Kutanga: Basa Remapasa Asina Kubatanidzwa Mumari yeAmerica Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Political Action Committee (PACs) yave iri fandesheni yemari yenhimbe muUnited States. Pakati pamarudzi akasiyana- siyana ePACs, non inobatanidzwa nePACIS ine nzvimbo yakasiyana neyakasimba. Yakasiyana nePACIC, yakabatanidzwa nesangano rebasa, mubatanidzwa webhizimisi, kana kuti sangano rezvamatongerwe enyika, rinoshanda zvakazvimirira. Yakaumbwa nevanhu vamwe navamwe, mapoka epfungwa, kana kuti masangano echikwata chenhaka anoshuva zvishandiso zvemari zvinoda kuisa zvishandiso zvehurumende uye zvinoshandiswa pasarunga zvakabatana nechirongwa chakananga kana kuti chikwata. Kunzwisisa masangano apamutemo anodzora aya masangano anoshanda anokosha mukubvuma uye anoshandira zviri nyore zvepasi pedu.

PCs dzisingabatanidzwi dzinosiyaniswa namano avo okukumbira mipiro kuvanhu vose(iropafadzo isingapiwi kubatanidzwa nePCs, iyo inogona bedzi kukumbira muboka ravo rakaganhurirwa (mutoo, vashandi kana kuti mitezo). Iyi mari inobhadharwa inopa tsinga yemari isiri inobatanidzwa. Zvisinei, uku kuchinjika kunovapo nemirau yakakomba yemirau inodzorwa neFederal Ecommotion Commission (FEC). Kuvambira pakunyoreswa nokuziviswa kwetsinhirano nemitezo yetsinhirano navatendinesi, mitemo inodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwenzira iyo aya matare anoshanda nayo.

Tsananguro Nemavara Emapaundi Asiri Akabatanidzwa

PPAC idare risati rabatanidzwa ripi neripi rezvamatongerwe enyika risina kuumbwa, rinopiwa, kana kuti kutsigirwa nemari nemutevedzeri, mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti sangano/sangano rakasiana resangano ramasangano. Shoko rinowanzobatanidza ne “matare endyiko bedzi,” rinozivikanwa seSuper PACs, kunyange zvazvo maviri acho asina kufanana. MaPACIFUMO asina kubatanidzwa anozviisa pasi pemiganhuro uye anogona kupa zvakananga kuvazvibhadharo, nepo PACICs anogona bedzi kuita ndyiro dzakazvimirira (asi mumitengo isina kuganhurirwa). Hybrid PACs, chinyorwa chechitatu, anochengeta nhauro dzakaparadzana dzemipiro dzose dziri mbiri dzemari inoganhuriro yakaganhurirwa uye kukwira pasina muganhu.

Mavara makuru ePAC isiri yeInternet anobatanidza:

  • Kudzora kwakazvimirira: Hapana mutsigiri, mukuru webato, kana kuti sangano resangano rinodzora kushanda kwedare.
  • Kukumbira: kungawana mari kubva kuvagari vemo vapi navapi veUnited States kana kuti vagari vemo vechigarire (kunze kwevokumwe nevomubatanidzwa weko).
  • Kunyoresa kwehurumende: kunofanira kunyoresa neFEC mukati mamazuva 10 okukwidzwa kana kuti kupedza anopfuura $4 000 mugore rekarenda.
  • Kuzivisa pachena: Fairadhi yakapetwa pagore (kana kuti mwedzi nomwedzi) inoshuma kurondedzera mipiro yose yakagamuchirwa nendyiko dzinoitwa.
  • Miganhu yokugovera: MaPACISINA KUIWA MIPINGO yakananga kuvada kufunda ingapa $5 000 pasarudzo (ri, guru, kana kuti kumhanya) pamunhu ari kubhabhatidzwa, uye kusvikira ku $5 000 pagore kudare rebato rerudzi.

Chirongwa Chapamutemo: FECA uye Mitemo Yepfungwa

Mutemo mukuru unodzora PACS isina kubatanidzwa i Fateral EFUMATIAM Act (FECA), wakaitwa pakuvamba muna 1971 uye wakagadziridzwa zvikuru muna 1974 pashure pechinyadziso cheWatergate. FEC yakasikwa kuti ipedzise nokumanikidzira FECA. Chivako chapamutemo chinofukidza nharaunda nhanhatu dzinotambudza:

1. Kunyoresa uye Sangano

Boka ripi neripi rinotarisira kugamuchira mipiro kana kuti kuita ndyiko dzinopfuura $200 mugore rekarenda rinofanira kuisa pasi Chikamu chesangano (FEC Game 1). Iri rinoumba mazita dare, rinozivisa mari yaro, uye rinoratidzira dare raro guru renhimbe (kana ripi neripi). Muchengeti wemari anozviwanira mhaka yomunhu oga nokuda kwokuteerera kwedare. PAC anobatanidzwa anodikanwawo kugadza nhau yekodzero yapamutemo yeSarudzo yehurumende, yakasiana nemari ipi neipi yomunhu oga kana kuti yesangano.

