Table of Contents
Nyika Yose Yakakakwa Namaruramiro Ebumbiro reMitemo: Kunzvera Kunoenzaniswa Nako
Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinoumba chiteshi chekudzora chazvino uno, chinorondedzera ukama pakati pehurumende navagari vayo. Nepo pfungwa yekodzero dzinokosha iri munenge munyika yose, zvirimo zvavo chaizvo, kududzira, uye kudzikamisa zvinhu zviri mumitemo. Uku kuchinja hakusi kungova kudzora kwedzidzo chete. Zvinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemabhiriyoni evanhu. Kunzwisisa kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinosiyana sei uye nei dzichikosha kune nyanzvi dzemitemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagari vepasi pose vanotsvaka kufamba munyika inowedzera kubatana.
Nyaya ino inoongorora zvinhu zvikuru zvinoumba kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, zvinoongorora mienzaniso inokosha inobva kumativi akasiyana - siyana, uye zvinonyatsoratidza kuti kusiyana kwekodzero dzevanhu uku kunoshanda sei uye kuti mutemo wacho wakasiyana sei.
Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo Chii?
Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinopiwa kodzero nedziviriro zvakaiswa mugwaro remitemo rakakwirira renyika. Dzinofukidza chaizvoizvo rusununguko rwevagari vemo rwakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, uye gungano; kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakadai sokuvhota nokushandira nzvimbo; uye kodzero dzenzanga kubatanidza kusvika kudzidzo, dzidzo yezvoutano, uye pokugara.
Mumiganhu mizhinji, maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo anoruramiswa nefariro dzehurumende dzinogombedzera, nhevedzano yavose, chengeteko yorudzi, kana kuti maruramiro avamwe. Kudzikamisa muganhu pakati porusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe nezvakanaka zvavazhinji ndiimwe yenzvimbo dzinokwikwidzwa zvikurusa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo. Nokuda kwesumo yakafara zvikuru, ona rondedzero yeChibatanwa chaMarudzi yeMarudzi eMarudzi ekodzero dzavanhu .
Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvinokonzera Kusiyana Kwepfungwa
Nhoroondo Nezvikamu Zvakawanikwa
Nguva yenhau apo bumbiro remitemo rinonyorwa kazhinji kazhinji inosiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki pagadziriro dzaro. Purst-r constitutions (* kufanana neiyo yeUnited States (1787) neFrance (1789)(88)()) / Mvumo yakashata inopesana nehurumende. Mukupesana, mabumbiro emitemo akaberekwa pashure penhambo dzehurumende inodzorwa kana kuti udzori) hwakadai seMitemo yeSouth Africa ya1999 kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia ra1950 (Dhinderomendero) kubatanidza maruramiro akasimba, kurambira basa pahurumende, uye kuvimbika kusimba.
Somuenzaniso, bumbiro remitemo reSouth Africa nenzira yakajeka rinobatanidza maruramiro okugara, kutarisira utano, zvokudya, mvura, uye chengeteko yenzanga, zvichiratidzira kurwisana nokushaiwa gadziriro kworusaruraganda.
Magamuchidzanwa Apamutemo Nouzivi Hwokutonga
Mhuri yepamutemo ine simba rakadai sejeri (jenare) remitemo yehurumende, remitemo yeIslam, kana kuti remibatanidzwa yakasiyana - siyana (panosarurwa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo) inochinja madudzirirwo adzinoitwa. Munyika dzinozivikanwa nemutemo (g., United States, Canada, India), mienzaniso yokutonga ine uremu hukuru, inogonesa matare kuwedzera kana kuti kubvumira kodzero dzechibvumirano. Magariro ehurumende ehurumende (g., Germany, France) anotsamira zvikuru pamiraudzo yemitemo yapamutemo yakabatana nekurukurirano yemitemo, kazhinji kupfurikidza nematare chaiwo emitemo.
MuSaudi Arabia, Mutemo weSicretal unozivisa kuti Quran neSunnah ndiwo mutemo mukurusa, kureva kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinonzwisiswa mukati megadziriro yechiIslam.
