Gadziriro dzezvisarudzo huru, dzakadai sepost-yakapfuura yokutanga (FPTP), dziri pakati pemitoo inoshandiswa zvikurusa nokuda kwokushandura vhoti muzvigaro zvemitemo. Kukumbira kwavo kuri muupfava uye kombamiro yokubudisa miuyo inosarudzwa necherokusarudza. Kunyange zvakadaro iyi mamiriro ezvinhu akapfava anofukidza kunetseka kukuru: nzira iyo aya masangano enzvimbo dzinovhota anogona kubetsera nenzira yakarongwa kana kuti kusabetsera nzanga dzomumaruwa nomumaguta. Kunzwisisa simba iri rinokosha nokuda kwokurangarira utano hwedemocracy yehurumende yehurumende yenyika ipi neipi inotsamira pamitemo mikuru.

Michina Yemasangano Ezvirongwa Zvikuru

Pakati pezvigaro zvavo, zvigaro zvavakuru vakuru zvinotambira vadaviri vanogamuchira vhoti zhinjisa muruwa rwakapiwa. Mu FPTP yakachena, mukwikwidzi ane uzhinji(kunyange kana asingasviki ruzhinji(win) inoumba chigaro. Dzimwe mhesano, dzakadai segadziriro yemativi maviri akapoteredza (runoff) kana kuti vhoti yakasiyana, inoda mubato mukuru, asi nheyo yenyika inoramba iripo: ruwa rumwe norumwe runosarudza mumiririri mumwe. Uyu muwiri wezvikwanidzo unoparira wirirano yakasimba pakati paFoffai neMP yavo yomunzvimbomo, asi inowedzerawo tapuro yepapo apo vavhoti vanorarama.

Rutivi rukuru rwokuvaka nderwokuti muruwa rumwe norumwe inharo inokunda. Mumutevedzero weFPTP, boka rinowina 40% yevhoti muruwa rinowana 100% yemimirimo yoruwa irworwo. Ikoku kunotungamirira kubvisa zvigaro pamwero wenyika. Somuenzaniso, mujato re 2019 UK, Conservative Party yakawina 56% yezvigaro ne 43% yevhoti, nepo Liberal Democrats yakawina 1,7% yezvigaro ne 11.5% yevhoti. Kuvhota kwakadaro hakungori kwakatemwa; kunotendera nenzira yakarongwa kuti mapoka ane tsigiro yakadzorwa munzvimbo dzakafara. Urban, kazhinji kazhinji kachongi vamiriri vazhinji vanobva mubato rimwe, nepovhoti vanobva kumaruwa, nepo kunenge kuvhotera kwakapararira kwakapararira mumaruwa avo kana vasina kuvhota rutivi rukuru rwenyika.

Gadziriro dzavamiririri dzinokombamirawo kuita "voruzhinji" `* boka rimwe rinowina ruzhinji rwezvigaro pasina voruzhinji vevhoti. Ikoku kunowanzochengetwa nokuda kwokuita hurumende dzakatsiga, asi kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokumirira hurumende iyoyo. Ko fariro dzomumaruwa ne dzomumaguta dzinonzwiwa zvakaenzana apo boka rimwe rinopinzwa mudare rinogarwa?

Maruwa Anorwisana Nefariro Dzamataundi: Kukamukana Kwegadziriro

Misiyano Yemamiriro Ezvinhu Nezvemari

Maruwa nemaguta haasati ari mativi enzvimbo dzapasi; anomirira mativi ezvemari akasiyana, chiverengero chavagari vemo, uye muitiro zvinoda. Nharaunda dzemo dzino zvikurukuru dzine upfumi hwakasiana- siyana, mibato yavagari vemo yakakwirira, uye mabasa makuru uye nzvimbo dzokugadzira zvinhu. Zvinoda mari mukufambiswa kwavose, kupfuudzwa kwemari, utsanana, uye mabasa emapurisa. Nharaunda dzemishamba, mukupesana, dzinotsamira pakurima, pfuma yomusikirwo, uye kugadzirwa kwemitengo. Vagari vadzo vavo vanoda migwagwa inovimbwa, inziro yakafara, mari yokurima, uye kusvikirirwa kunzvimbo dzedzidzo zvinopararira mumadaro makuru.

Iyi misiano inoparira zvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinopesana nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Gadziriro yavakuru vamaruwa ayo anobata maruwa ose saakaenzana muchiverengero chavagari vemo asi anofuratira ndyiko norudzi rwokumirira zvinogona kuderera funganyo dzemipimo yomumaruwa. Somuenzaniso, maruwa okumaruwa kazhinji kazhinji makuru zvikuru muruwa, achiita kuti basa rokusawirirana rive rinodhura zvikuru nerokupedza nguva. Bva gadziriro yokusarudza haitsivi ikoku; inongoripa bedzi chigaro chimwe paruwa.

