Kukosha Kwokunzwisisa Kutsunga Kusarudza Zuva Racho

Misi yeSarudzo inopfuura zvikuru zviratidziro zvokutonga zvakapfava pakarenda; izvo zvakavakirwa kuperero, upwi, uye ruramisiro yemiitiro yedemocracy. Nguva yesarudzo inogona kupesvedzera avo vanosarudza, kuti nhimbe dzinodzorwa sei, uye kunyange inhaui dzinodzora hurukuro yavose. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vakaronzeswa, kunzwisisa miuyo yakaoma yemitemo, magamuchidzanwa enhau, uye ganhuriro dzinoshanda dzinoumba misimupimo yedemocracy. Iyi inonzvera kutsunga kwemisipidhioti yorusarudzo parudzi, ruwa, uye mwero yomunzvimbomo, zvinonzvera zvinhu zvinopesvedzera izvi zvisarudzo, uye zvinosimbisa miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika yezvisarudzo.

Kusarudza Kwamarudzi: Mitemo Yakatsiga Nemitemo

Sarudzo dzenyika dzinodzorwa zvikurukuru nebumbiro remitemo renyika kana kuti mitemo yesarudzo, iyo inogadza musi wakagadzwa kana kuti hwindo rakajeka rokuita sarudzo. Kurangarira kuri seri kwemirau iyi kunowanzoratidzira mubatanidzwa wenhau, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kudikanwa kwezviito.

United States: Chipiri Chokutanga Pashure PoMuvhuro Wokutanga

MuUnited States, sarudzo dzehurumende dzinoitwa paChipiri chokutanga pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muna November. Uyu musi wakasimbiswa neCongress muna 1845 uye hauna kuchinja chifo. Chisarudzo chaNovember chinodzokera shure kunzanga yavarimi umo vaida kupedza kukohwa pamberi pokuenda kundovhota. Chipiri chakasarudzwa kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa nokunamata kweSvondo uye kubvumira zuva rakazara rokufamba, sezvo vavhoti vakawanda vaigara kure nezvigaro zveruwa. Zvisinei, Chipiri kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji chaiva zuva romusika, naizvozvo Chipiri chakapa kubvumirana nemitemo yakanakisisa. Iyi chinyorwa chenhau chinoenderera mberi pasinei zvapo nechinjo huru mumitengidzo nezvinodzorwa. Vagari vemo vapavhus Vovavseti Vavhavhase Act Act (UV) .

Dzimwe Sangano reNational System: Misi inochinjika

Nyika zhinji dzinosarudza misi yesarudzo yakatsiga kuva nechokwadi chokuva nechokwadi chokuva nechokwadi chenguva yegore rashanu rokuchinja. Somuenzaniso, India inoita sarudzo dzavose makore mashanu ari ose, asi misi chaiyoiyo inosarudzwa neEcomment Commission iri mukati mewindo iroro. United Kingdom, mukupesana, inoshandiswa kuva negadziriro apo gurukota guru ramakurukota raigona kudana sarudzo panguva ipi neipi mukati menhambo yegore rashanu, asi gavhuna renguva yakareverwa yeParamende yePurements anodzorwa 2011 (yapera muna 2022) inotangwa muchidimburudzo chenguva yamakore mashanu okutonga. Canada inewo misi yokusarudza yakagadzwa pamwero mukurusa mukurusa (makore mana ari ose panhambo yechitatu muOctober October), kunyange zvazvo gavhuna anochengeta simba rokunyungurira kupfurikidza namamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Sangano yehurumende inoda kuti ive yakaitwa makore matatu ari ose, asi inogadzwa nedare guru renyika rinobatanidza kugadziriswa.

Kurambidzwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo Nezvemitemo

Mabumbiro enyika anowanzogadza urefu hukuru hwenhambo nokuda kwemisi yedare remitemo nemisoro yehurumende, iyo inogovera kusungirwa kwokunze kwemisi yesarudzo. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro remitemo reU.S. rinoraira kuti purezidhendi abatire nhambo yegore ramakore mana, uye sarudzo dzinoitwa makore mana ari ose pazuva rakatangwa. Nyika zhinji dzinodawo kuti sarudzo dziitwe mukati menhambo chaiyo pashure pokuputsa paramende, zvakadai sa 60 kana kuti 90. Iyi miganhu yapamutemo inodzivisa mutambi mumwe muiti upi noupi pakunonoka kusina kufanira kana kuti kuisa pamutemo. Munyika dzakafanana neGermany, Federal Constitution Court yeMissional Courts com yemist remitemo yakatonga misi yesaru, inosimbisa kuti inofanira kurongwa nechiziviso chakakwana uye kuwirirana nemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Zvisarudzo Zvomunyika Nezvehurumende: Chikamu Chinopesana Chemitemo

Mugadziriro dzehurumende, maruwa kazhinji kazhinji ane chiremera chinokosha pamusoro pemisi yawo amene yesarudzo, kuchitungamirira kunzvimbo yakasiana - siana zvikuru.Iko kunogona kuparira nyongano kuvavhoti vanopfuura nomumitsetse yenyika kana kuti nokuda kwenhimbe dzinoshanda mumiganhu mizhinji.

Kusarudza kweUnited States

Nyika imwe neimwe yeU.S. inogadza misi yayo imene nokuda kwesarudzo huru, sarudzo dzavanhu vose, uye sarudzo chaidzoidzo. Iyi misi inogona kusiana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, New Hampshire inoita kuti kuva purezidhendi wayo kwapakuvamba muna January kana kuti February, nepo California yakasunda kutanga kwayo kusvikira kuna March 2024 kuti iwedzere pesvedzero yayo. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana naTexas, dzine misi yesarudzo huru muna March nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri nyika nehurumende, nepo dzimwe, kufanana naLouisiana, inoshandisa gadziriro yehwaroname ye "jungle" huru" muna November. Kusiyana kwacho kunogona kunzi kunoitwa kuti kuzivikanwe zvisarudzo zvemitemo, maSangano dzenhau. Dzimwe nguva Hurumende dzinogadziridza marusarudzo kuti dzisimudze nokuda kwemarudzi akati kana kuti awirirane mubatanidzwa nomutemo, muitiro unozivikanwa se "oudivity".

Kusarudzwa Kwezvikamu zveCanada

Ruwa rumwe norumwe rweCanada runogadza misi yarwo rumene, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vakagamuchira mitemo yeSarudzo yakagadzwa yakafanana nomuenzaniso wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Ontario inoita sarudzo makore mana ari ose paChinemwe chokutanga chaJune, nepo British Columbia ichishandisa musi wakagadzwa weChitanhatu chechitatu muna October. Zvisinei, kufanana negadziriro yehurumende, kusarudza kweruwa kunogona kunzi pakuvamba mumigariro yakati, zvakadai sokuvhota kwokusavimba. Iyi misi yakachinjika neinochinjika inoreva kuti kusarudza kwomupurovhiri dzimwe nguva kunogona kuwirirana nezvisarudzo zvomubatanidzwa, asi kazhinji kazhinji hakuzati.

Kusarudzwa Chaiko Panzvimbo Yehurumende

Sarudzo chaidzo dzokuzadza nzvimbo mudzimba dzehurumende kana kuti mahofisi enyika yose dzinodanwa zvadzo nagavhuna kana kuti dare revhoti. Nguva yesarudzo idzi inowanzova pasi pemirariro yemitemo, asi dzinogona kuitika panguva ipi neipi yegore. Somuenzaniso, kana chigaro chehurumende chesenate chikasava nechinhu, gavhuna angatanga sarudzo chaiyo mukati mamazuva 30 kusvikira ku90. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukuderera kwesarudzo dzinopesvedzerwa zvikuru nenhamburiko dzechivhotaro. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kusarudzo chaiko kunowanzova nokutora mavhotanwa akaderera zvikuru kupfuura mavhotera akarongwa nguva dzose, kukwidziridza pamusoro pomumiririro wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Zvisarudzo Zvomunzvimbomo: Chikamu Chinochinja Zvinhu Zvikurusa

Sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza idzo dzemadare eguta, madare ezvikoro, masangano eruwa, uye maruwa chaiwo, zvakarongwa zvakaisvonaka nemirairo yomunzvimbomo kana kuti mitemo yokukwira kwehurumende. Ikoku kunoparira mhatsa huru mumugariro mumwe. Nguva yamasarudzo omunzvimbomo inogona kutapura zvikuru muvhoti nemuumbirwe wehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Chiremera Chehurumende Chemunharaunda uye Kutonga Kwepamusha

Hurumende dzakawanda dzinopa dare "rokumusha" kumaguta nenzvimbo dzinoverengwa, dzichivabvumira kugadza misi yavo vamene yesarudzo chero bedzi vachiwirirana nenhungamiro dzehurumende yakafara. Somuenzaniso, muNew York, mamwe mataundi anoita sarudzo muna November, nepo mamwe anoshandisa March kana kuti May. muCalifornia, maruwa mazhinji echikoro anoita sarudzo pazuva rimwe chetero sapareji dzehurumende dzose muna June, asi mamwe anosarudza misi yokusarudzwa. Uku kuchinjika kunogona kuva kunobetsera nokuda kwenzanga dzinoda kutaura nhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakasiyana- siyana nedzenyika, asi dzinoparirawo mutoro nokuda kwevota vanofanira kuchengeta nhevedzano yemazuva erusarudzo muna June.