Kushandira Pamwe Nokusiyana Kwenyika Dzakawanda
Mugadziriro dzehurumende − dzakadai seUnited States, Canada, Germany, uye India(constitution Rights ingashandisa zvakafanana pamwero worudzi asi inoshandiswa zvakasiana nehurumende kana kuti maruwa. Ikoku kunooneka zvikurukuru muUnited States, umo hurumende dzine zvikwereti zvadzo dzimene zvamaruramiro uye dzinogona kubhadhara dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura dzehurumende. Somuenzaniso, nepo Dare Rapamusoro reU.S. risina kuziva kodzero yehurumende kudzidzo, mabumbiro enyika akawanda anoivimbisa zvakajeka.
Nenzira yakafanana, muIndia, hurumende dzinogona kuita mitemo panhau dzakadai senhevedzano yavose nokugadziridzwa kwenyika uko kungaganhurira nenzira isina kunanga kodzero dzinokosha, dzinodzokororwa nedare.
Mutemo Wenyika Yose Nezvibvumirano Zvaunofanira Kuita
Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzinopesvedzerwa nenzira inowedzera nezvishandiso zvekodzero dzavanhu. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neNetherlands neSouth Africa, dzine gadziriro dzemomonist umo zvibvumirano zvakanyoreswa zvinongoerekana zvava rutivi rwomutemo wemhuri. Dzimwe, kufanana neUnited States, dzinoda kushandisa mutemo usati waita misengwa yesungano. Kubatanidzwa kwemipimo yamarudzi ose kunotsanangura, somuenzaniso, chikonzero nei nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope dzine kodzero dzakasimba dzemashoko echivande dzakatorwa kubva ku General Data Protection Regtion (GDPR) uye Nhlangano weEurope wekodzero dzevanhu.
Fundo Dzomuitiro Dzinoenzanisa
United States: Kusununguka Kwakaipa Nekutsigira Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu
, kupfurikidza neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., kupfurikidza neBill of Rights uye gadziriso dzinotevera, zvikurukuru inodzivirira rusununguko rwakaipa padzongonyedzo dzehurumende. Gadziriro yokutanga yakasununguka yedziviriro yakapararira, inotambanudzira kuvenga mipiro yenhimbe, ingava isati iri yapamutemo munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope. Zvisinei, U.S. haina pamutemo wapamutemo wakananga kuva woga; maruramiro akadaro akabviswa neDare rapamusoro munhau dzakafanana ne Grisdold v. Connecticut[[FF:1] uye [FLT:] [FL:2].[5].[5].V.[FLT]
Nzira yokushandisa yokuAmerica inoisa pakutanga kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga nokusavimba nehurumende, yakaumbwa nenhau yokuchinja uye yemuganhu.Asi vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti inoregeredza kodzero dzakanaka uye kudzivirira kwenzanga uko dzimwe hurumende dzinotonga dzinovimbisa.
Germany: Kuremekedzwa uye Kupiwa Chiremera
Dare reGermany raNational Law (1949) rinoisa chiremera chavanhu ( Meschenwürde ) parinotangira, rinoziviswa kuva rinorerukirwa muChikamu 1. Federal Constitution Court yakatanga muedzo wakasimba unoshandiswa kuyera ganhuriro dzose dzekodzero, ichida kuti ganhuriro ipi neipi ibatire donzo rapamutemo, iva yakafanira, uye inowirirana mupfungwa yakasanotsaurwa. Iyi muganhu wave uchipesvedzera munyika yose.
Germany inodzivirirawo maruramiro akanaka, kubatanidza maruramiro enzvimbo youtiziro namaruramiro enzvimbo, nemisengwa yenzanga. dare rakaziva maruramiro ebetsero yehurumende mumigariro yakakomba, kubatanidza mukati medenda reCOVID19. Muenzanisiro weGermany unodzikamisa rusununguko rwomunhu oga nomutoro wenzanga, unoratidzira musengwa wenyika wapashure pehondo kudzivirira udzvinyiriri.