Mageography NeMalapportion

Mumiganhu mikuru yehurumende dzinotonga hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, miganhu inodzokororwa pashure pechiverengero chimwe nechimwe chavagari vemo kuti chichengetedze ukuru hwechiverengero chavagari vemo. Zvisinei, muitiro we "kuwedzera" unogona kushaikwa. Nzvimbo dzomumaruwa dzingarasikirwa nezvigaro zvavagari vemo sezvo chiverengero chavagari vemo chinochinja kumaguta, asi mwero wokurasikirwa unogona kuderera, kuchitungamirira kukunyanyova nzvimbo dzomumaruwa muzvimwe zviitiko (g., Dare reUS). Nhauni inopa miganhu yapasi bedzi yakavakirwa pavagari vemo, maguta angakunda muchiverengero chavagari vemo, asi kuwanda kwamavhotera kunogona kuparira kupambadzwa kupambadzwa kwevara. Mune zvigaro zvizhinjisariranwa.

Ichi chinoitika chinosanopupurirwa munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, umo Labour Party inowanzowana zvigaro zvomumaguta nemicheto mikuru, uye Conservative Party inounganidza rukundo ruduku mumaruwa na 56% yezvigaro zvapamusha. Muna 2019, Labour yakawina 40% yevhoti muzvigaro zvayo zvakakotsekana zvomuguta asi 23% bedzi zvezvigaro zvose, nepo Conservatives yakawana 50% yevhoti muzvigaro zvayo zvakakotsekana uye 56% yezvigaro zvose. Kuparadzirwa kwenyika kwevota kwakakwidziridza mativi omumaruwa okumaruwa neLabour yeguta.

Tapuro Pamifananidzo Yamaruwa

Inzwi Mumutemo

Mumiitiro yavakuru vezvigaro, kumirira kwamaruwa kunogona kutambura munzira mbiri: kutanga, kana vavhoti vokumaruwa vakapararira mumaruwa ose, vadairwi vavo vasingawanzohwinzveri. Chechipiri, kunyange apo vavhoti vokumaruwa vanonangidzirwa, boka ravo ringava guru kwazvo zvokuti vanotora zvigaro zvavo nokuda kwokurerutswa, vachideredza zvisundo zvokutaura nhau dzomumaruwa dzakajeka. Zvisinei, munyika dzakawanda, nharaunda dzomumaruwa dzinopinzwa nemhaka yegoverano yenhau kana kuti kupfurikidza negadziriro (g., Dare reUS, ruwa rumwe norumwe rune chiverengero chavanhu chakaenzana, asi ruwaro rwezvizvarwa zvose. Kubva kumaruwa kumusha kunoreva kuti Democrat kana kuti maRiphabliki eguta angasariranwa kana boka radzoro muruwa rwadzoro.

Vavhoti voruwa kazhinji kazhinji vanonzwa varegeredzwa negadziriro dzavakuru vakuru nemhaka yokuti nhau dzine chokuita kwavari nejere rezvokurima, kushandiswa kwenzvimbo, kubhandirira kwapamhiko yomumaruwa (jeni) hadzina kuiswa panzvimbo yapamberi namapati anogara mumaguta. Boka rinowana voruzhinji kubva pazvigaro zvomumaguta nomumataundi ringasava nechishuvo chiduku chokukurukura zvinetso zvokumaruwa zvisingabviri. MuUK, kuvharwa kwemahofisi omumaruwa, nzira dzemabhazi, uye mapazu ebhangi rakapomerwa mhaka pamusoro pehurumende inonangidzira pakukura kweguta.

Fundo Yacho: India

India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika, inoshandisa gadziriro yokutanga-kare-pasi yetsika yeLok Sabha. Nzvimbo dzomumaruwa dzinogara 65% yavagari vemo, asi kumirira kwadzo hakuwirirani nesimba radzo rokuvhota. Muna 2014 na 2019, Hurumende yeBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) yakawana zvigaro zvizhinji nevhoti inokwana 37-38%. Nhengo dzeBJP dzakasimba rakasimba zvikuru mubhandindindiro reHindi, iro rinobatanidza nharaunda dzose dziri mbiri dzemaruwa neruwa, asi rukundo rwayo rwamarudzi ose akavakwa pazvigaro zvomumaruwa kuchamhembe. Panguva ino, kumaruwa munyika dzokumaodzanyemba dzakafanana nedzose. Chikamu chakasiana-kunze chakawana kushambadzwa kana kuti chitsigiro chadzorwa muruwa rwadzokororo muruwa rwadzokororo rwokumaruwa rwavanhu vari kumaodzanyemba, pasineidzoro kumusoro kwenzvimbo dzakakwirira.

Tapuro Pamifanikiso Yamataundi

Kupa ngwariro uye Mitambo Yakagadzirwa

Nharaunda dzomumataundi dzingaratidzika kuva dzinobetserwa nemiitiro yezvigaro zvavagari vemo nemhaka yokuti dzine zvikwata zvikuru zvavagari vemo. Bva kubatanidzwa kwamavhoti kunogona kuva nemhindu. Vatsigiri vebato rakati muguta vangarongedzerwa muchiverengero chiduku chamaruwa, vachipa nzvimbo huru idzodzo muzvigaro izvozvo asi vachidzidyira zvigaro kune imwe nzvimbo. Iyi ndiyo "vhoti". MuFPPPP, vhoti yebato rinowina muchigaro chakakotsekana inoitwa sechishava (mumigumisiro yezvigaro) sevhoti yebato rinorasikirwa, nemhaka yokuti mucheto worukundo hahushanduriri muzvigaro zvakawedzerwa. Somuuyo, vavhotera vomuguta avo vari muzvizhinji nokuda kweguta ravo vangawana tsigiro yavo inogamuchirwa zvishoma kupfuura yorusando murutivi rwokumaruwa rwokumaruwa ruri pakati penyika dzomuruwa.

Kumirira Urban kunotamburawo ne "chinjo yavazhinjisa" mukati mamaruwa eguta. Muruwa rukuru rweguta, boka rinowana 60% yamavhoti rinoda kumirira kwose nokuda kworuwa irworwo, kuchisiya 40% vasina inzwi. Ikoku kwakakomba zvikuru nokuda kwemiduku yedzinza nendudzi iyo ingava yakaganhurirwa mumisha yomumaguta asi ichiri vashomanene muruwa rwose. Gerrymering inogona kubudisa iyi, sezvinooneka mumaruwa eUS House.

Fundo Yenhau: Canada

Gadziriro yeCanada FPTP yakatsoropodzwa kare nokuda kwekamuraniso yayo yomuguta. Liberal Party inowanzodzora munzvimbo dzomuguta dzeToronto, Montreal, neVancouver, apo Conservative Party inowana mavambo ayo munzvimbo dzomumaruwa nenzvimbo dzomumusha. Mu 2021, vaLiberals vakahwina 33% yevhoti ne 48% yezvigaro, nepo Conservaties yakawana 34% yevhoti asi 44% yezvigaro. Maguta eLiberal akabudisa zvivhotiso zvikuru nokuda kweConservatives mumaguta iwayo. Somuenzaniso, Toronton, Conervsvs akawana anowana 30% yezvigaro asi zvigaro. Panguva inongodaro, muruwa rwezvikamu zvikamu zviduku zvezvikamu zvamaruwa zvakaparwa mari inopa mari inopfumba zvikuru yePer, inopaza mari inopfumisa zvikuru kuvose.

Kuenzanisa Masangano EElectoral: Mufananidzo Wezvikamu uye Mashandiro Akavhengana

Kumirira Kuitwa

Mitemo yePropoigal inoedza kuwirirana nenhamba yezvigaro nenhamba yezvigaro. Mundaza PR, vavhoti vanosarudza mubato panzvimbo pomudanho, uye mapoka anogamuchira zvigaro zvakafanana negoverano yavo. Iyi gadziriro inobvisa mavhoti ndokuderedza fungidziro dzemiitiro yezvigaro. Kuruwa nemisha zvinogona kumiririrwa namapoka anovatsigiridza zvakananga, uye mapoka maduku akadai seagrian kana kuti mapoka matema anogona kuwana zvigaro pasina kuhwina mubatanidzwa muruwa rupi norupi norwhizha. Somuenzaniso, munyika dzeScandinavia dzinoshandisa PR, mapoka okumaruwa akafanana neCent Centrection (Sween) kana kuti vanhu veDenmark vapatonge vanoratidza fariro dzavo huru, dzinoratidza kufarira zvinhu zvavo mumaruwa.

Zvisinei, PR ine zvinetso zvayo. Inowanzoita kuti hurumende dzinobatana dzisabatana, idzo dzinogona kusava nerugare. Dzinogonawo kuderedza kubatana kwevavhota nevamiririri, sezvo vavhoti vasiri kuvhota nokuda kwomuvhoti. Mimwe mibatanidzwa yePR ine zvikumbaridzo (g., 45% yevhoti yenyika) kuti idzivise kukamukana, asi iyi inogona kubvisa mapoka maduku zvikuru.

Chikamu Chinoumbwa (MMP)

Masangano akavhengana, akadai seMMP yeGermany kana kuti MMP yeNew Zealand, anobatanidza kumirira nzvimbo nemubhadharo. MuMMP, vavhoti vakavhota kaviri: mumwe nokuda kwomutsigiri muruwa rumwe (se FPTP) uye mumwe nokuda kweruvara rwebato. Zvigaro zvinoshandiswa pamusoro pechirongwa chesangano kuti chinomira panzvimbo inovhota. Iyi inochengeta mumiririri womunzvimbomo apo aivimbisa kuva muwirirano. MuNew Zealand, kugamuchirwa kweMMP muna 1996 kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa zvikuru ratidziro yemapoka okuruwa okuruwa (g., New Zealand, iyo yaiva nechiva nechiva cheruwa chakasimba chakasimba zvikuru) uye yakabvumirawo ruvara rwegirini kuti uwane zvigaro. Kuzvikamu zveruwa zvakawanawo kubatanidzwa zvakaisvonaka.

Mutezo Wechikamu Chinotora Rutivi (DMP) uye Zvimwe Zvitsva

Mimwe miitiro yemivhenganiswa, yakadai semitezo miviri yemitezo yemitezo (inoshandiswa kwechinguvana mumaruwa mashomanene) kana kuti vhoti imwe inotamiswa. STV inovavarira kubatanidza kuwirirana nemirairo yenyika. STV inobvumira vavhoti kuva vadzorwi mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji, iyo inogona kuparira miuyo inowirirana apo inochengeta wirirano yomunzvimbomo. Iyi miitiro haitongowaniki zvikuru asi inopa mienzaniso yokubvisa kusadzikama kwemitezo yomumaruwa. Electoral Reformation Society muUK yakatsigira nokuda kweSTV senzira yokuva nechokwadi kuti manzwi ose, maruwa nemaguta, anonzwi, anonzwikwanwa.

Nzvero Dzemhosva: UK neUS

United Kingdom: Urban - Rural Casm

UK muenzaniso wakatanhamara wemitsetse yenzvimbo dzinodzorwa. Kumaodzanyemba-kumaodzanyemba kweEngland, uko kuri kumaodzanyemba kwenzvimbo yemusha zvikuru uye kumaruwa, kuvhota kukuru, apo nzvimbo dzokuchamhembe neLondon nharaunda dzeguta dzinovhota Labutue. Muvhoti 2019, Labour yakawina zvigaro 56 zva 59 muLondon ( 78% vhoti inogoverana nokuda kwezvigaro) asi zvigaro 50 bedzi kune imwe nzvimbo kumaodzanyemba nechokumavirazuva. Panguva ino, Conservatives yakabva kuruwa semiganhuro yeWelsh, Cotwdolds, uye Scotland yakagovera kuchamhembe, uye maruwa. Muuyo ndiwo muuyo apo nzvimbo yokumaruwa uye mataundi inorangarira sezvigaro. [Frectal:][1] Sosaiti Sosaiti pfungwa yeSangano rePromentervetic African , uye Hurumende dzinodzorwa kumusoro kwemiteveri dzinodzokororwa kumusoro kwemiteveri.

United States: Dare Nedhiva Reimba

MuUS, House of Decrates inoshandisa FPTP (nenzvimbo imwe), apo Dare rinogovera mitsetse yakaenzana pahurumende imwe, inonyanyomirira nzvimbo dzomumaruwa. Mubatanidzwa wacho unoparira purofiti. Mumusha, maruwa eguta kazhinji kazhinji anosarudza Democratats nemicheto mikuru, uye maruwa omuruwa akasarudzwa maripabhuriki. Gara razova nzvimbo dzakasiana-----nzeveverikanwe zvikuru. Mukuwirirana nenzvimbo dzeguta. Brookingss, kukura kwemaruwa rwedokeroku, iimwe yemiuyo inovadziko hurusa yeAmerica. Kurongeka kwevokitoota muruwa rwakafanana noruwa rwamaruwa kwaverwa nemumaruwa adzoronze perderder as derderder-mus arcell yeFP. Atmagency, anosarira kuruwa rwenyika yenyika inosariranwa zvikuru.

Kuchinja uye Kumwe Kunotsiva

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Akavhengana Ari Pakati

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakatama kubva kuFPTP kuenda kumiitiro yakavhengana kuti dzikurukure nezvenzvimbo dzinovapo. MMP yeNew Zealand inowanzodudzwa senhau yebudiriro. Chifo chechinjo, mapoka omumaruwa nemumaguta ose ari maviri awana pesvedzero. Boka rokutanga reNew Zealand, iro rinomirira fariro zhinji dzomumaruwa nedzeruwa, rave riri mubatanidzwa muhurumende dzakawanda. Nenzira yakafanana, Green Party, netsigiro yeguta, rakava netapuro huru pamuitiro wemhoteredzo. Muitiro unokurudzira chivako chemibatanidzwa wemipamberi yemaruwa: boka harigoni kudzora roga roga pasina kurangarira zvose zviri zviviri zvinodikanwa zvomumaruwa neruwa. Dzimwe nyika dzakadai seGermany, Scotland (nokuda kweParamendero yayo), uye Walesland dzakagamuchira MMP nemigumisiro yakafanana.

Kuvandudza Kuchinja

Kunyange pasina kuchinja gadziriro yevhota, chinjo kukunangidzira kuidzora kuidzoreswa kwadzinoita rusaruro. Iconstruction reddicialiging committee, sezvinoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika dzeUS (g. California, Michigan), inogona kuganhurira kuderedza nokugadzira maruwa amakwikwi. Zvisinei, havagoni kupedza kuderera kukuru kweFPPP. Mumaruwa omumaruwa, maruwa ekwikwikwi angangova akakashawa nemhaka yokuungana kwenyika. Nokuda kwemireza yeruwa, chigadziro chakanakisisa chingava kuwedzera ukuruwadzame hwune mativi mazhinji. Chimiro cheWashington, somuenzaniso, chinoshandisa maruwa akawanda nokuda kwenzvimbo yacho, uko mapoka maduku muruwa muruwa angava nezvisingateshina.

Mabhandishipire Okuunganidzira Uye Mitoo Yokubudisa Nayo

Chimwe chinjo kuwedzerwa "zvigaro zvakaderera" kana kuti zvigaro zvokurongera zvigaro zvedare, sezvinoitwa muSweden neGermany. Zvigaro izvi zvinogoverwa kumativi anopinzwa pachivande pavhoti yavo yenyika. Ikoku kunosimbisa kuti boka rakasimba munharaunda dzomumaruwa asi riri pasi parinomirira nemhaka yokupambadza mavhoti rinogona kuwanazve zvigaro zvakawedzerwa. Kana kuti, kuvhota kwapadivi kwapadi redivi renyika imwe chete kunogona kukurudzira vatsvaki vakwikwidzi kukwidza kupfuura pachiva cheFPPP. RCV inova iri nani pakuvimbisa voruzhinji kuti vakundi vePTP.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo Nemhindumupindu

Kumirirwa kwezvinofungwa namaruwa. Fariro dzomumaguta dzinogonawo kukurukurwa kupfurikidza neruzivo rwokushanduka - shanduka nemasimba ehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Kana zviremera zvomunzvimbomo zvine udzori hunokosha, nharaunda dzomumaruwa dzinogona kuzvidzora panhau dzakadai sokurima nokushandiswa kwevhu, nepo nharaunda dzomumaguta dzichitarisira kufambiswa nedzimba. Zvisinei, muitiro wenyika pamusoro pemitero, garikano, uye gadziriro yezviwirirano zvichiri kuda wirirano yorudzi. Naizvozvo, kugadziridzwa kwemitengo yehurumende inoramba iri yakakomba.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzamaruwa dzinopa mipimo yavanachiremba vamaruwa ijekesesa nokutsunga, asi dzinomonyanisa nenzira yakarongwa kumira mumitsetse yomumaguta. Munyika dzakasiana- siyana seUK, India, Canada, uye US, kuwanda kwemibatanidzwa yezvivhoti pasi peFPTP kunoreva kuti zviverengero zvavagari vemo vemo nemaguta kazhinji kazhinji zvinorangarira kuti zvinenge zvine pesvedzero yadzo inodzorwa. Chigadzikiso hachisi chokusiya chose chose chose, asi kurangarira gadziriro dzinobatanidzwa dzemipimo yomunzvimbomo yomunzvimbomo nemubhadharo. Nyika dzakadai seNew Zealand neGermany dzinoratidza kuti zvinobvira kuronga manzwi ayo ose ari maviri okumaruwa nemaguta. Sezvicho kushatatisa mativi enyika inovandudzika pamwe chete nokuchinja kunoramba kuchiita. Kubatanidza bedzi nokubatanidza nzanga kwakazara kwenzangariro yenzanga yose inova kusingavikirwa shure.