Sumo

Gadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica igadziriro huru uye yakaoma, yakagadzirirwa kuchengeta nhevedzano, kupedza gakava, uye kupa ruramisiro. Nokuda kwomupi noupi anopinda muiyi nzvimbo. Kunyange zvazvo ari mukwiridziridziri, muridzi webhizimisi, kana kuti anongova mugari wemo anoda kuziva zvinhu zvikuru(kunzwisisa nzira mbiri huru. matare edare nematare avagari vemo anoshanda mumitemo yakasiyana, zvinangwa, uye migumisiro. Nepo vachigoverana parinde imwe cheteyo yedare uye nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakawanda, mabasa avo aisagona kuva akasiana zvikuru. Nyaya ino inogovera kuenzana kwapamutemo, mukuenzanisa matare outsotsi neoruzhinji, kuongorora mativi awo anoshamisa, mipimo yawo, zvibvumikiso, uye zvishandiso chaizvoizvo zvenyika. Kuzopera, uchava nokunzwisiswa kwapamutemo kwamarudzi amarudzi akadai ezvikanganiso uye kugona kukuwana iwe umene ungagona kutongerwa.

Matare Anoparwa Kwemhosva Chii?

Matare ematsotsi ndiwo nzvimbo umo hurumende inotonga vanhu kana kuti masangano anopomerwa kuita mabasa ayo nzanga yaona seanokuvadza kana kuti achityisidzira. Shoko rokuti “utsotsi” rinonongedzera kumufambiro unorambidzwa nomutemo, uye nharidzano huru yomutemo weutsotsi kuranga zvakaipa, kudzivisa mhaka dzomunguva yemberi, uye kudzivirira vanhu. Apo hurumende inosarudza kuunza pomero, mhaka yacho inopinda mudare revapari vemhosva.

Mativi Makuru Ematare Eutsotsi

  • Defendant vs. Purofisi: Mhaka yacho inounzwa nguva dzose nomuchuchisi (kumirira hurumende) mukurwisana nomukwiridzwi. Munyajambwa haasati ari muwirwa kumhaka; hurumende inoita chiito nokuda kwenzanga.
  • Bhibhendi roUfakazi: Kuchuchisa kunofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka “kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo,” mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa wechibvumikiso mumutemo weAmerica. Ikoku kunoreva kuti hakuna munhu ane mufungo angagona kuva nepanikiro ine mufungo pamusoro pemhosva yomukwirirwi yakavakirwa paufakazi.
  • Rudzi rwoutsotsi: matare eutsotsi anobata matare (mhosva huru dzakafanana nokuponda, umbavha, arson), zvisakafanira (mhosva dzisina kuganhurirwa dzakadai sekuba tunhu twakawanda, DUI), uye zvirango (kuputswa kwezvisakafanira kufanana nematikiti emotokari).
  • Chisakarurama Chinobuda: Pakupwiswa, mutongi angaisa mutongo, faindi, kuedzwa, basa renzanga, kana kuti mubatanidzwa. Mumhaka dzerufu, chirango chorufu chingarangarirwa. Kuregwa kunoreva mupomerwi kunowanwa asina mhaka uye haagoni kupiwa mhaka imwe cheteyo mudziviriro dzakapetwa kaviri.
  • [ Vadziviriri vane kodzero yebumbiro remitemo kugweta; kana vasingagoni kuriwana, dare rinofanira kugadza mudziviriri wavose.

Kuparwa Kwemhosva: Kurega Kusungwa Ndokupiwa Mhosva

Muparidzi chaiye anotanga nokusungwa kana kuti kumira. Anopomerwa anozounzwa pamberi pomutongi nokuda kwokuonekwa kwokutanga apo pomero dzinoraviwa, bhero rinoiswa, uye chikumbiro chinopinzwa. Mukati menhambo isati yatongwa, kuwanwa kunoitika, kutwandirwa kunoiswa (g., kudzvinyirira ufakazi), uye chikumbiro chingaitwa (h.apo kukumbira kunopa mhaka yemhosva nokuda kwomutongo wakareruka. Kana pasina kukumbira kusvikwa, mhaka yacho inopfuurira kutongwa. Mukutonga kwedare redare, vatongi vanosarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka; mukutonga kwebhenji, mutongi anoita chisarudzo. Pashure porutongeso, mutsiuro, muteveri unotevera, uye vapomeri vane maruramiro kukwidza mhaka ipi neipi.