India: Kodzero Dzinokosha Nenheyo Dzinotungamirira
Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rinobatanidza maruramiro makuru anoruramiswa (Party III) nemitemo yeHurumende isati iri yakarurama yePolicy (Pasi IV). Kodzero dzapakuvamba dzinobatanidza kuenzana, rusununguko rwokutaura, dziviriro pakuzviparadzanisa, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso. Dare Gurusa rakakudziridza iwaya kupfurikidza nefariro yavose uye kupfurikidza nokurava mumaruramiro akafara kuupenyu (Maticle 21), izvo zvino zvino zvino zvinobatanidza maruramiro okurarama, utano, dzidzo, uye mhoteredzo yakachena.
Nheyo dzakananga, nepo dzisati dzichidzorwa zvakananga, dzinotungamirira hurumende kudzivirira mitoo yakakwana yokurarama nayo, muripo wakaenzana nokuda kwebasa rakaenzana, uye yamuro yapachena yapamutemo. Madare pane dzimwe nguva anoshandisa Directive Principles kutsanangura maruramiro makuru zvikuru. Ichi chimiro chamativi maviri chinoratidzira mutoo wemhesano, kubatanidza madiro akasununguka nemipimo yesocialism. Kunorevawo kuti kodzero imwe cheteyo yebumbiro remitemo yemitemo yemitemo yezvokurarama nako, jeko, rusununguko rwokutaura (jeresay), rungava rwakaganhurirwa muIndia kupfuura muU.S., runodzo rwe “ganhuriro dzine mufungo” nokuda kwenhevedzano, tsika dzakanaka, kana kuti tsika.
South Africa: Kuchinja Bumbiro Romutemo
South Africa yapashure peapartheid Constitution inowanzorumbidzwa seimwe yedzosero gurusa munyika. Inobatanidza Bill of Rights inodzivirira zvose zviri zviviri maruramiro avagari vemo neezvematongerwe enyika (chiremera, kuenzana, upenyu, kuva woga) namaruramiro enzanga (homu, utano, zvokudya, chengeteko yenzanga). Dare reMitemo reMitemo rakamanikidzira zvakasimba idzi maruramiro, richiraira nyika kugovera mirimo inorwisana nerevo kuti idzivise kupfuudzira amai kumwana HIV uye kuvimbisa kuwanwa kwedzimba dzakafanira nokuda kwezvikweshava.
Kuenzana kwakarondedzerwa zvikuru kubatanidza zvikonzero zvedzinza, chirume, chirume, mimba, mugariro weroorano, dzinza kana kuti nzanga, mavambo evatano, zera, urema, rudzidziso, hana, chitendero, gamuchidzanwa, mutauro, uye kubereka. Nhano dzinosimbisa dzinobvumidzwa zvakajeka kupedza rusaruro rwapfuura. Chiono chinoshandura ruramisiro yenhau uye kuvakira chakavakirwa pachiremera chavanhu chiri chose. Nokuda kwedaviso rakadzama, ona nzvimbo yeDare reMitemo reAfrica remitemo [[FT:]]
China: Kudzorwa Nechikwata Chomubatanidzwa Wehurumende Nechisosharizimu
Bumbiro remitemo reChina rinoronga nenzira yakarongwa kodzero dzakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa nhau, gungano, uye rudzidziso.
Chinyorwa chamaruramiro avanhu cheChina chakawana tsoropodzo yamarudzi ose, bva hurumende inochengeta kuti mutoo wayo wokuita kuti kuterama kwakabatana uye kukura kwemari pamusoro perusununguko rwomunhu oga (chakakodzera mutsika).
Nhau Dzinoitika Nguva Ino uye Nhau Dziri Kutanga
Kodzero Dzemadhigirii Nekuva Woga
Zera remitengo rakafumura mikaha mumabumbiro emitemo yakanyoreswa kare kare Internet isati yasvika. yuniversite dzeEurope dzakaita zvakasiyana. European Union yakapayona neGDPR, ichiziva kodzero inokosha yokudzivirira mashoko akasiyana nokuva voga. Nyika dzeLatin America dzakadai seBrazil neChile dzakaitawo masangano ekodzero dzemitemo akasimba. Mukupesana, United States haina mutemo wemitemo yehurumende yezvakavanzika wakakwana, inotsamira pamitemo yemasangano nedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana ne dhigirimu , rinotsorowawo, kwete makambani echipato. Dare repamusoro reIndia mu ].[FLT] [FLT] [207]) yakazivisa kuvanda yechakavanzika murudyi pasi peChikamu 21, asi mutemo unotevera kuti mutemo uderembe.