2. Miganhu Yezvinoita Uye Kunopa Zvaunofunga Kuti Zvichaitwa

MaPAC egamuchidzanwa asingabatanidzwi angagamuchira mipiro inobva kuvanhu kusvikira ku $5 000 pagore rekarenda. Vangagamuchirawo mipiro isina kuganhurirwa inobva kune dzimwe nyika (kubatanidza vagari vemo vemitemo), masangano (asina kupfuudzwa nesangano rePC), masangano ebasa (asina kupfuudzwa nomubatanidzwa wePACIC), hurumende dzenyika inokambira mari inosimbisa:[[[FLT:] hapana mipiro ingagamuchirwa kubva kunyika dzokumwe (kubatanidza vagari vemo vepamutemo).

3. Kuzvimirira

PACI dzisingabatanidzwi dzinobvumirwa kuita ndyiko dzisingaganhurirwi dzinotsamira pakukurukurirana izvo zvinotsigira zvakajeka nokuda kwokusarudzwa kana kuti kukundwa kwomubhadharwa akaziviswa zvakajeka wehurumende . Kugadzirwa kwokushandisa hakuna kubatanidzwa nomubhadharo upi noupi kana kuti mubato. FEC inoshandisa muedzo wakawanda wezvinhu kuti ione kushandira pamwe: kana kurukurirano ikaitwa pachikumbiro, chikarakadzo, kana kuti nhungamiro yomutendi, kana kuti kana ichida kuti kubatanidza vapinduri vemashoko vanogoverana, ingabatwa somupiro unogoverwa wakarongwa kuti iganhurirwe.

4. Kuiswa kwemagetsi mumvura uye Kushuma

MaPUKO ose asina kubatanidzwa anofanira kunyora mishumo yenguva dzose neFEC. Rudungwe rwamarusaitirwo idivi rimwe nerimwe kutoti dare rikasarudza kunyora mwedzi nomwedzi. Mishumo inofanira kuisa mipiro inobva kumunhu upi noupi anopa mari inopfuura $200 mugore rekarenda, uye ndyiko dze $200 dzinoitwa kumunhu upi noupi. Mumakore okusarudza, mishumo yokuwedzera yapamberi pekusarudza uye kuvhota inodikanwa. FEC inoita kuti mishumo yose iwanike pachena pawebsite yayo, ichigovera kujeka nokuda kwevakidzwa namapoka anoona.

5. Kurambidza Kubatana

Kubatana inzvimbo yakatarwa zvikurusa yemitemo yendyiko yakazvimirira. Mitemo yazvino yeFEC inorondedzera kubatana sekunoitika apo kurukurirano inovapo (a) inoumbwa, inobudiswa, kana kuti inoparadzirwa pashure pekurukurirano huru pakati pemubhadhari nenhimbe yomubhadhari, (b) yakavakirwa pamashoko anopiwa nenhimbe yacho, kana kuti (c) inobatanidza kushandiswa kwomutengesiwo zvake uyo akamboshandira nokuda kwenhimbe. PaCs anobatanidzwa mubatanidzwa anofanira kushandisa mitemo yomukati yakakomba yokudzivisa kubatana, kubatanidza mibato yemoto uye kugoverana kwamashoko kwakaganhurirwa.

6. Kuchengetedza Marekodhi Nokuongorora

PC iri yose isina kubatanidzwa inofanira kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvine udzame zvemipiro nendyiko kwaanenge makore matatu pashure pokunge mushumo wachengetwa. FEC ine chiremera chokuitisa kunzvera nokunzvera, uye inogona kuisa zvirango zvavagari vemo nokuda kwokuputsa. Mumhaka dzinopesana, kurovererwa kwemhosva neBato reRuramisiro kunobvira.

Zviitiko Zvikuru Zvepamutemo Zvinobvisa Zvikamu Zvisina Kubatanidzwa

Mugariro wapamutemo wePACIs isiri yakabatanidzwa wakaumbwa zvikuru nenhau dzinoverengeka dzedare uye kugadza utongi kweFEC.

Buckley v. Valeo (19976)

Munhau iyi yehwaro, Dare Gurusa rakatsigira miganhu yezvipo senzira yokudzivisa nayo uori kana kuti kuoneka kwaro, asi rakamisa ganhuriro dzendyiko dzendyiko (kubatanidza ndyiko dzinozvimirira) sedzisingawirirani nemitemo pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi chisarudzo chakabvumikisa nheyo yokuti mari inopedzerwa pasina donzo pazvamatongerwe enyika chimiro chokutaura kwakadzivirirwa muFirst Amendment. Yakagadzira nzira nokuda kwedare razvino uno rinozvimirira remari bedzi.