Mienzaniso Yevanhu Vaiita Zvematsotsi

  • Mhosva dzechisimba: kuponda, kudenha, umbavha
  • Mhosva dzezvinzvimbo: kupaza, kurova, kubira
  • Mhosva dzezvinodhaka: kuva, kutengesa, kugadzira zvinhu
  • Mhosva dzemichero: unyengeri, kutengesa, kutengeserana mukati
  • Matsotsi omumugwagwa: DUI, kutyaira pasina kungwarira

Chii Chiri Matare Avagari Vemo?

Matare ehurumende, mukupesana, anopa nzvimbo dzezvibvumirano zvemunhu oga — masangano ehurumende, kana kuti masangano ehurumende — kupedza gakava risingabatanidzi haro mufambiro woutsotsi. Donzo racho harisi chirango, asi chisarudzo: kubatanidza boka rakakuvadzwa, kusimbisa kodzero, kana kuti kuda zviito zvakati. Mutemo wehurumende unofukidza kufambidzana kukuru kwemunhu, kubva pachibvumirano chakaputsika kusvika kutsaona yemotokari kusvikira kuchatanuro.

Mativi Makuru Ematare Avagari Vemo

  • [[FOLT:0] Placttiff v. Mudziviriri: Muparidzi anotanga dare kupfurikidza nokunyora nyunyuto; mukwirirwi anopindura. Hakuna murovereri wemhaka. Mativi ose ari maviri anomirirwa zvawo namagweta, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vapfumi vangazvimirira vamene (pro se).
  • Bhituden yeChibvumikiso: Placttiff inofanira kubvumikisa nhau yavo kupfurikidza ne “kurangarira ufakazi,” kureva kuti kungabvira zvikuru kupfuura (kubvira kwe 50%) kuti mukwiridziri akafanirwa. Uyu mupimo wakaderera zvikuru kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo.
  • Rudzi rwenhau:[[FLT: 1] matare avagari vemo anonzwa mhaka (kuvadziko yomunhu oga, kuzvidza, kusashanda zvakanaka kwezvokurapa), kukakavadzana kwebvumirano, kukakavadzana kwezvinhu, nhau dzemhuri (kuchengetedzwa, kodzero yokuchengeta mwana), uye zviito zveboka.
  • Miuyo Isingaverengeki: Mitemo inowanzotora chimiro chechakashata chemari (ripo, chirango, zita), mirairo (mirairo yedare yokumisa kana kuti kusunda chiito), kana kuti kuita chakananga (kuraira pati kuita musengwa webvumirano). Jail haisi muuyo wedare ravagari vemo.

Marudzi Emhosva Dzevagari Vemo Muukuru

[[FLT:] Troff] inomuka apo boka rinokundikana kukudza chibvumirano, zvakadai sokuputsa bhizimisi. [[FLT:] Tsvaka rinoparirwa nekusaita zvakanaka. Tsvakanwa] Inobatanidza kurambana, kutsigira mwana, uye kurera mwana kazhinji kazhinji kunoitwa mumatare emhuri. Kukakavadzana kwemagakava. [[FLT:] [FLT]

Kuchinja Kunoita Vanhu Munharaunda

Mhaka yavagari vemo inovamba nokuisa dare dare rinenge richipomerwa kana kuti kubatira mukwiridziridziri. Mukwiridziri ipapo anoisa mhinduro kana kuti chiito chokudzinga. Chikamu chokuwana chinotevera, apo mativi ose ari maviri anotsinhana magwaro, zvapupu, uye anounganidza ufakazi. Nhau zhinji dzinogara pamberi pokutonga kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, kutaurirana, kana kuti kudzorwa. Kana pasina kugarwa kusvikwa kunoitwa, mhaka yacho inoendeswa kutongwa / kudare guru.

Kusiyana Kukuru Pakati Pematsotsi Nematare Ehurumende

Zvisinei, zvinhu zvose zvinokosha zvazvinoita zvinogona kunge zvakafanana.