Kusarudza Kwakasimba: Kushandisa Kuongorora Kwakakwirira

Kurwisa ndyiko dzehurumende dzakaderera nokuderedza, zviremera zvakawanda zvomunzvimbomo zvakabatanidza sarudzo dzazvo nemisi yesarudzo yenyika kana kuti yehurumende. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kubatana kunowedzera kutora nemhaka yokuti vagari vazhinji vanotosundwa kuvhota pazuva resarudzo rakasanoshatiswa. Somuenzaniso, apo mamwe maruwa ezvikoro zveCalifornia akasarudza kubva pamakore ane nhamba isina nhevedzano kusvikira kumakore akatowanda, kudzokera kuipeta kanopfuura kaviri. Zvisinei, vatsoropote vanocherekedza kuti kubatana kunogona kuviga nhau dzomunzvimbomo pasi peshoo yorudzi, kuchitungamirira vavhotera kufuratira misiano yemijaho. Dzimwe nzanga kuti vasarudze namaune misi yebasa kuti vachengete sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzisiri dzenzanga dzinova dzinodzorwa nedza nzanga.

Maruwa Chaiwo uye Kurovanya Zvirevo Zvenhema

Sarudzo dzakawanda dzomunzvimbomo dzinobatanidza maruwa chaiwo, akadai semabhodhi emvura, maruwa eraibhurari, kana kuti zviremera zvokufambisa. Aya masangano kazhinji kazhinji anoita sarudzo papurogiramu dzavo vamene, pane dzimwe nguva neziviso duku yavose. Vadzori vangazviwana vamene vakatarisana nechivhoti chembudzana yeumhutu kana kuti dare rekoreji renzanga paChipiri muna April, pasina mamwe marudzi okuakwevera kunzverwa. Uku kukamukana kwemisi yesarudzo kunogona kudzivisa kudzosa ndokusiya zvisarudzo zvinokosha mumaoko echiduku, kazhinji kazhinji chitsamachiratiso chemusananguri.

Zvinhu Zvinopesvedzera Zvisarudzo Zvezuva Rakasarudzwa

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei misi yesarudzo ichisiyana zvinoshamisa munyika yose.

Zvakamboitika Kare uye Tsika

Misi yesarudzo yakawanda yakavakirwa zvikuru mugamuchidzanwa. Musi waNovember weU.S. muenzaniso mukuru, asi miitiro yakafanana iripo kune dzimwe nzvimbo. MuSweden, sarudzo dzinoitwa paSvondo rechipiri muna September, gamuchidzanwa rinovambira kumavambo kwezana ramakore rechi 20. MuJapan, sarudzo yenyika inowanzoitwa pakupera kwevhiki kuti itsigire kubuda, kumira kubva patsika dzevhiki. Tsika idzi dzinogona kuva dzisingachinjiki zvikuru, kunyange apo murangariro wapakuvamba usingashandizve. Kuedza kubvisa U.S.

Zvinodikanwa Zvepamutemo Nezvakafa

Zvinodikanwa zvemitemo nebumbiro remitemo zvinogovera gadziriro yakasimba. Somuenzaniso, masangano mazhinji eU.S. anoda kuti sarudzo huru iitwe panenge mazuva 30 pamberi pesarudzo kuti ibvumire nguva nokuda kwokugadzirira nokuvhota mhiri kwamakungwa. Nenzira yakafanana, mutemo wehurumende unoda kuti vaparadzi vaende kunzvimbo dzokunze kutumirwa kuvhotera nomusi wakati, iyo ipapo inoraira kuti dare ripedzedzedze kuvhota kwavo pakuvamba. Munyika dzakafanana neKenya, rusarudzo runoda kuti ruite mukati mamazuva 90 okuguma kweparamende, uye dare revhotera ramabhuro rinogadza musi chaiwo mukati mefafite Window. Zvinetso zvapamutemo zvinogonawo kuchinja misi yakati; matare panhambo nenhambo anosundira majaira majambwa okugadzirisa magakava kana kuti njodzi dzomusikirwo.

