Rusarura zera rinoramba riri rimwe remarudzi akapararira zvikuru asi rinowanzofuratirwa zvikuru mugadziriro yokurovha. Nepo vashandirwi vazhinji vachingwarira kudzivisa mutauro wokushambadzira, rondedzero dzamanomano murondedzero dzebasa nezvinodikanwa zvenzvimbo zvinogona kubvisa nenzira ine nhevedzano vashandi vakwegura. Sezvineiwo, mutumbi wakasimba wemitemo — kubva kuNhambo Inoganhurirana muShomact (ADEA) muUnited States kuwiriranisa mitemo kune dzimwe nyika — nenzira yakajeka inorambidza miitiro yokupinza basa yakavakirwa pazera rapamusoro uye inogovera zviwirirano zvakajeka zvokugadzira mabasa. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi mitemo inoshanda sei kurondedzero dzebasa inokosha nokuda kwesangano ripi neripi rinotsvaka kuvaka musiyano, rinoshanda zviri pamutemo.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Vashandi Vakura Vane Tsika Dzezera

MuUnited States, mutemo mukuru wehurumende unobatanidza rusaruro rwezera mumabasa ndi Agetic in Orough Act ye 1967 (ADEA). ADEA inodzivirira vanhu vane makore 40 ezera kana kuti vakuru kubva kurusarura runobva pazera ripi neripi rebasa, kubatanidza kubhadharwa, kukwidziridzwa, muripo, uye mabasa. CRUCHARY, ADEA inoshanda kuvashandiridzi vehurumende, uyewo kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, masangano ebasa, uye masangano ebasa.

Kudzivirira kwaADEA kunotambanukira kumuitiro wokutsvaka basa. MuMusi weChiteshi, hakubvumirwi kuti mushandirwi ashande kana kuti arambe kupinza munhu basa nemhaka yezera ravo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti rondedzero dzebasa nezvinodikanwa zvakaiswa hakugoni kushandiswa sechisakiso chebasa rinorevererwa nguva. Actal Obroction Commission [EOC] yakapa nhungamiro huru pamusoro peinoumba basa redhisikitoo renyika, inosimbisa kuti vashandirwi vanofanira kuisa ngwariro pamabasa [[[FLT:]]] pane miitiro inowirirana nezera.

Kupfuura ADEA, nyika dzakawanda dzine mitemo yezera radzo dzorusaruro ingashanda kuvashandirwi vaduku kana kuti kupa dziviriro dzakafara. Somuenzaniso, New York State Human Rights Law inorambidza rusaruro rwezera pamunhu upi noupi ane 18 kana kuti mukuru, kubvisa 40 ne 40 wepamberi pechikumbaridzo cheADEA. Nenzira yakafanana, California Fair Work and Hollas Act (FAHA) inodzivirira vanhu vose 40 navakuru zvikuru asi inoshanda kuvashandirwi vashomanene savashandi vashanu. Vashandirwi vanobatira mhiri kwemitengo yadzo dzavo dzinofanira kuvimbisa basa ravo nemupimo wakawanda.

Munyika yose, rusaruro rwezera rwakasimba zvakaenzana. muganhu weEuropean Union weMarefect Directive (2000/78/EC) unorambidza rusaruro rwezera mubasa namabasa. MuUnited Kingdom, [[FLT:] Act [FLT]] yakaenzana inoita kuti ive isiri pamutemo kuzvidza munhu upi noupi akavakirwa pazera, kana vari vaduku kana vakuru, mubasa. [FLT:] Hurumende dzechikwarati yeNauti yeO yeOF:] uye Australia [FLT] Act Act: [5]

Kutsanangura Kunoita Jobho Anosarura

Tsanangura dzebasa rokusasarura dzinowanzokurukurirana, zvakajeka kana kuti zvakakwana, zvinoda vashandi vaduku. Mupimo wepamutemo pasi peADEA ndewokuti mushandirwi haagoni ku “ganhuriro, kuisa muganhu, kana kuti kurovha mativi” zvikumbiro zvinganyima munhu akura mikana yebasa nemhaka yezera ravo. Kurambidza uku kunotambanudza kumutauro unokarakadza boka rezera rakati kuti rinoda.

Mienzaniso Yakakurumbira Yomutauro Wokusasarura

  • Zviratidzo zvakajeka: Mashoko akafanana ne “kaduku,”“ katsva,” “katsva,” “akapedza kufunda,” kana kuti“ junior” anogona kuratidza chinodikanwa nokuda kwavatsva vanokumbira. Kunyange kana mushandirwi asina vavariro yedhisikitomu, mutauro wakadaro unogona kuparira tapuro [ yakakomba [[FLT]] pavashandi vakura.
  • Gore nemisi yokupedza kufunda: Kuonesa “makore 0-10-2 oruzivo rwokuzviwanira” nokuda kwebasa ringagona kupedzwa nenzira ine mufungo nanyanzvi yechepakati pomutarisiri, kana kuti kukumbira nokuda kwe “dhigirii”, kungabvisa chose chose vakwegura. EEOC akaita chiito chokusimbisa mukurwisana navashandirwi anoda “vakapedza kufundazve pakoreji” kana kuti“ makore asingasviki mashanu oruzivo rwokuzviwanira” pasina chinodikanwa chapamutemo chebhizimisi.
  • Zvitsama zvamaidi zvakakodzera: Tsananguro dzinosimbisa “tsika duku, ine simba” kana kuti“ yemibereko yakakwirira” inogona kuva bumbiro remitemo retsarirano yezera. Matare akaziva kuti mutauro wakadaro, apo usati wabatanidzwa nezvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo zvebasa, unogona kutsigira kutaura kwezera.
  • Zvinodikanwa zvokunyama zvisina kufanira: zvinoraira simba romuviri rakanyanyisa, kusimudza zviremo zvinorema, kana kuti kumira kwamaawa marefu pasina kurangarira pokugara zvine mufungo zvingabvisa nenzira isingaenzaniswi vashandi vakura vasingava madikanwa zvirokwazvo.

Nhungamiro yeHuman Resource Management (SHRM) inopa zano kuti rondedzero dzebasa dzinofanira kudzokororwa kuvimbisa zvinodikanwa zvose zvakarongwa ndezvi job-inobatanidzwa uye inowirirana nechinodikanwa chebhizimisi[. Vague kana kuti redition direction direction kwete bedzi kukoka kukumbira asi kuderedzawo dziva rokukumbira kupfurikidza nokuomesa vakweguru vakakwaniriswa pakushandisa.

Kusawirirana.

Nepo mutauro wokusasarura usiri pachena — “ambuya 25-35 inosarudzwa” — kupunzika kwakawanda kwazvino uno hakuonekwi. Somuenzaniso, kuda “kuwanda kwamakore 10 oruzivo rwokuzviwanira” kungadzivirirwa senzira yokudzora nayo mwero yomubhadharo, asi kunogonawo kubatira kubvisa vashandi vakura vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira. EEOC akataura kuti kushandisa ruzivo rwakawanda kana kuti mabhuraketi senzira yokutsiva inogona kuva jirakiti kutoti kana ukoshi huri madikanwa zvirokwazvo nokuda kwokushanda kwebasa. Nenzira yakafanana, kuraira zviziviso zvakati zvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu izvo zvisingadiwi chaizvoizvo nokuda kwebasa, kana kuti kupfuudza shati yenzanga, inogona kuva jasikiriro nokuda kwezera rokusarura.

Vashandirwi vanofanirawo kungwarira pamusoro pokushandisa mipimo yokusarudza yakavakirwa pamifananidzo, yakadai sokuda pikicha yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi nepesvo yacho. Nepo kusati kuri nguva dzose kusiri kwapamutemo, uyu muitiro unogona kutungamirira kufungidziro dzakavakirwa pazera uye kazhinji kazhinji inoodzwa mwoyo namagweta ebasa.

Zvinodikanwa zvebasa zvinokosha v. Mupimo wezera unotsamira

Mutemo haurambidzi vashandirwi kugadza zvinodikanwa zvebasa zvapamutemo. MuADEA, chinodikanwa chine tapuro yakakura zvikuru pavashandi vakwegura chingangobvumirwa kana mushandirwi achigona kuratidzira kuti chinodikanwa i bhana face communigation (BFQ) iri madikanwa nomutoo une mufungo kukushanda kwenguva dzose kwebhizimisi. Zvisinei, kudzivirira kweBFOQ nokuda kwezera kunotsanangurwa zvishoma. Somuenzaniso, nguva dzokurega basa dzinodiwa nokuda kwemirando dzendege dzinobvumirwa nemiraudzo yeko yendege, asi zvakasiana zvakadaro hazviwanzowaniki.

Pakunyora rondedzero dzebasa, vashandirwi vanofanira kusiyanisa pakati pezvikwaniriso zvakaderera na zvikwaniriso zvinoparirwa. Zvikwaniriso zviduku zvinofanira kuva zviri madikanwa chose chose kuita basa nerokuti kana kuti pasina nzvimbo ine mufungo. Zvikwaniriso zvinoda zvinofanira kushandiswa zvishoma uye nguva dzose nokuda kwetsarira yezera. Somuenzaniso:

  • Validi: “Inofanira kuva nerezenisi rezvokutengeserana (CDL) netendero yavakwiri.” (Inobatanidzwa nebasa.)
  • Nhaka yechinetso chakatanhamara: “Inofanira kuva namano okusimudzazve makirogiramu 50 pasina betsero.” (Ingada nzvimbo ine mufungo nokuda kwavashandi vakura kana kuti avo vane urema.)
  • Discoriary: “Inofanira kuva yakasimba mumuviri uye inokwanisa kuvambirana neboka duku.” (Tereodiction, kwete basa rakajeka.)