Vagari vomuUnited v. FEC (2010)

Zvichida chisarudzo chakakurumbira zvikurusa chemibato yemari, Chisarudzo chemibatanidzwa yemari yemari chakati masangano nemubatanidzwa zveFirst Amendment ane maruramiro mamwe chetewo eFirst Pramendment sevanhu vanopedza zvitsama zvisina kuganhurirwa pakurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo chapamberi peganhuriro dzemitengo inodzorwa pabhizimisi. Mumhinduro yakananga, FEVC yakabudisa mutemo unobvumira kusikwa kwe [[FLT:]] PACIC[FF:3] kupfurikidza neMitemo yeAdviory Murangano mu [FL: 4.]. zvino. FORC[FFF:5] [20]

McCutcheon v. FEC (2014

Mu Mccheon Dare Gurusa rakaputsa muganhu wemipiro pahwerengedzo munhu anogona kuita kuvose vapa mari nepati. Nepo ganhuriro dzechipo dzapachivande pamutengi pamunhu dzakasara, kubviswa kwekepisi yeamburera yakabvumira vapi vapfumi kupa kuchiverengero chikuru zvikuru chePCs zvakananga, chinowedzera.

Zvimwe Zvirevo Zvisinganzwisisiki

Mativi akadai se FEC v Wisconsin Agn to Life, Inc. [2007] akajekesa rondedzero ye “kudzvinyirira,” uye Coladoan Federal Campaign Committee [[FULATY] [[FLT]] [1996]) yakazivisa kuti ndyiko dzinobatanidzwa nemapoka hadzisi pasi peganhuriro dzimwe chetedzo dzinodzorwa nezvitsaudzo zvakazvimirira nePCs. Pamwechete, izvi zvinoparira nzvimbo yapamutemo yapamutemo yakashatiswa nePCCS.

Kushandira Nezvinodiwa Zvinoshanda

PACI inoita kuti pave nePUC inoda ngwariro yokushingaira kukuteerera. Website yeFEC inogovera nhungamiro huru, asi matare akawanda anochengeta magweta enhimbe ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira kana kuti vapi zano vanowirirana. Nhanho huru dzokushanda dzinobatanidza:

  1. Kuzivisa sangano: Gadza dare, kugadza muchengeti wemari, Fayili Marudzi 1 mukati mamazuva 10 kupfuura chikumbaridzo che $4 000.
  2. Kuisa akaundi yebhangi yakaparadzana: Mipiro yose nendyiko zvinofanira kuyerera muakaundi iyi.
  3. Kubatanidza uchokwadi hunopa: vapi vechokwadi vakakodzera (vagari ve U.S. kana kuti vagari vemo vechigarire, kwete vagari vekongi vehurumende kana kuti vanobva kune imwe nyika). Kuwana zita, kero, basa, uye mushandirwi nokuda kwemipiro inopfuura $200 000.
  4. [[[FT:0] Kubatanidza magetsi anoshanda pamwe: Dzivisa kugoverana zvishandiso kana kuti zvinhu navanozoda kana kuti nhimbe dzavo. Vashandi vanorovedza navazvipiri pamitemo yokubatanidza.
  5. Mishumo yakakodzera nguva: Shandisa gadziriro yemagetsi yeFEC (EFS) nokuda kwemishumo ine inopfuura $50 000 iri mubasa kana kuti kana dare rikapedza inopfuura $50 000 padenderedzwa rimwe. Misiano yemavhiki inorumano; masherefu anoparira fashoni.
  6. Kunyora mapikicha omukati: Manyoro enhambo nenhambo ezvikanganiso. FEC inogona kunzvera dare panguva ipi neipi, uye kusawirirana kunogona kutungamirira kuzviito zvokuchengeta.

Kubatsira Kwakanaka Kwounyanzvi Hwokuronga Kuronga Kuronga Nokuronga

Nokuda kwamapoka okushanda, masangano avashandi (apo anotanga dare risina kubatanidzwa nokuda kwokukumbira kwavose), uye masangano epfungwa, gadziriro yePAC isina kubatanidzwa inopa maturusi ane simba kupesvedzera sarudzo. Mipiro yakananga inobvumira dare kutsigira vadaviri kusvikira kuganhuriro dzapamutemo, nepo ndyiko dzakasununguka dzichibvumidza kupedzwa kusina kuganhurirwa pakushambadzira, vaposita, uye vavhoti.

Zvisinei, kuchinjika kune ngozi. Kuputswa kwemitemo yokushandira pamwe kunogona kutungamirira kuzvirango zvikuru zveFEC kana kuti kuendesa kuBato reRuramisiro. Kuparadzirwa kwakaipa kunobva kumanyuko emari akaziviswa zvisina kuziviswa kunogona kukuvadza chisakiso chedare. Kushanda kunobudirira naizvozvo kunoda mutoo wapamutemo wakasimba, kubatanidza kugadzirwa kwapamberi pezviziviso, mashoko anodzima moto, uye kurwisana kwokungwarira kwavatengesi vangave vakashanda nokuda kwenhimbe.

Uyezve, kushandiswa kwemaPUC kwakarongwa kunowanzobatanidza mubatanidzwa wemipiro yakananga uye mari yazvimirira. Dare ringapa mari inokwana $5 000 (Z $5 000) kuvaka ukama, pari zvinoshandisa nhoroondo yeSuper PAC (kana iri musanganiswa) kuti ishambadzirwe pasina muganhu. Kushambadza uku kunobvumirwa chero bedzi nhauro dzakaparadzaniswa zvikuru uye nhoroondo yokuzvimirira isingawirirani.

Zviitiko Zvenguva Ino Nenguva Yemberi Yemapaundi Asina Kubatanidzwa

Gadziriro yetsika inoramba iri muPCAS. Munguva ino, FEC yakabudisa mifungo inoverengeka inojekesa kushandiswa kwekushambadza kwemichina nokuda kwendyiko dzakazvimirira, kubatwa kwemipiro yokusainwa, uye mabasa enyika dzokumwe muPCs. Munguva ino, Masangano akakurukura panhambo nenhambo zvikwereti kuti awedzere kujeka, zvakadai seDHCHLOSE Act, izvo zvingada kuti PACIS uye vamwe vaPC vasingabatanidzwi vazivise vapi vanopa vanodarika $10,000. Nepo mushumo wacho usina kupfuura, kutsinhanhanha nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kukuru zvikuru kunopfuurira.

Matare akarangarirawo kana kumwe kusunungurwa kwemirau kwakafanira. Somuenzaniso, D.C. chisarudzo chedunhu mu Crossrouts Grasrouts Policy Strategies v. FEC (2017) yakataura mamiriro ebato rebato rezvamatongerwe enyika. uye muna 2023, Dare rapamusoro rakaramba kunzwa denho kuchirambidzo pamipiro yokumwe, kuchisimbisazve kurambidza ikoko pamusoro pepesvedzero yokumwe muU.S. Sarudzo dzinopfurwa naPUCs inoramba iri chinyorwa chinopisa.

Ruzivo rwokugadzira nokuchinja maPUC ari kuchinjwa. Zvikamu zvepaUnion nemipiro miduku yemapapo yakagonesa maPUIIC kukwidza mari yakawanda pasina kuvimba nevapi vashomanana vakapfuma. Izvi zvinowedzera makwikwi nokuongorora. FEC iri kuvandudza nokushingaira mitemo yayo nokuda kwechirongwa chepaIndaneti, kubatanidza kuzivisa kwemagariro evanhu uye kutsigira kubhadhara mari.

mhedziso

MaPUC asina kubatanidzwa chinhu chinokosha uye chine simba chegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica. Kuzvimirira kwawo kuvadaviri namapati kunoabvumira kubatira samanzwi ane simba nokuda kwepfungwa nehanganwa inotsigirwa nenhau, nepo achipawo zvakananga kunhimbe dzokuvhota. Bva kuzvimirira kunoparirwa zvakasimba negadziriro yemitemo yakarongwa pasi peFECA neFEC. Kunyoresa, ganhuriro dzechipo, uye chirambidzo pakubatana hazvisi maererano nemitemo inoumbwa nechisarudzo chose chinoitwa nePACIC.

Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa muudzori hwezvamatongerwe enyika (* kana kuti semupi, murongi, kana kuti nyanzvi) kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro kunokosha. Mitemo inooma uye inochinjirwa kupfurikidza nemitemo, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye kuiswa kweFEC. Kuramba uchiziva nokushanda nenyanzvi dzinoteerera dzakasvinurira kunogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabasa ePAC asina kubatanidzwa ose ari maviri anoshanda uye anobvumirwa nomutemo. Sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro neCongress zvinopfuurira kukurukura miganhuro yezvirongwa, basa rePACIC richaramba riri guru kunguva yemberi yokubatanidzwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji muUnited States.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] nhungamiro ye [FLT]FEC kunyoresa PAC, rugwaro rwakazara rwe Chisarudzo cheUnited [, uye [[FLT]FC] mapeji ezviwanikwa zvepamutemo nokuda kwemitemo yazvino uno nemirangariro yemajere.