Kufunga Nezvematongerwe Enyika uye Kuronga Zvinhu Zvakanyatsorongwa

Vatongi uye masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika pane dzimwe nguva vanoedza kudzora misi yokuvhota kuti zvivabatsire. Mumiitiro yeparamende, mutungamiriri angadana sarudzo panguva apo vanenge vachitungamirira munzvero, unyanzvi hunozivikanwa se "nguva yesarudzo yakarongwa" MuU.S., matare emitemo emitemo akasimudzira misi yokutanga kupesvedzera nguva yokutora nguva yapamberi pedare, muitiro unozivikanwa se "kuisa chigaro chokurongedzesa." Dzimwe nyika dzakabvisa zvigaro zvadzo pakutanga kuti dziwane pesvedzero huru mumuitiro wokusarusarudzo, kuchitungamirira kumuuyo unoendesa kare kare. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti iyi inobvisa nguva yapamhinyirwa yapamberi mberi inogona kubvisa transchteinsssssss nemhaka yokuti hakuna kukurumidza mumistmie.

Kufunga Nekutungamirira

Kuita sarudzo kunoda kugadzirwa kwemarobhoti anokosha: kudhinda mapepa, kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzokuvhota, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti michina yokuvhota iri kushanda. Vakuru vakuru veSarudzo vanoda nguva yakakwana yokupedza mabasa aya, iyo inopesvedzera apo sarudzo dzinogona kurongwa. Somuenzaniso, nyika inoshandisa mapepa epepa ingada mavhiki anoverengeka kudhinda nokuparadzira mabhorati, nepo nzvimbo inoshandisa michina yokuvhotera yemagetsi ingada mazuva bedzi. Njodzi dzomusikirwo, dzakadai semadutututu muFlorida kana kuti kufashamira muMidwest, inogona kumanikidza kuchinja musi wekurumidziro. CHOVAD yakatungamirira mativi akawanda kuti achinje marusarudzo kuti abvumidze misi mitsva yokuvho inotora nokuvhota nokuvhota kwapa nguva refu.

Kuchinja uye Kusvika

Nharidzano yokuita kuti vavhoti vatsive ichinhu chikuru mukugadza misi yesarudzo. Nyika dzinoita sarudzo pavhiki kana kuti kuita kuti Zuva Rokusarudza rive nezuva rezororo rakawanda. Somuenzaniso, nyika zhinji dzeEurope dzinoita sarudzo pamaSvondo, kuchiguma nemwero inopfuudza 70-80 muzana, ichienzanisa na60 muzana yemapurezidhendi eU.S. sarudzo uye nhambo dzakaderera zvikuru nokuda kwepakati pemavhiki. MuUnited States, dzimwe nyika dzakatamira kuvhotera kuminamafoni yose (g. Colorado, Oredow, Oregod, Washington, Tah), inobvisa nenzira inobudirira kudikanwa kwezuva rimwe revhotera uye inobvumira kudzokera payazvo. Dzimwe nyika dzakawedzera kuvhotera kwapakuvamba, uko kunogona kupedza nhambo idzokororo. Iyi injo dzinochinja dzinobudirira "kuchinja kutemwaroorwa kwezuva rimwe chete, pane kutanga kwezuva.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Mumwaka Wokuchinja Kunosarudzwa

Vhiki yevhiki yeAustralia

Australia inoita sarudzo dzehurumende paChitanhatu, uye kuvhota kunomanikidzirwa. Mubatanidzwa womusi wokupera kwevhiki nemuuyo wokutora rutivi kwakafanira mudariro rakakwirira zvikuru, zvikurukuru munenge 90 muzana kana kuti kupfuura. Musi wakagadzwa (Mugovera wokupedzisira muna May weHouse of Declaimers, kunyange zvazvo hurumende ichigona kusarudza musi mukati mehwindo) unogovera kufanoziviswa. Uyu muenzaniso wakadudzwa sechiratidzo chebhenji nokuda kwedzimwe nyika dzinotsvaka kuwedzera kutora rutivi, kunyange zvazvo kuvhota kwomanikidzirwa kuchiva nharo.

Kusarudza Kwakawanda kweIndia

India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvikurusa yenyika, inoita sarudzo dzayo dzose kwevhiki dzinoverengeka, kazhinji kazhinji dzinopfuura mwedzi. Ecomment Commission inoronga kuvhota muzvikamu kuti igadzirise zvinetso zvekudzivirira, zvakadai sokuisa mauto echengeteko nokugadza zviteshi zvokuvhotera munharaunda dziri kure. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine musi wacho chakagadzwa, uye nhambo yose inorongwa nokungwarira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutongo unotonga hausati uchipesvedzera mugumisiro wacho mumatanho apashure pakavakirwa migumisiro yapakuvamba.