Kukodzera Kuva Mumhoteredzo Ine Utano
Dzinopfuura nyika 140 zvino dzinoziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kumhoteredzo yakanaka, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokududzirazve kwekodzero dziripo (mutoo, maruramiro kuupenyu). United Nations Environment Programme inongotevedzera izvi zvinoitika [. Dare reMitemo yeComstitution reColombia rakashandisa maruramiro kudzivirira Amazon nokuda kwemvura, nepo Charter yeFrance yeMbango inoisa misengwano pahurumende. MuU.S., hakuna maruramiro akadaro aripo muhurumende, kunyange zvazvo mimwe mirayiro yehurumende ichiita.
Zvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga Nekutaura Kwakasununguka
Mutemo wemashoko epaIndaneti unosimbisa kukanganisa kukuru. Network Enforcement Act yeGermany inoda zvikuva kuti zvibvise kutaura kworuvengo nokukurumidza, zvichitsigirwa nefaindi. Information Technology Missions inopa misengwa yakafanana asi yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokugonesa kuongorora hurumende. U.S. inopfuurira kutsamira paChikamu 230 cheMitemo yeNhevedzo yeKukurukurirana, kudzivirira zvikuva nemhaka yezvinenge zviri mukati mavo, nepo Dare Rapamusoro rinoramba kuramba kuramba ganhuriro dzakavakirwa pazviri. Kusvetuka uku kunoreva kuti muteveri wemitemo muNew York kungava Berlin kana kuti New Delphie.
Kubatsira Vatsigiri Nevatsigiri
Kusiyana kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunoparira zvose zviri zviviri mikana nedenho. Magweta ekodzero dzevanhu anoshanda kugura miganhu, anonzwisisa misiyano yehurumende imwe neimwe yakasiyana. Nzira inobudirira muSouth Africa(-) Kuda kuita misengwa yakananga yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende (ingakundikana muUnited States, umo matare anozengurira kurayira mari inotengwa. Nhau huru yokuzvidzivirira pakodzero dzevanhu muU.S. ingasanzwika mumatare eEurope anoisa chiremera nenhevedzano yavose pakutaura kwokuzvidza.
Kuwedzera kwemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu yakarongwa munyika dzakawanda seFrance neGermany kunowedzera kuoma kuwirirana nehurumende dzakawanda dzebumbiro remitemo, kunyanya nezvemashoko akavanzika uye rusununguko rwokutaura.
Kuvadzidzisi, mutemo webumbiro remitemo unopa chishandiso chine simba chokudzidzisa kufunga kwokutsoropodza pamusoro pemipimo, kudzora, uye mutemo.
mhedziso
Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo hadzisi dzenzvimbo dzose; zviri zvishandiso zvipenyu zvakaumbwa nenhau, tsika, magamuchidzanwa emitemo, uye rwisano dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Misiano pakati peU.S. parusununguko rwakaipa, kukudzwa kwapakati pechiremera cheGermany, kodzero huru dzeIndia nenheyo dzenhungamiro, chiono cheSouth Africa chinochinja, uye bumbiro remitemo renzanga reChina rinozivisa kuti hakuna “muenzaniso wakarurama” mumwe nomumwe.
Kungava kutsigira kodzero dzevanhu, kuronga mitemo, kana kuti kungova mugari wemo akadzidza, kuziva kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinosiyana - siyana sei kunokosha pakufamba munyika umo mutemo uri nhoo uye chombo. Kuongorora kusiyana - siyana uku hakungoratidzi chete mashandiro atinoita zvinhu zvedu asi kunozarurawo suo rokudzidza kubva pane zvinoitwa nevamwe zvakanaka uye kutoedza kugadzirisa kusaruramisira kwose kwadzinoitika.
Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza Project, iyo inogovera mabumbiro emitemo anonzverwa anobva munyika yose, uye Office yeUN High Commissioner for Human Rights [ yemipimo yezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose.