Mitemo yeElectoral imitemo yehwaro yamakwikwi edemocracy. Inoshandura vhoti muzvigaro, uye mukuita kudaro, inoumba masangano ebato, kuumbwa kwehurumende, uye rudzi rwemagakava ezvamatongerwe enyika. Pakati pemhuri dzakasiana-- siyana dzegadziriro dzegadziriro dzezvisarudzo, gadziriro dzamaodha kazhinji kazhinji dzinochengetwa nokuda kwokupfava kwadzo, kombamiro yadzo yokubudisa hurumende dzakawanda, uye kuzvidavirira kwadzo kwakananga. Kunyange zvakadaro, munzanga dzakaparadzaniswa zvikuru nedzinza, rudzidziso, kana kuti mitsetse yemitauro, kushanda kwegadziriro idzi dzezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kuparira miitiro yakakomba pakati pemitemo mikuru yezvigadziko neteramo yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunzvera chikonzero nei tsika inoshanda zvakanaka muboka rimwe uye kurwisana mune imwe rwisano.

Kurondedzera Masangano Ezvikepe Zvikuru

Gadziriro dzavarwi dzinorondedzerwa nenheyo yokuti vawinzveri vanomirira boka gurusa ravavhoti. Marudzi akatanhamara zvikurusa anobatanidza First-the Post (FPP), Mitemo yeRound System yeMiviri (TRS), uye Alternative Vote (AV). Kunzwisisa magadzirirwe akasiana eboka rimwe nerimwe kunokosha kunzwisisa tapuro dzaro dzinodzikira panzanga dzakakamuka.

FPTP mutoo wakapfava zvikurusa: mutsigiri ane zvivhoti zvikurusa muruwa rumwe anowana chigaro. Maposi oMutemo eDuverger akakurumbira kuti FPP inowanzoparira gadziriro mbiri dzinoparadza, sezvo mapoka maduku anomanikidzirwa nokuvhota kwakarongwa uye tapuro dzinoshandiswa dzetsika dzinoita kuti nzvimbo dzechitatu dzokupedzisa. Munzanga ine muchinjikwa kwemaparabhuro, izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kukuvaradzisa simba pakati pemapoka maviri akafara. Zvisinei, munzanga yakakamukana, zvikarakadzo zvinochinja zvinoshamisa. Zvikamu kazhinji kazhinji zvinova zviito zvezviito zvenzvimbo zvedzinza kana kuti zveruwa, uye muuyo weFPPP inogona kubudisa muuyo mukuru, zvichipararira.

TRS, inowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwesarudzo yapurezidhendi, inoda mudaviri kuwina chiverengero chikurusa chevhoti. Kana pasina mutengi anosvika ikoku mudariro rokutanga, kumhanya kunochengetwa pakati pavatsigiri vaviri vapamusoro. Nepo ikoku kuchivimbisa kuti muwini mukurusa ane tsigiro yavazhinji, kunoita kudaro kupfurikidza nokuita chisarudzo chimwe chezviviri chinogona kuparira kuderera kwedzinza. Voters uyo akatsigira kurasikirwa neboka rokutanga redzinza rakasiana anofanira kusarudza pakati pavarwi vaviri, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotsigira varwirwirwi vavo vamene kana vakabudisa sundo, kana kuti mukurwisana nerimwe boka. Ikoku kugona kuita sarudzo hurusarudzo yapurezidhendi mumarudzi akawanda.

AV inobvumira vavhoti kuisa vavhoti munhevedzano yedaviro. Kana pasina mutendi anowana zvizhinjisa zvezvinodikanwa zvokutanga, mudaniki akaderera zvikuru anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinoiswa mukuwirirana nezvisarudzo zvechipiri. Uyu muitiro unopfuurira kusvikira muvhoti ane voruzhinji. AV inogona kusimudzira kuvhota kwapakati pemichinjikwa, sezvo vanoda kutsvakisisa nokushingaira zvisarudzo zvichibva kunze kwechiva chepakati kuti vasvike pachikumbaro chokuhwinha. Ikoku kunoparira sundo ine simba nokuda kwokuva nemwe, mukutsigira.