Kumanikidzwa Kwezororo Rerudzi muUnited States

Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti zuva reSarudzo rive zororo renyika muUnited States vakasumwa vazvipinzazve muCongress, zvikurukuru semurayiro we "Zuva reDemocracy". Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti zororo ringabvisa mutoro wokuvhota pazuva rezuva, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokuwana kwakaderera navashandi veawa. Vanopikisa kuti harisati raizowedzera zvikuru, sezvo vanhu vazhinji vakatova nepurogiramu dzinochinjika kana kuti kuvhota nokukurumidza. Mamwe makambani akazivisa nokuzvidira Zuva rorumbidzo pazuva rinobhadharwa, uye 22 (Gwarati reColumbia) rakaita kuti rive zororo rehurumende muchimiro chakati. Somubatanidzwa we2025, zvisinei, hakuna mutemo wakaitwa.

Nguva Yemberi Yemisi Yokusarudza: Miitiro Nezvitsva

Ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuchinja kwenhamba dzezviverengero, uye kukura kwemipinyi yokuvhota zviri kuparira chinjo mumarongerwo emisi yesarudzo. Chimiro chezvokuvhota namashoko etsamba zviri kuchinjazve misi yokuvhota kuva mwedzi wesarudzo. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana naMichigan naOhio, dzakagamuchira "no-excuse" yaisipo kuvhota, kuchibvumira muvhoti upi noupi kuisa muvhoti netsamba vhiki pamberi pomusi wepamutemo. Kugamuchirwa kwokuvhota kuvhota kunoitwa kwoga kunobvisazve miganhu yakatarisana nenguva, sezvo vavhoti vanogona kunyoreswa apo vanoshanda namasangano ehurumende, pasinei zvapo nechirongwa chekuvhota.

Imwe kombamiro iri kutanga kushandiswa kwokuvhota kwakatanhamara, uko kungada gadziridzo kumakarenda esarudzo kubvumira kudzorwa. Somuenzaniso, Maine naAlaska vanoita sarudzo dzavose pamusi mumwe chetewo sedzimwe nyika asi vanofanira kuverenga marovha anoshandisa muitiro wakawanda unogona kutora mazuva anoverengeka, kukanganisa nguva yokuvhota yapamutemo. Mukuwedzera, kuwedzera kwokuvhota paIndaneti (kusingawanzowanwa uye kunomutsa nharo) kungagona kuchinja zvikurukuru murangariro wezuva resarudzo, sezvo vavhoti vaigona kuisa mabhii munhambo yakati yemazuva kana kuti mavhiki kubva kupi nokupi.

Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuri kuitawo kuti vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vapedzisire vava kukwanisa kuita marudungwe avo. Hurricane, mwoto inopisa, uye kupisa kwakanyanya zvakavhiringidza zvisarudzo mumakore achangopfuura, zvichiita kuti dzimwe nyika dzisarudze zvirongwa zvinobvumira kuti musi wenjodzi uchinje nokurayira kwevakuru vakuru. Somuenzaniso, pashure peHurricane Sandy muna 2012, New York yakabvumira kuti kuwanda kwenzvimbo dzokuvhota uye maawa okuvhota, asi musi wacho wakaramba wakamira.

mhedziso

Misi yechisarudzo haisati iri yokusarudza nenzira youshingi; inosarudzwa nokungwarira kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wemirairo yapamutemo, gamuchidzanwa renhau, gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye chinodikanwa. Kuvambira paChipiri chakasimbwa muna November muUnited States kusvikira kurusarudzo rwamarusarudzo yeIndia, gadziriro imwe neimwe inoratidzira mamiriro ayo edemocracy yakasiyana. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi misi inosarudzwa inobetsera sei vagari vemo kubetsera masimba akawanda anoumba mano avo okuvhota. Sezvo kuraira kwokuchinja kupfuurira, zvikarakadzo zvokuvhotera pakupera kwamazororo, uye kuwedzerwa chipikirwa kwokuvhotera kwokuwedzera gamuchidzanwa kare kutsika kare kare kare kare kare kare kare kare kare kare kare kare kare kare kare. Vadzidzi, vachinzvera aya mifungo nevadzidzi inovaka kurava kurava uye vanoona kuti musi uri wose unotakura nhau yechisarudzo chokuvhotambira.

[ Kurava kwakabatanidzwa naManyuko: