Sumo: Revo Isingagumi Yamaruramiro eBumbiro reMitemo

Murangariro wekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nerusununguko unoumba mamiriro ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vazvino uno. Iyi maruramiro (8) anopesana norusununguko rwokutaura norudzidziso norusununguko kugadziriro yakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana(hasi mirangariro mishoma asi nheyo mhenyu dzakaumbwa namazana amakore erwisano, kurukurirano youzivi, uye mirau yapamutemo. Kunzwisisa mavambo enhau ekodzero idzi kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa chimiro chazvo chazvino uno uye kukarira denho dzazvo munyika inochinja nokukurumidza. Kubva kumitemo yekare yeruramisiro kusvikira kuzvinyorwa zvakatanhamara zveCremical, nhambo imwe neimwe yakagovera kukutepfekedzwa kwedziviriro kwakaoma kunova nevavaki vagari vemo zvinofarikanya. Nyaya inoteverwa kuti rwendo, kunzvera kwamavambo, kubudirira, kubudirira, uye kushanda kwekodzero dzinodikanwa kuti dzichengeterwe nokuwedzera.

Nheyo Dzekare Dzekodzero Nehurumende

Kare pamberi peshoko rokuti “chibvumirano” chakapinda muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, pepuko dzakare dzakarwisana nemibvunzo mikuru pamusoro peruramisiro, chiremera, uye rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Mbeu dzekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogona kuwanwa mumitemo yeMesopotamia, yakadai seKirairo yeHammurabi (chirc 1754 BCE), iyo yakasuma nheyo yechirango chetsinhirano nepfungwa yokuti mitemo inofanira kunyorwa nokuzivikanwa kuna vose. Zvisinei, yakanga iri muGirisi neRoma kuti mirangariro yakarongwa zvikuru yougari hwemo nedziviriro yapamutemo yakavamba.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa neAtene uye Kutonga kwoMutemo

MuAthens mukati mezana ramakore rechi5 BCE, chinjo dzaSolon uye gare gare Clistithenes dzakatanga chimiro chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose umo vagari vemo vakasununguka vechirume vaigona kutora rutivi mumagungano emitemo. VaAtene vakatangawo pfungwa ya Isomia[ kuenzana pamberi pomutemo (ichinoshingiswa pamutemo uye chakasimbisa kuti kunyange vatongi vaidzorwa nemitemo. Nepo idzi kodzero dzakanga dziri kure nenzvimbo dzose (dzinopesana navakadzi, varanda, uye vokumwe , kuedza kweAtene kwakaratidzira kuti kudzora kwakavakirwa pamitemo yaingasimbisa vanhu vamwe uye kuganhurirwa kwesimba.

Mutemo weRoma uye Kufungwa Kwomunhu

Roman Republic uye gare gare Umambo hweRoma hwakagovera zvikuru kugadziriro yapamutemo yekodzero. Tsamba reFilive [Folve:] inoita kuti rive repamutemo reRoma rakaita kuti rivepo, richisimbisa nheyo dzakadai sekodzero yokuzvitonga nokuzvidzivirira. Gare gare, vatongi veRoma vakatanga pfungwa ye [[FLT: 0] ikoridhee yezvakapoteredza [[FLT]] [mutemo wemusikirwo] uye Gint [mutemo wekuzvidzivirira] [[FLT]] [[FLT]], (mutemo wevanhu]), uyo waidavira kuti kodzero dzakati ndedzeiwose, pasinei nokuti ndedzei. Mifungo iyi yaizopesvedzera gare gare gare gare yaitsigira kodzero dzevanhu vose. Tsika yeRoma yakasumawo pfungwa yepamutemo yetsika yepamutemo yaimbwa nomunhu wepanguva inotonga, pasi petsika.

Magna Carta Nokutanga kweHurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Imwe yenhambo dzinopemberera zvikurusa munhau yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo iMagna Carta, yakasainwa muna 1215 naMambo John weEngland mudzvinyiriro inobva kumadzitateguru anopandukira.

Gadziriro Huru Nenhaka Yadzo

Magna Carta yaiva nezvikamu 63 zvemashoko, zvakawanda zvaitaura nezvezvichemo chaizvo, asi zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvakava hwaro kupfungwa dzakazotevera dzebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, Clause 39, akazivisa kuti “hapana munhu akasununguka achabatwa kana kuiswa mujeri... kunze kwechisarudzo chepamutemo chevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Izvi zvinotsanangurwa zvakanyanya kunzwisiswa sevimbiso yokutanga yetsika dzakakodzera uye kodzero kumuedzo wakarurama. Clausia 40 akavimbisa kuti ruramisiro haisati ichazotengeswa, kurambwa, kana kuti kunonotswa. Magna Carta akashandisa bedzi kuvanhu vakasununguka (vaduku panguva yacho), mufananidzo wayo yakawedzera zvikuru mumazana amakore akawanda, zvinyorwa zvinonyandura zvakafanana nechiNgezi cheChirungu chekodzero (1689) uye U.

Magna Carta yakatangawo pfungwa yokuti mambo akanga asina kupfuura mutemo (1679), iyo yakadenha maruramiro oumwari amadzimambo. Pesvedzero yayo inogona kuonwa muzviratidzo zvapamutemo zveEngland gare gare zvakadai seTream of Right (1628), iyo yakarambidza kuiswa mutorongo kwokuzvidira nokuiswa kwechikamu chimwe chegore kwevarwi, uye Haveas Corpus Act (1679), iyo yakasimbisa maruramiro okudenha kupfigwa kusiri kwapamutemo. British Library inogovera kopi yeMagna Carta , inoratidzira revo yayo yenhau.

Vanofunga Zvakajeka uye Uzivi Hwekodzero Dzevanhu

Kujekeswa kwezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18 kwakaparira chinjo huru mumufungo wezvematongerwe enyika, kuchibvisa muchiremera choumwari kana kuti chenhaka kukurangarira kwakavakirwa pamutemo womusikirwo noutongi hwomunhu oga.Vazivi venhambo ino vakaisa hwaro hwouchenjeri nokuda kwamaruramiro emitemo azvino uno kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti hurumende dzinowana maruramiro adzo mukubvumira kwavadzorwi uye dzinofanira kudzivirira rusununguko rwomuzvarirwo.

John Locke Namaruramiro Okuberekwa Nawo

John Locke’s SAUTS, Rwisano yeHurumende [1689] yaipesvedzera zvikuru. Locke akarangarira kuti mumugariro wechisiko, vanhu vose vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Donzo rehurumende, akakwikwikwidzana, nderokudzivirira idzi maruramiro, uye kana hurumende inovaputsa, vagari vemo vane maruramiro okupandukira. Pfungwa dzaro dzakapesvedzera zvakananga American Declaration of Independence neFrecific Declaration of Man and the Famigment. Sigment yake pakodzero dzezvinhu yazvino unoumbawo rusununguko rwazvino uno. [[FLT:]

Montesquieu Nokuparadzana Kwesimba

Baron de Montesquieu, mu Mudzimu weMitemo [1748], unotsigirwa nokuda kwokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ehurumende kuva vakuru vakuru, vatongi, uye mapazu okutonga. Akarangarira kuti simba rokupa ngwariro muchinhu chimwe rinotungamirira kuudzvinyiriri / nzwisiso yakava chinhu chenheyo yeU.S. Constitution. Montesquieu inosimbisa kuti hapana bazi rimwe ringadzivisa kodzero pasina kunzvera dzimwe, nheyo inoramba ichikosha nokuda kwokudzivirira rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo nhasi.

Rousseau Nouchangamire Hwakakurumbira

Pfungwa yaJean-Jacques Rousseau ye “chido chakafanana” mu Contract (1762) yakasimbisa kuti uchangamire hwechokwadi hunogara navanhu pamwe chete. Nepo pfungwa dzaRousseau dzingagona kutsanangurwa sedzinotsigira kuunganidza kwechidhinanwa chehurumende, dzakasimbisawo pfungwa yokuti mitemo inofanira kuratidza zvakanaka zvakafanana uye kuti vagari vemo vane kodzero yokutora rutivi mumutemo.

Chinjo yeAmerica Nebvunzo Yamaruramiro

Hapana chinoitika chimwe chakaita zvakawanda kupinza maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura Chinjo yeAmerica (1775-1783). Zvichemo zvavarwi mukurwisana nomutemo weBritain (885) zvakapfuudzirwa muDeclaration of Independence() yapakati pakuputswa kwe “dzimwe kodzero dzisingachinjiki” kubatanidza“ Upenyu, Rusununguko nokurondwa kwoMufarwa.” Kunyorwazve kweU.S. Constitution muna 1787 neBill of Rights muna 1791 kwakagadzira muenzaniso wedziviriro yakanyorwa yemitemo iyo marudzi akawanda aizotevedzera gare gare gare.

Kuzivisa Kwokuzvimirira Sekodzero Dzako Kunoratidzwa

Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration yakakweva zvikuru paruzivo rwekodzero dzomusikirwo rweLocke, asi yakaratidzirawo kuenda kukuru kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti hurumende dzinowana masimba adzo akarurama mukubvumira kwavadzorwi. Declaration yakabatanidza kubatwa zvisina kufanira chaikoiko kwakaitwa naMambo George III, ichiaisa sekuputswa kwekodzero dzinokosha. Ichi chinyorwa hachina kungoruramisa kuzvimirira bedzi asiwo kugadza mupimo wetsika mukurwisana nedzingagona kutongwa nehurumende dzomunguva yemberi.

Bhishopi Yamaruramiro: Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Gumi Kwokutanga

Mukati menharo dzokuparadza, varwi veAnti - Federali vaida dziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu oga, kuchitungamirira kukugamuchirwa kweBill of Rights muna 1791. Uku kuchinja gumi kunodzivirira rusununguko runokosha:

  • Amendment yekutanga: Rusununguko rwokutaura, rwokutsikirira, rworudzidziso, rwegungano, uye maruramiro okukumbira hurumende.
  • [[FOL:0] formation: Kodzero yavanhu yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo.
  • transformed: Kuranga pavakuru vehondo vanopinza zvikamu zvina zvezvikamu zviviri mumisha yavanhu pasina mvumo.
  • Foundation: Kudzivirirwa pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfari; kunoda maruramiro akavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira.
  • Fith Amendment: Kodzero mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kubatanidza kupiwa mhaka kukuru kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, dziviriro pangozi dzakapetwa kaviri uye kuzvipa mhaka, muitiro wakafanira, uye muripo bedzi nokuda kwokutora zvinhu.
  • [[FLT: 0] SHICT mendment: Kodzero kukutonga kwokukurumidza uye kwavose, vatongi vasina rusaruro, kunangana nezvapupu, uye kuva nezano repamutemo.
  • SSBM [ Kodzero kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi munhau dzevagari vemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] menduro youtsinye:[[FLT: 1] Kurangwa kwebhedharo rakanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye chirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose.
  • 04] menduru: Kurongwa kwekodzero dzakati hakufaniri kurangarirwa kuva kuramba kana kuti kuzvidza vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu.
  • Hurumende dzeTenth Amendment: Simba harina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika dzinochengetwa kuhurumende kana kuti kuvanhu.

Bhizi reRevotion rakakudzwa ndokududzirwazve kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare, uye National Archives inogovera rugwaro rwakazara namanotsi enhau. Nheyo dzaro dzakanyandura mamwe marudzi asingaverengeki kugamuchira dziviriro dzakafanana, dzichiiita nzvimbo huru yetsika yapasi pose.

Maonero Enyika Yose: Mabumbiro Emitemo Anopfuura United States

Kunyange zvazvo mukurumbira wekuAmerica waiva nesimba zvikuru, kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzakashanduka - shandukawo dzichibva kune dzimwe nyika, rumwe norumwe ruchiratidza mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana neetsika.

Chiziviso cheFrance Chekodzero Dzevanhu Nedzevagari Vomunyika

Yakagamuchirwa muna 1789 mukati meChinjo yeFrance, Chiziviso chakazivisa kuti “vanhu vanoberekwa ndokuramba vakasununguka uye vakaenzana mukodzero.” Yakarondedzera maruramiro akadai sorusununguko, zvinhu, chengeteko, uye kudzivisa udzvinyiriri, uye nheyo dzakasimbiswa dzakadai sefungidziro yokusava nemhaka norusununguko rwokutaura. Chibvumirano chacho chakava kutanga kwebumbiro remitemo rakawanda reFrance ndokupesvedzera mapepa amaruramiro avanhu akatevera munyika yose.

Mudhuri Wenhau Wekodzero Nerusununguko wokuCanada

Yakagadzirwa muna 1982, Canadian Charter inodzivirira rusununguko runokosha, kodzero dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kodzero dzepamutemo, kodzero dzekodzero dzemumitemo, kodzero dzokuenzana, uye kodzero dzomutauro. Chinhu chinokosha i “muganhu une mufungo” wechikamu chemashoko (Kuda 1), chinobvumira kodzero kuganhurirwa kana ganhuriro dzichiruramiswa nenzira isingakwaniswi munzanga yakasununguka neyoutongi hwese. Charter inobatanidzawo“ rugwaro rune chiremera chakarurama” runogonesa hurumende dzeruwa kana kuti dzehurumende kupfupikisa zvirongwa zvakati zveChareter(a) nenzira yechienzi yeCanada kudzikamisa kodzero neukuru hwemitemo yehurumende yehurumende.

Bumbiro Romutemo reSouth Africa Rapashure

Dare reMitemo reSouth Africa ra1996 rinorangarirwa zvikuru serimwe revawirirano zvikurusa munyika, richibatanidza kuputsika mudzvinyiriro yamasimba masimba yorusaruraganda. Rinobatanidza mutemo wakakwana wekodzero dzinofukidza nzanga, zvamatongerwe enyika, upfumi, uye maruramiro etsika. Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira nenzira yakajeka maruramiro edzimba, utano, zvokudya, uye chengeteko yenzanga, uye rakagadza Dare reMitemo semuchengeti akasimba wekodzero idzi. Chinoitika cheSouth Africa chinoratidzira kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogona sei kushandiswa kukurukura kusaruramisira kwenhau dzenhau uye kusimudzira shanduko dzenzanga.

Makambani Ane Kodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

Pashure peHondo Yenyika II nokuparadza kukuru, nzanga yemarudzi ose yakaziva kuti mabumbiro emitemo orudzi oga akanga asina kukwana kudzivirira utsinye.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

UDHR, yakagamuchirwa neSangano reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose, igwaro renheyo rinoronga maruramiro akafara(kubatanidza maruramiro eupenyu, rusununguko, uye chengeteko; rusununguko pakutambudzwa nouranda; rusununguko rwokufamba; uye kodzero dzokudzidza, basa, uye kutora rutivi muupenyu hwetsika. Kunyange zvazvo isingasungiswi zviri pamutemo mariri, UDHR yakanyandura zvibvumirano zvakawanda uye yakabatanidzwa mumitemo yepamusha yenyika dzakawanda. Inorangarirwa zvikuru kuva musimboti wehurumende yekodzero dzavanhu yazvino uno. Rugwaro rwakazara rweUDHR runowanika pawebsite yeUN.

Sungano Huru Dzamarudzi Ose Nekokorodzano

Kutanga paUDHR, nyika dzakawanda dzakaita zvibvumirano zvaiita kuti nyika dzisarudze uye dziite kodzero dzadzo:

  • International Common Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCCPR): inodzivirira maruramiro akadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, gungano, rudzidziso, uye kutonga kwakarurama; inodzivisawo kusungwa nokutambudzwa kwoudzvinyiriri. Dare rekodzero dzavanhu rinoongorora kuzviisa pasi kwenyika.
  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR): Address maruramiro okushanda, pokugara kwakakwana, utano, dzidzo, uye mupimo wakakwana wokurarama.
  • [ Kubvisa Marudzi Ose Orusaruraganda [[KAR.1]
  • [[[FOLT:0] Chibvumirano pamusoro pokubviswa kwaMarudzi Ose Orusaruraganda Pavakadzi (CEDAW)
  • [[[NHAU]] Kutsiva Kutambudzwa uye Humwe Utsinye, Kurapa kwoutsinye kana kuti Kuzvidzwa kana kuti chirango [[KAT]]
  • [ Chibvumirano paMaruramiro eChild (CRC)

Gadziriro dzenharaunda, dzakadai seEuropean Convention on Human Rights neAmerican Convention on Human Rights, dzinogovera mimwe mitoo yokudzikamisa kupfurikidza nematare namasangano. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu, somuenzaniso, rinobvumira vanhu kuunza mhaka dzinorwisana nehurumende dzemitezo nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzavo. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rinowanika kupfurikidza neDare reEurope.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Kukodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Pasinei nokuumbwa kwemitemo kwakakura kwave kuchiitwa kwemazana emakore, kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoramba dzichitarisana nematambudziko matsva muzana remakore rechi21.

Zvinhu Zvinowanikwa Nehurumende uye Kuva Woga

Kufambira mberi kwemakombiyuta kwaita kuti zvirongwa zvakaita sezvakaitwa naEdward Snowden muna 2013 zviratidze kuti masangano akachenjera aiunganidza mitauro yakawanda yezvikamu zvezvikamu zvepamusoro zvevagari vemo, kazhinji pasina dare. Izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakakomba pasi peWechina Amendmentment muUnited States uye kudzivirirwa kwemunhu oga mune mamwe mabumbiro emitemo.

Kutaura Wakasununguka Munguva Ino Yemazuva Ano

Kukura kwenzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau dzenzanga kwachinja nzvimbo yavose, asi kwakaparirawo hondo itsva pamusoro peganhuriro dzekutaura kwapachena. Nhau dzakadai sokuvenga, mashoko asina kururama, uye kunetsa paIndaneti dzinoedza miganhu yedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadza mitemo inoda kuti zvikuvarire zvimwe, nepo dzimwe dzichisimbisa mitoo yeredhimoni necherokudzivisa kuvadziko zvakakomba.

Kuparadzwa Kwemadhimoni

Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda, masangano ehurumende anodzora nahurumende akadenha kuzvimirira kwevatongi, kuganhurira rusununguko rwevatongi, uye kunzvera kwakaderera. Kodzero dzeBumbiro remitemo dzakangosimba bedzi semasangano anovagombedzera, uye apo masangano iwayo anoregeredzwa, kodzero dzinova dzinova dzinotapurika. Kukwira kwavatungamiriri vanodzvinyirira munyika namagamuchidzanwa edemocracy kunoratidzira kuti dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoda dziviriro yenguva dzose.

Kusaenzana Kwemagariro Evanhu Nezvemari

Kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzagara dziripo kazhinji kazhinji dzinokundikana kupedza kusaenzana kukuru kwakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, kirasi, nezvimwe zvinhu. Nepo kuva akaenzana kwapamutemo kuchiiswa, kuenzana kuduku kusingaenzaniswi nehwunodikanwi chaizvoizvo nokuda kwavazhinji. Nhau dzakadai sekudzvinyirirwa kwevhoti, mapurisa ezvokuvhota, uye kusvikwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo kunosimbisa musiyano pakati pechipikirwa chebumbiro-mitemo uye kurarama.

Nguva Yemberi Yamaruramiro Ebumbiro reMitemo: Kuchinja uye Kubatanidzwa Kwechibvumirano

Maonero azvinoita kare anoratidza kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo hadzisi dzenguva dzose; dzinochinja nokurwisa, kutsanangura, uye kuchinja tsika.

Ruzivo Nekodzero Itsva

Unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hwakadai souchenjeri hwokusazvifungira, kuziva chiso, uye kuronga majini hunomutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pokuva woga, kuzvitonga, uye chiremera. Vamwe vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti vazive kodzero itsva, dzakadai se “kodzero yokutsanangura” nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvemitemo kana kuti“ kodzero yokukanganwika” paIndaneti. matare eMitemo acharamba achirwisana nokudzivirira kuripo kunenge kusati kwamboitika.

Basa Redzidzo Yemiviri

Dzidzo yeCivic inofanira kufukidza kwete bedzi nhau nezviri mukodzero idzi asiwo nzira dzokuita nadzo kuti dzirambe dzichitsigira kupesana. Zvikoro, zvinobudisa nhau, uye masangano omunzanga zvose zvine basa mukusimudzira kodzero dzevagari vemo.

Kutora Rutivi Runoshingaira Nokuva Akadzidza

Kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo hakungorevi kungoziva chete kuti vanhu vanobva munyika yacho vanofanira kuita zvematongerwo enyika, kutsigira masangano ekodzero dzevanhu, uye kuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire nokurambana kune rugare.

mhedziso

Rwendo rwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nerusununguko isungano inotsigira chishuvo chisingaperi chorudzi rwomunhu cheruramisiro norusununguko. Kuvambira pamahwendefa evhu eMesopotamia akare kusvikira kumitemo yamawadhi etsika yanhasi, pfungwa yokuti vanhu vane maruramiro okuberekwa nawo ayo hurumende dzinofanira kuremekedza yave iri simba rinosunda refambiro mberi yezvamatongerwe enyika. Bva basa harina kutongopedzwa. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinotarisana netyisidziro yacho chimene kurusununguko uye chinofanira kuzviisazve kunheyo dzinodzivirira chiremera chavanhu. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu enhau ekodzero idzi, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani zvikuru uye kutsigira nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwavo nokukura mumakore ari mberi.