Kuparadzana Kwemasangano

Masangano akakamukana anoratidzirwa nemhesano dzenguva dzose nedzezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kunyora kwapachivande kazhinji kazhinji kwakavakirwa mudzinza, mutauro, dzinza, kana kuti rudzidziso, panzvimbo pokupfuura seboka kana kuti pfungwa. Munzanga dzakadaro, zvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji anonzwa semutambo wezero pamusoro pokuzivikanwa, kugoverwa kwamari, uye chengeteko. Chinetso chikuru chomugadzirirwo wesangano kugona kudzora iri makwikwidzano akadzika pasina kuibvumira kubvisa nyika imene.

Arend Lijphart akataura nenzira yakakurumbira kuti nzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru dzinoda "hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," inoratidzirwa nemapoka makuru, kuzvitonga kwemapoka akasiyana - siyana, kubatana mubasa rehurumende nenzvimbo dzinogoverwa zvinhu, uye kupfuudzwa kweshoma panhau dzinokosha. Ikoku kunopesana zvakananga nomuenzaniso wehurumende yeWestminster, apo boka rimwe rinodzora mukuru uye rinogona kushandisa chikuva charo pasina vakwanyina vakabatana. Sarudzo yegadziriro yevhotera yemitemo yapamutemo yakabatana zvikuru nokudaro yakabatana nenzira inowirirana zvikuru neyapabonde yemitemo mikuru yeWestmininsternsterism uye kana kuti zvinangwa zvehurumende huru kana kuti kugoverana simba rakafara.

Kunokosha kusiyanisa nzanga dzakabudirira nechaunga chinovanza kumira kubva kunyika dzinoda kuparara pashure pekunge dzabvuma. Munyika yakadai seBelgium, kupesana kwemitauro kuripo mukati menzvimbo yakatsiga uye upfumi hwakasimba. Kusiyana neizvi, nyika dzakadai seDemocratic Republic yeCongo kana kuti Afghanistan dzakatarisana nehurumende ine uori, masangano asina simba, uye rwisano yamasimba masimba, uko kusarura kunoparira zvakananga masimba masimba akapararira.

Kutapura Kugadzikana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Mumasangano Akakamukana

Gadziriro dzamabasa makuru dzinopa denho yakakomba munzanga dzakakamukana kupfurikidza nokuparira sundo dzakasimba dzokubvisa dzinza, kubvisa nenzira yakarongwa mapoka maduku musimba, uye kuronga makwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika sechinokunda kurwisa kwose kwokudzora hurumende nezviwanikwa zvayo.

Kufurira Kwamarudzi Nokuchinja

Apo budiriro yakasarudzwa inorondedzerwa chose chose kupfurikidza nokutora boka gurusa ramavhoti, uye kuti boka rinorondedzerwa mudzinza, vezvamatongerwe enyika vane sundo dzakasimba dzokuita nzvimbo dzakanyanyisa kuunganidza boka ravo guru. Iri simba, rinozivikanwa sedzinopesana nedzinza, rinotusa manzwi makurusa anogona kuumba gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika se "inorwisana navo". Vane mwero vanotsvaka kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nemamwe mapoka vanodenhwa nyore nyore savatengesi kana kuti vakaneta. Uku kurangarira kunogona kusunda gadziriro yose yezvamatongerwe enyika kuti ive yokuparadza, kuita kuti kubatira pamwe kuve kwakaoma zvikuru.

Kupararira Kwegadziriro uye Kukanganisa Kwomutemo

Kana boka duku rikabviswa zvechigarire pazvigaro zvokuwina kana kuti kuumba rutivi rwehurumende nemhaka youkuru hwaro kana kuti kupararira kwenzvimbo inosarudzwa, gadziriro yavavhoti inotarisana nechinetso chokuva pamutemo. Hurumende ingamirira "kuzvinyima" kwavavhoti murusarudzo rwokupedzisira, asi inomirira chikamu chimwe bedzi chenzanga inodzorwa zvikuru. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kukusarudza vakomana, kuwedzera kushora kwokuwedzera, uye muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, kupandukira kwemigwagwa kana kuti masangano echiuto. Kana boka richifunga kuti harina nzira chaiyo yokupesvedzera kupfurikidza nevhoti, muedzo wokuramba gadziriro yehurumende inova nesimba rose.

Muwiri Anotora Zvose uye Anotsvakisisa

Munzanga dzakawanda dzakakamukana, kudzorwa kwehurumende kunopa mikana yakawanda yemari, kubatanidza mari yeoiri, zvibvumirano zvemigodhi, mari yokubudirira, uye mabasa ezvikamu zvehurumende. Kufunga kukuru kwekuwana mari kunoreva kuti kubviswa musimba rezvamatongerwe enyika kunobvisa zvakananga betsero dzemari kuboka racho. Ikoku kunosimudzira zvinoshamisa masangano ezvoupfumi, kuchiita kuti avepo panzvimbo pegadziridzo dzenguva dzose dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Ruvi runorasikirwa rune kuratidzira kurasikirwa kwarwo kunopfuura kusavapo kwehurumende, uko kunowedzera sundo nokuda kwemasimba masimba okuvhotera netsoro.

Kuongorora Nyaya Neuchapupu Hwechokwadi

Kenya: Nhamo Dzoupurezidhendi Hukuru Hwokutonga

Chisarudzo chamapresidente cha2007 chimifananidzo yakajeka yengozi dzegadziriro dzavakuru munyika dzakakamukana. Nyika yacho inoshandisa zvose zviri zviviri Round System yePunier naFPTP nokuda kwezvigaro zveparamende. Kenya yakakamukana zvikuru mumitsetse yedzinza, zvikurukuru pakati peKikuyu, Luo, Luo, neLuo nzanga nharaunda dzechiLuya. Ruya yakakwirirana muna 2007 pakati peCumbbent Muwai Kibiki (yakadzokwa naKiku uye Karenjinjin) neRwindi yakapararira paRaila Odinga (yakanga yakadzorwa naRuo nevamwe). Migumisiro yacho yakapesana nevakawanda, mativi ose ari maviri achikwirira kukunda. Rukudzo rwechiso ruva rwechino rukwidzo rwakakwirira, uye kukwikwidza vanhu 1 000 vapfuutsiri vapfumi vapfumi vapfumi.

Njodzi yacho yakamanikidza kutaurirana kwakaita kuti pave nebumbiro idzva rakabudiswa muna 2010. Bumbiro rebumbiro remitemo rakabva rabvisa simba raireva kuti 47 richangobva kuumbwa ndokurayira kuti pave nehurumende inobatana apo purezidhendi anenge asiri webato raiwana zvigaro zvakawanda zveparamende. Kunyange zvazvo gadziriro yacho ichiri yemagariro makuru, kuchinjwa kwesimba uye kuumbwa kwesimba kusingachinji kunomiririra kuumbwa kwemasangano emasimba makuru.

Nigeria: Kushanda Muboka uye Kuvengana Kwedzinza

Nigeria inoshandisa gadziriro yeFPTP yeGungano rayo reNational neRound System yakagadziridzwa yeChivimberi chinoda zvose zviri zviviri kuva muzhinji nokuhwina kwe25% yavhoti mumatatu maviri enyika. Nyika yezvamatongerwe enyika yeNigeria inodzorwa namapoka makuru matatu edzinza: Hausa-Fulani kuchamhembe, Yoruba kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, uye Igbo kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, pamwe chete namazana evoruzhinji vaduku.

Tsitsi yeFPTP yakasanoratidzirwa munhau mumakwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika muiyi mitsetse yeruwa. Kukurira kuvadziko, Nigeria yakatsamira zvikuru pazvibvumirano zvisina kurongwa, zvakadai se "nzvimbo inogarwa, umo kuva sachigaro kunotenderera pakati pokuchamhembe nokumaodzanyemba. Zvisinei, kuvakwa kwemari yeoiri kwakakomba kwakabatanidzwa nemufungo wose weFPTPP inokunda kuparira zvigumbuso zvinopfuurira pakati pevoruzhinji muNiger-rich Delta. Kugara kworudzi muNigeria idenho inopfuurira, inodzorwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nehurumende uye kurukurirano yakakwirira panzvimbo pezvokupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzinoiswa mumiitiro inogamuchirwa imene.

Northern Ireland: Kubva Pakudzingwa Kuenda Kukushayisa Simba

Northern Ireland inogovera mumwe wemienzaniso yakajeka zvikurusa yokuti gadziriro yegadziriro yakasarudzwa inogona sei kuisa kana kuti kuderedza kukamukana. Kwamakore 50 pashure pomubatanidzwa muna 1921, nharaunda yacho yakashandisa FPTPP munzanga yakakamukana zvikuru pakati pevabatanidzwa navanoumba nyika. Nemhaka yokuti vakabatana vaiva nevoruzhinji, FPP yakavimbisa kuti vakakunda shoorate iri yose, vachibvisa zvhokeri duku dzevoruzhinji musimba. Iyi nzvimbo yakawedzerwa negerrymandering yemiganhuro yemiganhuro yezvirongwa zvehurumende nerose yedzimba dzavose namabasa. Iyi tsika yakasimudzira zvakananga maruramiro evagari vemo muna 1960 namakumi matatu akatevera erwisano dzinozivikanwa seTrouges.

Chibvumirano cheGood Chishanu cha1998 chakatsiva zvikuru gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Yakatsiva FPTP neSarudzo inoendeswa kune imwe kuNorthern Ireland Assembly ndokuraira simba rinomanikidzirwa kubatira mukuru mukuru. STV inobvumira kuwirirana muGungano uye inokurudzira kuchinjwa kwevhota. Iyi fambiro yezvivako yakanga iri madikanwa kupinza mapoka ose mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuumba hurumende yakadzorwa.

India: Mutungamiriri WevaAnitarian Aomaly

India inoputsa zvakawanda zvekariro dzoMutemo waDuverger nerondedzero yokusatsiga. Inyika yakasiana zvikuru ine mazana emitauro, marudzidziso, uye mapoka emapoka echiHindu, bva yakabudirira kushandisa gadziriro yeFPTPP kwamakore anopfuura 70. Kuzhinji kwenhau yayo yapashure pekuvigwa, Indian National Congress yakabatira sebato rose iro rakabatanidza fariro dzakasiyana- siyana uye rakakwanisa kukunda rwisano yomukati kupfurikidza nenzvimbo yakakwirira.

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kumuka kweBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) nokuderera kweCongress zvakaparira gadziriro yebato yemakwikwi nenzvimbo dzinoparadzana zvikuru. Nepo India yakava nezvinoitika zvamasimba omunzanga uye kudzokerazve kwoudhimoni, hurumende yakabatanidza zvikuru. Nyanzvi dzinoti kusimba uku kwesangano reIndia renyika rakasimba, kurongwazve kwomutauro wenyika, kuzvimirira kwebasa rayo rejudicariary nerokuvhota, uye kubatana kwezvirongwa zvehurumende zvomunharaunda. Chinoitika cheIndia chinokarakadza kuti FPTP inogona kushanda munzanga yakakamunika zvikuru kana mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu esangano nevebato akasimba.

Zvingaitwa Nokugadzirisa Zvirongwa

Tichifunga nezvengozi dzinokonzerwa nokushanda kwevatungamiriri vezvitendero mumapoka akakamuraniswa, dzimwe nzira dzezvirongwa dzinoshandiswa.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Indandaidzo yePropogal neMixmed Propotional (MMP) inovimbisa kuti chigaro chebato chinosanowirirana negoverano yacho. Iyi vimbiso yokuti vashomanene vanomirirwa mudare retende muwirirano yavo, vachipa danda rapamutemo mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. MMP, inoshandiswa muGermany neNew Zealand, inobatanidza mufananidzo womunzvimbomo nemwero wakakwirira wemwero wemibatanidzwa. Kushambadza kwokutanga ndiko kuti PR inogona kutungamirira kuputsa masangano ebato namapoka asingadi kuchinja, kunyange zvazvo iri gonhi reji remidhi kazhinji kazhinji risinganyanyi kuva nengozi zvikuru kupfuura kubudiswa kwadzo nereji hurusa.

Kusimbisa Simba Rinofambidzana

Muenzanisiro waLijphart unopfuura chisarudzo chegadziriro yevhota kuti zvibatanidze mubatanidzwa mukuru wavatungamiriri vanobva muzvikamu zvose zvikuru zvenzanga, kuzvitonga kwezvikamu panhau dzetsika, kugoverwa kwemitengo, uye kugoverwa kwemari kushoma. Gadziriro yehurumende yeBelgium yakaoma neNorthern Ireland mienzaniso yepanguva ino yegadziriro dzekuronga. Iyi muenzaniso wakagadzirirwa zvakajeka kuti uite nokubatanidza mapoka ose ari mumukuru wehurumende, asi wakashorwa nokuda kwokubatanidza dzinza uye kuita kuti zvamatongerwe enyika zvive zvakaoma zvikuru.

Kupa Mashoko Anokosha Uye Anotakurika

Urongwa hweAV neSTV hunokurudzira vanoda kushandira pamwe kuti vatsigire kuti vawane. STV, zvikurukuru, inoshandiswa kuNorthern Ireland neMalta uye yave ichiratidzwa kusimudzira kuchinjwa kwevhoti kunodzorwa, vanotora vanokomborerwa vanoonekwa sevanova nomwero uye vanokwanisa kushandira pamwe mumadzinza. Nzira iyi inonyanya kukodzera vanhu vanoda kushandira pamwe pane kurwisana.

Kutonga kwaPurezidhendi kunopesana neParamende

Kupfuura nzira inosarudzwa, chivako chebazu guru chinotsoropodza. Juan Linz akarangarira kuti kuva purezidhendi kuve kune ngozi zvikuru nokuda kwehurumende itsva inosarudzwa navanhu nemhaka yokuti kwakaoma uye kunowana zvose. Purezidhendi wenhambo yakagadzwa ane simba chairoiro haawanzodaviswi negadziriro yeparamende, umo vafundisi vakuru vanogona kutsiviwa kupfurikidza nevhoti yokusavimba. Munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru, gadziriro dzeparamende kana kuti masangano anobvumira nokuda kwesimba rinochinjika zvikuru rinopfuudza mano makurusa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji haafarirwi kupfuura mufungo mukuru weparamendio yakasarudzwa zvakananga.

Ruvara Rwezvirongwa Rwero Rokutamba

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti gadziriro yokuvhota haishandi muchinhu chisiri choga. Ganhuriro kana kuti kudzorwa kunogona kutsigira gadziriro huru kupfurikidza nokubvumira mapoka maduku akasiana - siana akasanorongwa kuzvitonga amene munharaunda, kuchideredza ngozi dzasarudzo dzorudzi. matare makuru namasangano anosarudza anozvimirira anogona kudzivirira maruramiro mashoma ndokuvimbisa perero yomuitiro wevhoti. Mirau inodzivisa mapoka ane pesvedzero yakaipa kana kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yomukati inogonawo kuderedza miuyo yakaipisisa yezvisarudzo zvedzinza.

Kubatana munzanga dzakakamukana ichibereko chezvakapoteredza zvebumbiro remitemo zvose, kwete bedzi nzira yokusarudza nayo. Bumbiro remitemo risina kugadzirwa rinogona kushatisa gadziriro yevhota yakanakisisa, nepo bumbiro remitemo rakasanosanoumbwa rimwe nguva rinogona kutsiva kuperevedza kwegadziriro yezvisarudzo. Chinokosha kuumba gadziriro inopinza rwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika mukurukurirano inovaka panzvimbo pekurukurirano yezero-asimu ndokugovera mapoka ose anokosha nedanda munguva refu yebudiriro yehurumende.

mhedziso

Hapana gadziriro yevhota inotsiva kudzorwa kwemapoka makuru enzanga. Chisarudzo pakati pegadziriro dzemibatanidzwa nedzinowirirana chinobatanidza kushambadza kukuru pakati pekutsunga nokubatanidzwa. Gadziriro dzamakurusa dzinopa kariro yehurumende imwe nerokuzvidavirira kwakajeka, asi dzinopinza mungozi rwisano zvechigarire uye kusarudza kuva dzechinoitika. Gadziriro dzechibvumirano nedzemitezo yezvokubatanidza zvinopa kuiswa kwenzvimbo nechiratidzo chakafara, asi dzinogona kutungamirira kukudzorwa kwamashoko namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika echikwata.

Chidzidzo chikuru nokuda kwavaiti vemiitiro kudikanwa kwakakwana kwokunzwisisa mashoko akapoteredza. Munzanga dzine mapoka akadzika edzinza, orudzidziso, kana kuti omutauro, ngozi dzegadziriro youtongi dzinowanzova huru. Purogiramu inobudirira inoda kunzverwa kwokungwarira kwegadziriro chaiyo yemapurani, kuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo kwamapoka, simba remasangano egadziriro egadziriro dzebato aripo, uye simba rehurumende yose. Vavariro yacho nguva dzose inofanira kuva yokugadzira gadziriro yedemocracy iyo inoshipidhi inosimba zvakakwana kugadzikanisa musiyano pasina kuparadzwa nayo.