadziriro yemitemo yakarurama uye inoshanda.