Kurongeka ndeimwe yemiitiro inokosha zvikurusa uye isina kunzwisiswa mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Inobatira senzvero huru pasimba revakuru vakuru nerokutonga, ichibvumira kuti Congress ipedze vakuru vakuru vehurumende nemhaka yomufambiro wakakomba. Nepo shoko racho rinowanzomonderwa mukurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, mutoo chaiwoiwo unorondedzerwa nokungwarira neBumbiro reMitemo uye wakaumbwa namazana maviri amakore okushanda. Kunzwisisa kuti kusadzidzisa kunoshanda sei pamavambo akwo ebumbiro-mitemo kukushandiswa kwaro kwezuva razvino uno.Nyamupidhindindi kana kuti mutemo unokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anodzidza hurumende yeAmerica, nhau, nhau inopa kutsanangura nenzira inopesana, kupfuudzira, mashoko enhau, uye kukosha kwayo sokudzivirira simba rayo mukurwisana nesimba.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yokuita Zvinoda Kuteererwa

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reChirungu, vachishandisa mirayiridzo yemasangano ehurumende yeEngland uye zvavakasangana nazvo nemagavhuna ehurumende, vakagadzira kushora senzira yokubvisa nayo vakuru vakuru vakanga varega kuvimbwa nevanhu. Kusiyana nokutongwa nemhosva, kusatevedzerwa muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika unoitirwa kudzivirira riphabliki, kwete kuranga vanhu mumutemo weutsotsi.

Urongwa hukuru hwokusatendeutsa hunooneka mu Article II, Chikamu 4, chinoti: "Mutungamiriri wehurumende, Mutarisiri navakuru vose vehurumende veUnited States, achabviswa paHofisi paImpeacheari yeImpeating, uye Kutendwa kweChibharo, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi akakwirira neMisderators. Iyi ndima inogadza mativi matatu okusatenderwa: kupandukira, chiokomuhomwe chikamu chakakwirira cheI. Chikamu chaMatemisiro chinobvumirawo kuti I.

Mibato yeImba somuchuchisi, kuunza pomero dzapamutemo. Dare rinoita savatongi, rinonzwa ufakazi uye rinopa chisarudzo. Voruzhinji vane zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu muDare vanodikanirwa kusungwa ndokubvisa mukuru mukuru. Vagadziri vamaune vanogadza ichi chiteshi chakakwirira kuva nechokwadi chokuti kurambidza kwaizochengeterwa mhaka dzakakomba zvikurusa uye haizoshandiswa nenzira yakapfava nevoruzhinji vanobvisa mhaka.

Kurondedzera `Kuparwa Kwemhosva Kwakakwirira Nezvakaipa"

Chinoumba chaizvoizvo "utsotsi hukuru kana kuti husakafanira" chakakurukurwa kwamazana amakore. Chitsama chamashoko hachitsanangurwi muBumbiro remitemo, uye vagadzirisi vamabhii vakachisiya pachena namaune. Alexander Hamilton, anonyora mu [[Frest:0] Pereferalist Papers[, chinorondedzera mhaka dzisingadzorwi se "mhosva dzinobva mumufambiro wakashata wavanhu vose, kana kuti, mumamwe mashoko, kubva mukubatwa zvisina kufanira kana kuti kuputswa kworumbidzo yavose." Ikoku kunobatanidza kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, kudzorwa kwebasa, uye mufambiro unosekesa kuvimbika kwehurumende.

Nokufamba kwenguva, matare akabata "mhosva huru nemhosva dzakashatiswa" semhosva dzezvamatongerwe enyika murudzi panzvimbo pokupara mhosva. Mukuru mukuru anogona kunzi aparadzwe nokuda kwezviito zvisingaputsi mutemo upi noupi asi zvichiri kuratidzira kuputswa kwakakomba kwechivimbo chavanhu. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Andrew Johnson akashorwa nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo weOfisit/a mutemo gare gare unorangarirwa kuva usina maturo. Asi pomero yacho yainyanya pamusoro pokuramba kwake kuwirirana nechiremera chePresssionontion. Nenzira yakafanana, Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akashorwa nokuda kwechingaridzo nekanganidzo yeruramisiro, mhosva dzose dziri mbiri, asi nhau inopesana yakanga iri kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwomufambiro wokusakarurama. Rondero inobvumira chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chemitemo kuti chishatiswe.

Kufambira Mberi Nokufamba Nenhanho

Muitiro wokubvumirana unopedzerwa mumativi maviri akasiyana: kutanga muImba yaVamiriri, ipapo muDare. nepo muitiro wacho unogona kusiana muudzame hwawo hunotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza ezvematongerwe enyika uye mukuru mukuru anobatanidzwa, gadziriro yose zvayo inosanosimbiswa.

Kupinza Nokunzvera

Zviitiko zvizhinjisa zvinotanga nenzvero. Ikoku kungatangwa nokunyunyuta kunobva kumutezo weCongress, mutezo unobva muzano chairo kana kuti muchuchisi akazvimirira, kana kuti kupomera kwapachena kwokusazvibata. Dare reHouse Judicary rinotungamirira zvikurukuru mukuitisa kunzvera. Vashandi veDare vanounganidza magwaro, zvapupu zvinobvunzurudzwa, uye vane tendero kuti vaone kana pane ufakazi hwakakwana hwokupfuurira. Mune dzimwe zviitiko, House inoumba dare rakasarudzwa kuti ribate bvunzurudzo chaiyo, sezvakaitwa mu20197 yebvunzurudzo yaPrezidhente Donald Trump.

Dare racho rinofanira kutanga chinyorwa chechokwadi ndokuziva kuti zviito zvipi zvinonzi mhaka dzisingabvumirwi. Panguva iyi, mukuru mukuru anopomerwa ane mukana wokupindura achishandisa zano repamutemo uye kudenha uchapupu hunopiwa.

Nyaya Dzokushandisa Zvinhu Zvinotarisirwa Pamba

Kana Dare roMufundisi rikawana ufakazi hwakakwana hwechakaipa, rinonyora nyaya imwe kana kuti dzakawanda dzokusateerera. Nyaya imwe neimwe inodudza pomero yakasiana, yakadai se "kushandisa simba" kana kuti "kurayiridzwa kweDare". dare ipapo rinovhota kana richifanira kurumbidza nyaya dzacho kuImba yakazara. Voruzhinji vari mudare vakakwana kufambisira mberi nyaya.

Kana Imba ichibvumira kunyange nyaya imwe chete, mukuru mukuru anotonga panzvimbo imwe chete uye anovhota, kana imba ichibvumira kunyange nyaya imwe chete, mukuru mukuru anorambwa. Kupa kwapaImba kunoreva kutongwa nedare guru rinobetsera kutongwa nedare rokutonga (* hakubvisi mukuru mukuru pahofisi, asi kunogadza nzvimbo yokutonga muDare.

Kutongwa kweDare: Kurevererwa Munhau

Imba yacho painongoshora bedzi mukuru mukuru, nyaya dzacho dzinopfuudzirwa kuDare, rinofanira kuitisa dare. Dare rine mitemo yaro rimene nokuda kwemiedzo yokusatendera, iyo yakavapo pashure penguva yakati. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda kuti Mutongi Mukuru weDare rapamusorosoro atungamirire apo purezidhendi ari kutongwa; nokuda kwokusateerera kwavamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru, Mutungamiriri weSanihedrini kana kuti Purezidhendi mukuru mukuru anotungamirira.

Kupfuurira Noufakazi

Mukati mokutonga, Dare rinogadza mamaneja eNzvimbo . kazhinji kazhinji mitezo yeDare reMutudisi(*) inoshanda savachuchisi uye inogovera mhaka nokuda kwokupwiswa. Mukuru mukuru anopomerwa, anozivikanwa seapinduri, angamirirwa nezano rapamutemo. Dare rinogara sadare, nedare rimwe nerimwe rinodikanwa kuita mhiko yokuita ruramisiro. Kutonga kunobatanidza kutaura kwokuzarura, kupiwa kwoufakazi, kuongororwa kwezvapupu (kana Dare richivhota kuvabvumira), uye kugumisa nharo. Kusafanana nedare repamutemo, Dare ringavhoterawo kubvisa mhaka yacho kana kuti kudana zvapupu papfundo ripi neripi neripo.

Mitemo youchapupu uye muitiro haina kuoma kupfuura mudare nemhaka yokuti kutongwa kwedare inhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare rine chisarudzo chikuru chokuziva kuti zvipupuriroi nemagwaro zviri zvisino kururama. Mudzimwe nhau dzenhau, dzakadai sekutonga kwa 1868 kwaPurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, zvapupu zvakawanda zvakadanwa.

Kuziva Kutsigira Kana Kuti Kurevererwa

Pashure pokupiwa kwoufakazi, Dare rinoda kuvhota namaune uye ipapo rivhota panyaya imwe neimwe yokusabvumirana. Kuwanira mhaka ndokubvisa mukuru mukuru, voruzhinji vane zvikamu zviviri zvezvitatu zvavasaimba varipo vanodikanwa. Navanetesi 100, ikoko kunoreva kuti mavhoti anenge 67 anodikanwa. Kana Dare rikakundikana kusvika padanho iroro panhau ipi neipi, mukuru mukuru mukuru anosunungurwa uye anoramba ari muhofisi. Kana akawanwa mhaka pachinhu chimwe kana kuti zvakawanda, mukuru mukuru mukuru angabviswa pakarepo panzvimbo. Dare ringavhoterawo kusava anopomerwa mhaka kuva nehofisi ipi neipi yomutemo yomunguva yemberi, vhotera yakaparadza inoda voruzhinji bedzi.

Chinodikanwa chezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu chakakwirira noune kudzivisa kubviswa kwevatsigiri. Munhau yeAmerica, mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi akapinzwa muImba: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (1998), uye Donald Trump (209 na2021). Hapana akawanwa mhaka neDare, kunyange zvazvo Johnson akapukunyuka nevhoti imwe. Vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende bedzi vakabviswa chaizvoizvo panzvimbo neDare vatongi (hwukurukurukuru, 15 vamakuru vamakuru vatongerwa uye vapiwa mhaka, uye vachangobva kuva Mutongi G. Thomas Porthest Jr muna 2010.

Kuda Kuparadzana Hakuenzani

Chirango chinozivikanwa navose ndechokuti kuzvidza kunoreva kuti mukuru mukuru anorashwa kunze kwebasa. Zvomenemene, kupomera kunongova bedzi pomero yetsika neImba. Kudzorwa kunoitika bedzi pashure pokupwiswa neDare. Purezidhendi anogona kupiwa (kupomerwa, chaizvoizvo) uye achiri kubatira shoko rakazara kana Dare richiregeredza. Uku kusiyana kunokosha mukunzwisisa chekero nedzinodzikano zvakavakwa mugadziriro.

Kupfuurirazve, kupwiswa hakudzivisi kutongwa kwoutsotsi kwakatevera.Bumbiro reMitemo rinotaura zvakajeka kuti mubato une mhaka "kunyanguvezvo richava rinofanira kupiwa mhaka uye kudzorwa kuKutongwa, Kutongwa, uye Chirango, mukuwirirana noMutemo". Mumamwe mashoko, kutendiswa nokubviswa mishonga yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo isingatsivi gadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Purezidhendi Richard Nixon arega muna 1974, iye akagamuchira mhoshoro kubva kuna Purezidhendi Gerald Ford, asi ikoko kwakanga kuri chisarudzo chakaparadzana chezvamatongerwe enyika, kwete muuyo wegadziriro yemitemo youtsotsi imene.

Zvinotaurwa Nenhau Nezvazvakakonzera

Kudzidza nhau dzenhau dzinoratidza kuti muitiro wacho wakashandiswa sei munhambo dzakasiyana - siyana namasimba ezvematongerwe enyika ari kutamba.

Andrew Johnson (1868)

Kusatendeutswa kwoupurezidhendi wokutanga kwakaitika mushure menyongano yeHondo yavagari vemo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Andrew Johnson, Democrat anobva Tennessee uyo akanga atsiva Abraham Lincoln, akabonderana arwisanazve neRepublican Congress yakadzorwa pamitemo yokugadziriswa kwedare. Congress yakapfuudza Tenure of Office Act, iyo yaida mvumo yeDare nokuda kwokubviswa kwemitezo yedare. Johnson akazvidza mutemo kupfurikidza nokupfura murwi weWar Edwin Stanton, achitungamirira Imba yokumutonga panhau 11. Dare reSango rakapukunyuka kupripindwa nevhoti imwe chete, uye Johnson akapukunyuka kusava nemhaka yemhosva ye 19. Mhaka yacho yakatanga kuti purezidhendi agone kuputsa mutemo mukuru mukuru wehurumende, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wakawanwa gare gare gare gare.

Richard Nixon naWatergate (1974)

Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akatarisana netsoropodzo yebasa rake munyadzi yeWatergate. Dare reImba raJudicary rakatendera zvinhu zvitatu zvokusatenderwa: kudzongonyedzwa kweruramisiro, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, uye kuzvidza kweDare. Imba yakazara isati yagona kuvhota, Dare Gurusairupo rakaraira Nixon kubudisa tepidhi dzakarekodwa idzo dzakabvumikisa kuva kwake anobatira mukufukidza paradzana. Kutarisana nepringi uye sezvinobvira kupwiswa, Nixon akarega basa pana August 8, 1974, uye purezidhendi bedzi kuti abvise. Iyi nhau inoenzanisira sei tyisidziro yetsoro yetsinga youpi navatengi vebasa inogona kumanikidza purezidhendi kubva muhofisi kunyange pasina dare. Yakasimbawo nheyo yokuti purezidhendi haana kupfuure pamusoro pomutemo.

Bill Clinton (1998 - 1999)

Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akashorwa nokuda kwokusatendeseka uye kudzongonyedzwa kweruramisiro zvine chokuita noukama hwake neWhite Housenn Monica Lewinsky. Imba yakavhota zvikurukuru mumativi ebato, nenyaya dzose dziri mbiri dzichipfuura pana December 19, 1998. Kutongwa kweDare kwakapedza mavhiki mashanu uye kwakaguma nokuregeredzwa pamhosva dzose; nyaya yepejury yakawana vhoti 45 dzine mhaka uye 55 havana kuva nemhaka, nepo nyaya yacho yakakwidzwa pamusoro pokuti kusazvibata kwomunhu oga, sokupesana nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwebasa ravose, kunofanira kuva kusiri kwepamutemo. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzemitemo dzakataura kuti mhaka dzacho hadzina kusangana ne "mhosva huru uye mupimo wakaipa".

Donald Trump (Kutanga Kudzidza, 2019-2020)

Muna 2019, Purezidhendi Donald Trump akapikiswa pamusoro penyaya mbiri: kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nokudzongonyedzwa kweDare. Pomero dzakabva murunhare naPurezidhendi weUkrainian Volodyr Zelenskyy umo Trump akamanikidzira nokuda kwokunzvera mukwikwikwidzani wake wezvamatongerwe enyika Joe Biden achinyima mvumo inotenderwa. House yakavhotera kuisa mutezo wesimba nechero yebato. Dare rakaguma nokuregwa kwaVaregiod muna February 2020, senenge Refetai veRepublican resesssss vabhetinatinati vasina mhaka. Iyi mhaka yakasimbisa rudzi rwechimbidzo yechimbidzo dzehondo dzazvino uno uno uno uno uno unoregwa nezvinetso zvokuwana bvumirano zvebipartis.

Donald Trump (Second Impeatingment, 2021)

Pashure pekudenha paDemocrates yeU.S. Capitol, Purezidhendi Trump akarairwa kechipiri (pano nguva panyaya imwe yokunyandura kumukira. Imba yakavhota 232-1997, ine 10 Republicans ichikumbanira Democrates dzose. Yakanga iri nyaya yabhiparitarisitasiti yenhau. Kutongwa kweDare kwakaitika pashure pokunge Trump atova abva pahofisi, ichimutsa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pokuti aichimbova purezidhendi anogona kudzorwazve here. Dare rakasununguka Trump rakabvazve, namavhoti 575 okuva ne7 Republics) akakundikana anodikanwa 67. Mhaka inosimbiswa pamusoro pomugariro wekusatezo.

Kurayira Kwevamwe Vakuru Vehurumende

Nepo kudzorwa kwapurezidhendi kuchibata ngwariro hurusa, Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvumirawo kuteererwa kwavamwe "Vamiriri vehurumende veUnited States". Boka iri rinobatanidza vatongi vehurumende, vanyori vedare, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vakakwirira. Munhau, ruzhinji rwezvipo zvizhinjisa rwakaranga vatongi vehurumende, vanoita kugadza kwenduramo uye havagoni kubviswa nenzira isina kuoma.

Vatongi vakashorwa nokuda kwemhosva dzakadai sechiokomuhomwe, kusabhadhara mitero, uye kupinda mumubato wezvamatongerwe enyika unovhozhokera apo vakanga vari pabhenji. Somuenzaniso, Mutongi John Fileering (1803) akapinzwa ndokubviswa nokuda kwokusagadzikana kwendangariro noudhakwa pabhenji; Judge Aleche Hastings (19989) akapinzwa ndokubviswa nokuda kwechiokomuhomwe uye kurangana kune chokuita nechiokomuhomwe (iye gare gare gare akasarudzwa kuImba yavamiriri). Kudzorwa kwavakuru vakuru vebazu kunze kwapurezidhendi hakuwanzowaniki asi kwakaitika, sokusateverwa kwoMunyori weHondo yeHondo yaWilliam Belkna mu 1876 nokuda kwouori. Belna akarega pamberi chaipo peHote yevota, asi akasaidzo yake yapamutemo pashure pokutongwa.

Kurayira Muhurumende Dzehurumende

Kuvhota hakuziri kwoga kuhurumende yehurumende. Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anobatanidza zvirongwa zvavo vamene zvokuda kuteererwa kwavatongi, vatongi vehurumende, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Miitiro inosiyana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzinoda vhoti mbiri-tatu muhurumende kuti dzibvume, semuenzaniso wehurumende, nepo dzimwe dzinoshandisa chikamu chikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumirawo kubviswa kwevakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokuyeuka sarudzo, kupa rimwe basa rokuzvidavirira. Chinokosha kudzoroso kunobatanidza kudzorwa kwaGavhuna weIllinoland Rod Blagojech nokuda kwouori, uye kudzorwa kwa 2015 kwaGavhuna Robert Reseallet nokuda kwokushandisa zvisina kufanira mari kwehurumende nemubatanidzwa wemari. Hurumende inobvumira kuti pfungwa yokuzvidavirira kukuru kupfurikidza nechiito chenyika yeAmerica ipfuudzoro.

Mafungiro Evanhu Nemasimba Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kuongorora ndekwezvamatongerwe enyika nenzira yomuzvarirwo, uye murangariro wavose unoita basa guru mukuumba miuyo yawo. Vagadziri vairangarira kuva nzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi mhoteredzo yezvinobudisa nhau yazvino uno yakaita kuti ive inotova yakakomba zvikuru kukamukana. Chisarudzo chokutanga kunzvera kwokusabvumirana kazhinji kazhinji chinotsamira pakuti ipi boka rinodzora Imba; chisarudzo chokuwanira mhaka chinotsamira pakuti ipi dare rinodzora Dare uye kudisa kwavashandi kuti vaparadzane.

Nzwisiso yavose yemhosva kana kuti kusava nemhaka kwevakuru vakuru inogona kuchinja kudavira kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwemitezo mimwe nemimwe yeCongress. Kuramba kwechimurenga, nhimbe dzemapuranga, uye kufukidzwa kwezvinobudisa nhau zvinogona kuwedzera dzvinyiriro pavagadziri vemitemo. Nenzira inopesana, vavhozhokeri vanoparadza zvakasimba vangaderedza batira pamwe inopesana, kuita kuti kupwiswa kuve kunenge netatu kusingabviri apo boka revakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru rinova rinovata kupfuura chikamu chimwe chezvigaro zvedare. 2020 ne201 miedzo yaPrezidhenti Trump ivei mienzaniso yakajeka yeiyi inoshanda.

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinopfuurira kukurukura kana mhoteredzo yazvino inosarura yanetesa kuzvidavirira sechishandiso chokuzvidavirira kana kuti ichiri chidziviso chinobudirira. Chiri pachena ndechokuti kutendwa kunoramba kuri kuratidzirwa kune simba kwechiremera cheDare uye chinhu chinotsoropodza chetsika yokunzvera nedzikamo.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokukumbira Zvokuita

Kuronga kunobatanidza kuoma kwapamutemo norutongeso rwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunoda kuti Imba neDare zviite mukombi kuti zvichengetedze vanhu vane simba zvikuru muhurumende. Nepo kudzivirirwa kwebumbiro remitemo kwakagadzirirwa kuchengeta perero yehurumende kupfurikidza nokubvisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende avo vakashambadza mhiko dzavo dzebasa. Muitiro wacho unobatanidza kuoma kwapamutemo norutongeso rwezvamatongerwe enyika, uchiraira kuti vasare munzanga kuti vadzorere kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Nepo kunzwisiswa kwakakwirira kwekutenderwa kwesimba nekuwedzera kwezvamatongerwe enyika dzeAmerica kwakaita kuti kubvise kubudirira kusingawanzoitiki munhau dzoupurezidhendi, kubvira kwokusatevedzerwa kunoshanda sechidziviso chinodzivisa kusazvibata. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzi venhau, hurumende, uye mutemo, kunzwisisa zvakakwana kusingatendiswi kwesimba kunokosha nesimba remitemo uye kusawirirana kwegadzirirono mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Kufunda kuti kwave nokubudirira sei kushanda uye kupfurikidza nokupfuura kwenhambo kwenguva mberi kwenhambo yetsika.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera Chivako chakanyorwa pamusoro pechitengi , Imba ye yenhetembo yenhau yemazita echinonyorwa , uye [[FLT]] SATES inhungamiro yehurumende kumiitiro yokusatengisa [.