  • [[FFT:0]Purpose: matare eutsotsi anoranga nokudzivisa mufambiro unokuvadza nzanga. matare avagari vemo anopedza nharo dzapachivande uye anogovera mishonga kumativi akakuvadzwa.
  • Zvibvumirano: mhaka dzeutsotsi dzinoisa hurumende (kutambudza) pamukwiridziri. Mhaka dzavagari vemo dzinobatanidza kukwirira mukwirirwi.
  • Nhevedzo yeChibvumikiso: Nhau dzeutsotsi dzinoda ufakazi husingapanikirwi zvine mufungo (inenge 90-99% uchokwadi). Nhau dzavagari vemo dzinoda kufanofungwa kwoufakazi (inopfuura 50% nechokwadi). Mupimo wechitatu, “ufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa,” unoshandiswa mudzimwe nhau dzevagari vemo dzakadai sechitsotsi kana kuti kubviswa kwamaruramiro avabereki.
  • :[ Tsamba dzoutsotsi dzinogona kutungamirira kuusungwa, rufu, kana kuti faindi dzoutsotsi dzinoenda kuhurumende. Kutonga kwavagari vemo kunoguma nekuvadziko dzemari, mirairo, kana kuti kumwe kuyamura kunowirirana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mapiritsi akakura: Pederment yeshanu inodzivirira vapomerwi kuti vasairwe mhaka imwe cheteyo kaviri. Hapana dziviriro yakadaro iripo muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo; unogona kukwidzwa kanoverengeka pamusoro pechinoitika chimwe chetecho, kunyange zvazvo res judicata (maprigation) ganhuriro.
  • Kurudyi kuJury: Masangano ose ari maviri anovimbisa kutonga kwedare redare ramatare muzvinoitika zvakati, asi matare avagari vemo haawaniki mumarudzi ose ezvinotaurwa (zvikurukuru, nhau dzakafanana) uye zvikurukuru anoda vatongi vasingasviki 12. Matsotsi anofanira kubvumiranwa nokuda kwokupwiswa mumhaka dzakakomba; majaji avagari vemo angadzorera chisarudzo nenhau huru mune dzimwe nyika.
  • Kupa:[ Mudare ramatsotsi, hurumende inobhadhara gweta rinodzivirira kana mukwirirwi asingagoni kubhadhara mumwe. Mudare ravagari vemo, mapoka anofanira kubhadhara nokuda kwamagweta avo vamene, kunyange zvazvo yamuro yapamutemo ichiwanika nokuda kwavanhu vanowana zvakaderera mumhaka dzakati.

Mienzaniso Yokuratidzira Misiyano

Nhau dzenyika chaiyoiyo dzinobetsera kujekesa kuti chinoitika chimwe chetecho chinogona sei kutungamirira kuzvose zviri zviviri kuparwa kwemhosva nenhau dzehurumende.

Muenzaniso Wemhosva Dzematsotsi

Kana akawanirwa mhaka, aigona kutarisana nenguva yokuiswa mutorongo, faindi youtsotsi, uye kutongwa. Basa ranyajambwa wacho nderouchapupu; hurumende inoronda mhaka yacho nokuda kwenzanga.

Muenzaniso Wemhosva Dzevagari Vemo

Munhu mumwe chete iyeye anogonawo kupara mhosva yakashata pamunhu anenge achirwisa mudare rehurumende, achitsvaka kukuvadzwa kwezvikwereti zvokurapa, marwadzo nokutambura, uye mari inorasika. Mupimo wehurumende (kurangarira) unokuita kuti kuve nyore kuhwina muripo, kunyange kana mhaka youtsotsi ikaguma nokuregeredzwa. Iyi inoratidzirwa nenzira yakakurumbira nenhau yaO.J. Simpson: yakasununguka nokuda kwokuponda asi yakawanikwa ine mhaka yerufu rwakaipa mukutongwa kwevagari vemo uye yakarairwa kubhadhara $3,5.

Zvimwe Zviito Zvinowanzoitika

  • Mutyairi akadhakwa anouraya mumwe munhu: Hurumende inopomera kuuraya munhu netsinga (mumhondi).
  • Bhizimisi rinokundikana kuendesa zvinhu sezvakapikirwa: Mutengi angapomerwa mhaka yokuputswa kwechibvumirano.
  • Mutungamiriri wenzvimbo yepasi pevhu anopinda zvisiri pamutemo mufurati reimba: Muridzi wehotera angakwidza mhaka yokuvhozhokera (chivil), uye muridzi aigona kutarisana nepomero dzemhosva.

Basa Ravatongi Nemajeri

Kunyange zvazvo vatongi navatongi vachioneka muzvose zviri zviviri, mabasa avo namasimba zvinosiana.

Vatongi

Mudare revatongi, mutongi anovimbisa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzomukwiridzi rinodzivirirwa, mitemo pamiitiro yokutonga, anotarisira kutonga, uye anoisa mutongo pashure pokupwisa (mumitemo). Mudare ravagari vemo, mutongi anotarisira kuwana, anopedza gakava pakati pemapoka, uye angasarudza nyaya yacho mukutonga kwebhenji. Vatongi vanewo chisarudzo chakafara munzvimbo dzose dziri mbiri kuti vasape uchapupu, varayiridze majaji, uye vape chisarudzo chapachidimbu kana pasina nhau yechokwadi.

Juries

Munyaya dzemhosva, Sixth Amendment inovimbisa kodzero yedare rinoita kuti vatongi vasarudze mhosva dzakakomba.

Kuwa Kwomutemo Wematsotsi Newevanhuwo Zvavo

Chiito chimwe chinogona kuparira zvose zviri zviviri mhaka youtsotsi neyavagari vemo. Uku kutambanudza kunokosha: kunyange kana mhaka imwe ikaguma nokurevererwa, imwe inogona kupfuurira. Somuenzaniso, kambani inotengesa zvinhu zvisina kururama nechiziva ingatarisana nenzvero youtsotsi nokuda kwemhosho uye utsotsi hweboka nokuda kwekuvadziko dzinoparirwa nezvigadzirwa izvozvo. Kunzwisisa uku kuviri kunokosha nokuda kwavanhu namabhizimisi pakuyera kuratidzirwa kwavo kwapamutemo.

Uyezve, dzimwe pfungwa dzepamutemo dzinodarika miganhu. Nheyo imwe cheteyo yokuzvikundisa mhosva yokudenha inogonawo kukunda kutaura kwehurumende. Zvisinei, mitoro yakasiyana - siyana youchapupu inoreva kuti mukwiridzirwi angahwina mudare rematsotsi (nemhaka yokuti mupomerwi aisagona kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo) asi anorasikirwa mudare rehurumende (nemhaka yokuti mutongi aingoda bedzi kubvisa chiyero chapamusoro pa 50%).

Idare Ripi Richanzwa Mhaka Yako?

Kana ukabatanidzwa mugakava rapamutemo, rudzi rwechinetso runotema dare. Mutemo kana kuti mutemo unopikwa mhaka unonongedzera kudare routsotsi here? Kune kusabvumirana pamusoro pemari, pfuma, kana kuti kuvadziko yomunhu oga pasina mutemo weutsotsi? Izvozvi idare ravagari vemo. Mune zvinoitika, mhaka dzinotanga mune imwe nzira uye mhaka inomuka mune imwe. Pasinei zvapo nedare, kunokosha kutsvaka zano rapamutemo. Gweta rinopa rubatso mudziviriro youtsotsi kana kuti kudzivirira utsotsi rinogona kukutungamirira kupfurikidza nemiraudzo yemitemo yedare yapamutemo, mipimo yakajeka, uye miuyo. Kuzvimirira kwogaro. Kuzviisa umene mungozi kune ngozi muchinhu chimwe chinhu.

Nokuda kwamashoko ane udzame zvikuru, shanyira Cornell Information Institute pamutemo woutsotsi uye U.S. madare pamarudzi enhau. Zviwiro izvi zvinogovera tsananguro dzine chiremera dzemiitiro yedare nerondedzero dzapamutemo.

mhedziso

Kuisa mutemo kunoda nzwisiso yakajeka yamapazu awo makuru maviri: matare outsotsi nematare avagari vemo. Matare ematsotsi anodzika mitemo yavose, anoranga vapari vemhosva, uye anodzivirira nzanga ichishandisa mutoro wakakwirira weuchapupu; matare ehurumende anopedza gakava ravanhu voga uye anotsiva vanyajambwa mumupimo unoregeredza. Misiyano inotapura chinhu chiri chose kubva kumapoka anobatanidzwa kusvikira kumiuyo inobvira, kubatanidza bviro yokuiswa mutorongo nemari inobhadharwa. Kuziva nzira inoshanda kumugariro wako inhano kudzivirira maruramiro ako. Kana uchitarisana nemhosva dzoutsotsi kana kuti uri kurangarira kukwikwidza, nzira yakanakisisa yechiito ndeyokubvunza murwi anokwaniridzira uyo anogona kutsanangura mitemo chaiyo yedare ichanzwa mhaka yako ndokukubatsira kuwana mugumisiro wakanaka zvikurusa.