Sumo

Miitiro yavavhiyi, kubatanidza kutanga kwakare-post (FPTP) nokuvhota kuviri, zvinorondedzera kuti mamiriyoni avagari vemo anosarudza sei vamiririri vavo. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, masangano anodzora akapinda muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kazhinji kazhinji achitaura nokuda kwe “vanhu vakakanganwika” mukurwisana navatungamiriri vari kure. Nyaya ino inonzvera chikonzero nei mitemo yezvikurusasa ingasimbisa nenzira isingazivi nhau dzepulist, nzira yavanodzvinyirira nayo kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuchinja kungataura nayo zvinetso zvavanoparira. Kukwevara pamusoro pesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika yakadzika mifungo yenhau, uye kunzvera kwenhau, tinonzvera masimba anowana magariro anoitwa namasangano anowana mafashoni ezvirongwa zvakakura nokuda kwenhau dzinobudirira.

Zvirongwa Zvikuru Zvevanhu Zvipi?

Gadziriro dzavasarudzi huru ndiidzo umo mukwidziridziri kana kuti mubato ane vhoti zhinjisa anowana chigaro kana kuti sarudzo zvakananga. Kusafanana nomufananidzo wemabhadharo (PR), uyo unoisa zvigaro mutsamba dzakashata kuti uvhote, gadziriro huru dzinoisa miuyo inotonga miuyo inotonga nehurumende imwe yakatsiga. Zvimiro zviviri zvinozivikanwa zvikurusa ndezvokutanga kulembera ànga geome à (FPTP) uye gadziriro yeTS (TS) miviri yakarongedzeka.

MuFPTP, vavhoti vakakanda chivhoti chimwe nokuda kwomubhadhari mumwe, uye mutsigiri anogamuchira chiverengero chakakwirira zvikurusa chevhoti – kunyange kana ari mupfupi woruzhinji zvikurusa – anowana nzvimbo yokugara. Iyi gadziriro inoshandiswa nokuda kwemisika yomutemo yamarudzi muUnited States, United Kingdom, Canada, India, uye dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzeBritain. Mugadziriro mbiri dzechiBriteni, vavhoti vanogamuchira vanodzokera kuvhota kana pasina mubatikana muvhozhokeri wokutanga, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vachisundira munda kumitevedza kumbiri dzapamusoro. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi weFrance nedzoro.

Kumwe kushandura kukuru kunobatanidza kuvhota kwokutsiva (kunoiswa murutivi rwokuvhota kwakashandiswa muAustralia’s House of Decrections) uye vhoti yomumugwagwa (inoshandiswa mukusarudza kwomunzvimbomo). Nepo iyi mitoo ichisiana mumakanikidzi, ivo vanogoverana mufungo mukuru: mukundi anogara, kazhinji kazhinji achisiya mativi makuru evavhoti asingarevi.

Gadziriro dzamabhinya dzinokombamira kuparira makwikwi maviri ezvikamu kana kuti maviri Xanacroc, sezvo mapoka maduku zvikuru anotamburira kuwina zvigaro kunyange kana akawana mugove unoremekedzwa wevhoti yakakurumbira. Iyi “Mutemo waMadivhori” chinoitika chakasanonyorwa: FPTP nemiitiro yakafanana nenzira younyanzvi zvinodzivisa mapoka echitatu uye zvinokurudzira kuvhota kwapamutemo. Muuyo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji unova wakananga miganhu yeparamende namadare akatsiga, asi pamutengo wokubvisa manzwi akawanda ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuwedzera KwechiPopulist MumaDemocracian Azvino Uno

Chipopulist ipfungwa duku yakaitwa kuti ive nounhu hwakanaka, inowirirana “vanhu” mukurwisana nomuoresa, ivo vamene vanozviti“ varavi.” Vatungamiriri vePopulist vanotaura chiremera chechienzi chokumirira kuda kwechokwadi kworudzi, kazhinji kazhinji vanofuratira masangano akadai semapati, matare, uye zvinobudisa nhau. Nepo masangano epurust akaoneka munhau yose, kumuka kwawo kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muEurope, America, uye Asia anoratidzira zvishuvo zvakadzika midzi.

Kubviswa kwenzvimbo dzemari – kubviswa kwemari, kubhadharwa, uye kusaenzana kuri kuwedzera - zvakanyandura hasha kuboka rezvamatongerwe enyika rakagadzwa. Nhamburiko dzetsika pamusoro pokutama, kuzivikanwa kwenyika, uye chinjo yenzanga dzakagoverawo nzvimbo yakakura. Zvigadzikiso zvePopulist zvinopa zvigadzikiso zvakapfava, zvechimbichimbichimbi kuzvinetso zvakaoma, kupomera vatami, masimba okumwe, kana kuti masangano edzimwe nyika akasiana - siana nokuda kwenhamo dzavasarumbiso. Rubudiriro rwavo rwakashatisa vachenjeri vehurumende dzehurumende dzinoda kudzosa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kudzorodza kuzvitonga, kubudisa rusununguko, uye kodzero shomanene.

Mienzaniso mikuru inobatanidza kukwira kwaDonald Trump muUnited States, kubudirira kwaViktor Orbán muHungary, kukura kweNational Rly muFrance, uye kubuda kwePodemos naVox muSpain. muIndia, Baratiya Janata Partition pasi peNarendra Mondi dis, sezvinoratidzira mavara echiPuroristis, sezvinoita mapoka anoverengeka muLatin America. Chinoitika chacho hachiganhurirwi kunyika imwe kana kuti pfungwa - inosiya nharaunda inosiana nejingaro, zvose zvakabatanidzwa neantigiementary naitriciary.

Michina Inobatanidza Masangano Ezvikwata Zvikuru Nezvipopuri

Nyanzvi dzakaziva nzira dzakawanda umo gadziriro dzokusarudza dzinoshandiswa mukuita kuti zvinhu zvive nyore kuparadzira zvinhu zvinobudisa mashoko.

Warâ Thutira All Polargrade

Gadziriro dzavamiriri dzinotusa boka gurusa ndokuranga duku zvikuru, dzichikurudzira nzvimbo mbiri dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo mapoka maviri makuru anorwisana nokuda kwesimba, anowanzova nenzvimbo dzinopesana nenzira inowedzera kuunganidza vatsigiri vavo vawo vapakati. Uku kubatana kunogona kusunda vavhoti kuchisarudzo chakanyanyisa, kubatanidza vatsvaki vanovimbisa kuputsa foroma. Populilss inobudirira mumamiriro okunze echipo nemhaka yokuti ivo vanozvipa vamene sechisiano bedzi chakarurama kusangano rakashata.

Kuwadzanyura Kwemazororo Maduku

Mupasi peFPTP, vavhoti vazhinji vanotsigira vapapatika vaduku vanoona kuvhota kwavo kuchipambadzwa. Vabato vanohwina 10% yovhota yenyika vangawana zvigaro zvezero, nepo boka rine 30% rinogona kuwana voruzhinji chaivo. Ava vavhoti vane simba vanorambwa vanorambwa nevavanoda nguva dzose. Mapopuri anowanzoshandisa kupesana uku kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti gadziriro yevhoti yehurumende imene inoiswa mukurwisana navanhuwo zvavo. Vanodana nokuda kwechinjo dzesangano – dzakadai sedhiragi rakananga, ganhuriro, kana kuti kubvisa muganhu wekoreji inosarudzwa navose nguva dzose - apo vanenge vachibetserwa panguva imwe chete negadziriro inobudiswa.

Kushanda Zvakanaka uye Kuora Mwoyo

Vadzori mugadziriro dzavakuru vamasangano vanowanzopinda mukuvhota kwapamutemo, vachisarudza muvhota mushomanene kuti vadzivise muuyo wakaipa zvikuru. Uyu muitiro unogona kudzvinyirira zvisarudzo zvapachokwadi ndokutungamirira kukusada kupararira. Vaongorori vanoshandisa kuvenga uku kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa “kuputsa tsika” ndokudzorera simba kuvanhu. Bret extendam, inoitwa mumutemo wakapfava wavazhinji, wakaratidzira kuti chirongwa chePropulic chinogona sei kudzora kutsamwa pagadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru apo gadziriro yevhotera vhenganisi inorangarirwa seisingagamuchiriki.

Kushatiswa Nokushaikwa Kwomufananidzo

Gadziriro dzavagari vemo dzinobudisa nguva dzose miuyo inopesana - chinja – mapati ayo anowina ruzhinji rwezvigaro kazhinji kazhinji anoita kudaro nevoruzhinji zvikuru vevhoti yakakurumbira. Mukaha uyu pakati pevhoti nezvigaro unogona kubvisa basa rokuvhota mumaziso evagari vazhinji. Vatungamiriri vePopulist vanotaura kuti tsika yacho inyeredzero, kuti sarudzo ino “tsikwa” muvhotiwo, uye kuti mutungamiriri akasimba bedzi, asingadzorwi anogona kudzorera democracy.

Fundo Yenhau: United States

United States inoshandisa FPTP nokuda kwokuvhota kwemasangano ehurumende, yakabatanidzwa neElectoral College nokuda kwamakwikwi apurezidhendi. Iyi gadziriro yakabudisa yaita yaitazve vapurezidhendi vakarasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira (George Wabush muna 2000, Donald Trump muna 2016). Mukaha pakati pemiuyo yakakurumbira neyakasarudzwa unopfumisa populalitiki unotaura kuti tsika inoshatisa uye kuti vapfumi vanoshandisa mitemo kuti vachengete simba.

Nhimbe ya2016 yaDonald Trump yakadenha zvakajeka kuva pamutemo kwegadziriro yokusarudza, ichinyevera nezve “kusarudza” uye kukumbira“ mudhaka.” Kubudirira kwake mukuwana dhipatimendi reRepublican uye kuva mukuru mukuru zvakanga zviri chimwe chezvinhu zvegadziriro yokutanga – kukunda . .kuwana mitemo yose munyika dzakawanda kwakamubvumira kuunganidza nhume netsigiro yezvizhinji. Musarudzo, akabetserwa neElectoral College kukwembere duku, mashoko okumaruwa akanga achigamuchira zvikuru shoko rake repuluji.

Nenzira yakafanana, mapati eGreen and Libertrian, ane mirangariro yetsika iyo pane dzimwe nguva inowirirana nemisoro yepopulist, inobviswa zvinobudirira mumimiririri pasi peFPTP. Vatsigiri vavo kazhinji kazhinji vanorangarira kuti kuvhota nokuda kwomudaviri wavo kunopambadzwa, kuchitungamirira kuzvisarudzo zvakaderera kana kuti zvokuzengurira. Uku kusawirirana kunogona kusunda vavhoti kukurwisana nevezveplasmastem vanopikira chinjo huru.

Fundo Yenhau: United Kingdom

Gadziriro yeUnited Kingdom yeFPTP yeHouse of Commons yakatsoropodzwa kwenguva refu nokuda kwokubudisa “vatongi voutongi” namatati makuru asi kuwanda bedzi kwevhoti. Sarudzo ya 2015 yakapa Conservative Party 1276se voruzhinji vane 36.9% vevhoti, nepo UKIP akawina 12,6% yevhoti asi chigaro chimwe chete. Kubvisa ikoko kwakanyandura kurwisana kwaUKIP kwaUKIP uye kwakagovera kuboka reBregit.

2016 Brestapendum, yakasarudzwa navazhinjiwo zvavo, iyo imene yakava chiziviso chepopulist. “Spell” yakaratidzira EU sebasa rakakwirira rinosekesa uchangamire hweBritain, uye 52048 mugumisiro wakatetepa wakawedzera kupesana. Chifo chetempendamu, Conservative Party yachinja, ichigamuchira nzvimbo dzechipopulist pakupinda munyika nekutengeserana. Labour Party, arcerorist, yakanangana nehondo dzomukati pakati pemapapiro ayo ane mwero neoruboshwe.

ZVINOTAURWA ZVEPARAMENDE dzakatsiviwa (2011) uye muitiro wokuyeuka wakatsoropodzwawo, asi FPTP inoramba iri mutyairi mukuru wesangano revane matuoopoly. Mapopulist akadai seReform UK (yaichimbova Bretit Party) anopfuurira kutaura kuti gadziriro yacho inobvisa mamirioni.

Mimwe Mienzaniso Yakaenzana

Mu Fransa, gadziriro yamativi maviri nokuda kwesarudzo yapurezidhendi namitemo inoisa simba mupurezidhendi uye kazhinji kazhinji inobvisa vada kutevera vaduku pashure penhivi yokutanga. Marine Le Pen’s National Rely yasvika yasvikazve kurusauko rwechipiri, kunyange zvazvo ichirasikirwa nguva imwe neimwe. Miitiro inomanikidza mapoka makuru kuumba mibatanidzwa inorwisana nepopulist kurudyi, asi inobvisawo pfungwa dzinorwisana nesystem – chitsoropoto inonzwa kuti vanosarudza “zvakaipa zvisati zviripo" panzvimbo pomumiririri wechokwadi.

India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika, inoshandisa FPTP nokuda kweLok Sabhaha yayo. Bharatiya Janata Partive pasi peNarendra Modi yashandisa populantist explus – Hindu, urudzi, mirangariro yedavi renyika, uye zvipikirwa zvevatungamiriri vakasimba – kuwina pasi zvikuru pevhoti yorudzi (31% muna 2014, 37% muna 2019). Muitiro wevanyuro unobudisa maganhuro eruwa nemapoka maduku, uchiparira mhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Canada yakawana kukura kweBoka ravanhu vePropulist pasi paMaximia Bernier, kunyange zvazvo richiri duku. Conservatives naLiberal vose vari vaviri vanoshandisa FPTP kuwina mativi makuru netsigiro yakakurumbira yakakurumbira, uye gakava pamusoro pokuchinja kwezvisarudzo rakamuka kazhinji kazhinji asi risina kumboshandiswa. Dzvinyiriro dzePpulist dzakadzoverwa mumapoka aripo panzvimbo pokuita simba guru idzva, asi kusagutsikana kuri kunopfuurira.

Kunetsa Kwakafara Kwoutano Hwedemocratic

Kutamba pakati pegadziriro dzezvirongwa zvokusarudza zvikuru nepopulism kunomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokumirira hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, kuva pamutemo, uye dzikamo.

Masangano ezvokushandisa utera uhu. Anozvipa amene senzwi renzwi risina inzwi, achivimbisa kudzorera uchangamire hwakakurumbira hwengano. Apo gadziriro yevhoti imene inoratidzika kuva inosimbisa kunyengera kwavo kupfurikidza nokubudisa miuyo yokusashanda zvakanaka, mavhoti okupambadza, uye masangano maviri akasimba anodzorwa - dzika anokura. Masangano eDhemocratic angazodenhwa nechomukati, sezvo vazivi vesimba vanoderedza pesvedzero inoderedza miuyo nedzikamo.

Nzvero yakaitwa namasayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akadai saPippa Norris (Harvard) naRonald Inglehart yakaratidza kuti gadziriro dzevhota dzinorangarirwa sedzakarurama uye dzinobatanidza dzinova nemwero yakaderera yetsigiro yepopulist. Nenzira inopesana, nyika dzine mitemo mikuru nemitezo yakakwirira yokusagutsikana dzinoona masangano akasimba zvikuru. Uku kuwirirana hakurevi kutsaura bedzi, asi chirongwa chesangano nenzira yakajeka ndicho chinochinja.

Kuchinja Kunogona Kuitwa uye Kumwe Kunotsiva

Zvinjo dzinoverengeka dzezvirongwa zvevhota dzakakarakadzwa kuderedza tapuro dzakashata dzegadziriro dzamasangano makuru papopulism pasina kuisa dzikamo. Idzi dzinobatanidza kuvhota kwakaenzana (RCV), kuvhengana kwemitemo (MMP), uye muitiro wezvikamu zviviri zvakatenderera watoshandiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo.

.Ranked îchoicev (inonziwo kuti kuvhota kwapakarepo) inobvumira vavhoti kuti varoote mukuwirirana nezvinodiwa. Kana pasina muvhoti anowana voruzhinji, mutsigiri wokupedzisira wenzvimbo inobviswa uye vhoti dzavo dzinoparadzirwa. RCV inoshandiswa muImba yeAustralia yeVamiria uye muU.S. Sarudzo yeminisita. Inokomba kuita miuyo yakawanda inovarira kuvaka mibatanidzwa mibatanidzwa mizhinji. Vadari vanopinda muPuricricia vangangowina, asi vanomanikidzirwa kukwezva mavhotera echipiri.

MixedÍd Gadziriro dzokukamuranisa, dzinoshandiswa muGermany neNew Zealand, dzinobatanidza maruwa ane mitezo imwe nenzvimbo yenyika nechepamusoro penyika. Voters vanokanda mabholoti maviri - rimwe nokuda kwomutezo womunzvimbomo, rimwe nokuda kwendaza yebato. Kugoverwa kwezvigaro kunowirirana nevhoti, kuvimbisa kuti kunyange mapoka maduku anogona kuwina ratidziro. Ikoku kunoderedza kushatisa kwapabopopuriti inoparira zvichemo. Chinjo yeNew Zealand kubva kuFPPP kuTop mu 1996 inodudzwa kazhinji sebudiriro mukuvandudza chitarisiko naparuzhinji.

Miitiro miviri yesvomhu inogonawo kuchinjwa kubvumira vakawanda vanoda kufunda muurungana rwokutanga ndokusimudzira kuvakwa kwemubatanidzwa murechipiri. Zvisinei, sezvinoratidza muenzaniso weFrench, vanogona kuisa ngwariro kusimba ndokukangaidza vavhoti avo vanoona zvisarudzo zvavo zvokutanga zvakapoteredza zvichibviswa.

Hapana gadziriro yevhota yakakwana, uye chinjo dzinotakura zvirongwa zvokushambadza. Kuchinja tsika huru kunokuvadza kurasikirwa nokujeka kwokuumbwa kwehurumende uye kungapa simba masangano akanyanyisa ayo aizovharwa neimwe nzira. Bva kombamiro yazvino uno – kukwira kwepopulism nokukukurwa kwesangano – inokarakadza kuti kuchengeta mugariro wacho une ngoziwo. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kuyera ndyiko dzokuchinja mukuderera kunopfuurira kwedemocracy.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzezvisarudzo zvikuru hadzisati dziri chisakiso bedzi chewedzero yepopulist, asi dzinoumba zvakajeka mhoteredzo umo populist inobudirira. Kupfurikidza nokuita mukundi wapillatall, kuderedza mabato maduku, uye kuparira miuyo misingaenzani, aya masangano anoparira marudzi ezvichemo ayo mapopulists anoshandisa. Nzvero dzenhau dzinobva kuUnited States, United Kingdom, France, India, uye Canada dzinoenzanisira mitoo inowirirana: apo vavhoti vavo vanonzwa kuti hapana chinhu, vanova vanogamuchira mashoko anorwisana nesystem.

Kugadzirisa denho yacho kunoda nzwisiso yakajeka yemarongerwo esangano. Kuchinja kwakadai sokuvhota kana kuti kuiswa muboka rakavhengana kungaderedza kuparadzana kunoparira kupararira kwehurumende nepo kuchichengetedza kutsiga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Asi gakava pamusoro pekuchinja kwevhotanuro rinofanira kuziviswa noufakazi, kwete nekutaura kwechipameso chako kunoramba kuoma kwesangano. Pakupedzisira, utano hwedemocracy hunotsamira pakuronga mitemo yechisarudzo nenheyo dzemipimo yetsika dzakarurama nekodzero yakakurumbira – basa risati rambova rekurumidzira zvikuru.

Nongedzero dzeChinjo: [[FLT]]] SECHEC] YOKUSHAYISA ROPA ROOT - MARITAIN ,; yeReformation Society – First Post; Center yenzverometic Movements; [[FTLT:]] .[FLT:]