UK Eality Act ya2010] nhungamiro [ inotaura zvakafanana kuti vashandirwi havafaniri kushandisa “masangano, mupimo kana kuti muitiro” (PCP) kuti vaise vashandi vakura pachinetso chakati kutoti PCP inzira inowirirana yokuwana nayo donzo rapamutemo. Iyi inowirirana ne “bhizimisi rekuzvidzivirira.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Nokuda Kwekushandira Pabasa Rinopera

Kugadzira rondedzero dzebasa rezera risingawirirani nerenguva kunoda nhamburiko yamaune nehwirudzuro yenguva dzose. Pasi apa miitiro yakanakisisa inoshanda yakawanwa munhungamiro dzeEEOC nemienzaniso yapamutemo:

  1. Focus pamabasa anokosha: Nyora bedzi mabasa makuru ebasa. Dzivisa “kuwana” ayo asingadikanwi zvirokwazvo. Shandisa donzo, mutauro unonakisa apo kunobvira (g., “Mana jamp setimu shanu” panzvimbo pe“kutungamirira timu yakakwirira-yakaoma”).
  2. Ratidza zera rakabatanidzwa: bvisa zvishongo zvakafanana navaduku, vakuru, vakasimba, vakura, vachangobva kuruvara, vakaruvara, kana kuti vatsva. Shandisa mameseti asina kuva nechokuita akadai se “apfurwa,” kana kuti“ akasazivikanwa.
  3. Ona zvinodikanwa nokungwarira: Usadudza nhamba yakakura yamakore kutoti kuri madikanwa chose chose. Kana uchishandisa zvisungo zvoruzivo rwokuzviwanira, iva nechokwadi kuti zvakavakirwa panzvero yebasa yapamutemo uye kwete fungidziro dzinodhura. Rangarira kuratidzira zvinodikanwa mukuwirirana nemiuyo (“kunopedzwa kunenge mibato mitatu yakazara yemichina youpenyu) panzvimbo penguva.
  4. Usati washandisa nguva yedzidzo: Usakumbira “vakapedza kufunda vezera renguva duku” kana kuti gadza ganhuriro yenguva chifo chokupedzwa kwedhigirii kutoti kana basa racho richida chaizvoizvo zivo younyanzvi inova inokurumidza kusiiwa (jere, zvimwe zvinobvumikiswa).
  5. batanidza kutaura kune mufungo kwokugara: Kujekesei kuti mushandirwi acharangarira nzvimbo dzine mufungo nokuda kwavanhu vakakwaniriswa vane urema, uyewo anorangarirawo pokugara ine chokuita nechinjo dzezera (g., kuona, kunzwa, simba romuviri).
  6. Shandisa mutauro wevatano newezera namashoko akasiana mumo: Ikoku kunobetserawo kudzivisa zvimwe zvimiro zvefungira. Maturusi akadai seTritio kana kuti Ongig anogona kubetsera kuzivisa mashoko anobvira.
  7. [ Rovedza varoyi navanyoresi: Chigovera rovedzo yegore negore pamitemo yezera rinosarura, fungidziro, uye manyorerwe emabasa anobatanidza. Tsai rovedzo nokuda kwamadonzo okuteerera.
  8. Kunzvera kwapanhambo nenhambo: Kuhwirudzura rondedzero dzebasa dziripo panenge panenge paripo gore negore. Apo nzvimbo inovhurika, dzokorora rondedzero kuva nechokwadi chokuti inoramba iripo napasati pari paya.

Vashandi vakawanda vanoti kubvisa mutauro unoreva zvezera kunoita kuti pave nevanhu vakawanda vane unyanzvi uye vane unyanzvi.

Basa ReEOC Nokumanikidzwa

Aumement Obster Opportunity Commission (EEOC) inoita kuti ADEA iteedzerwe uye inoongorora nokushingaira zvichemo zvine chokuita nokutumirwa kwebasa routsoropodzi. Pakati pa 2019 na2023, EEOC yakapomera vashandirwi vakawanda vaishandisa mutauro wakadai so “vakapedza kufunda pakoreji vapazera duku” kana kuti“ vaduku uye vane simba” mukushambadzira mabasa, kuchiguma nokuendesa vanhu munzvimbo dzinokosha uye zviito zvokururamisa.

Nenzira inoshamisa, EEOC’s Strategic Entorcement Plan (SEP) yakaisa “rusarura mamiriro ezvinhu,” kubatanidza sarura rezera mukuroja. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange basa rimwe chete rinoiswa nomutauro wakaipa ringanyandura kunzvera kana kuri rutivi rwemiitiro yakafara. Vashandi vanofanirawo kuziva kuti vanorangarira rusaruro rwezera vanogona kuisa pomero neEOC, uye kutaura kunobudirira kungaguma nokudzosa, mubhadharo, mibhadharo yapambe, mibhadharo, uye mitero yamagwetabhe.

Mukuwedzera kukuchengetwa kwehurumende, kukwirira mhaka kwapachivande kwakakurumbira. Sututi dzezera renharo dzinowanzovamba noufakazi hunobva murondedzero dzebasa namashoko okurovha. Somuenzaniso, mu EOC v. M.C. Dean, Inc. [2021], basa romushandirwi nokuda kwe “vakapedza kufunda pakati peEEOC. Kambani yakagara nokuda kwemiitiro yayo yokuripira.

Munhambo umo tsika dzamakambani nemhatsa dzinosanonzverwa, mukurumbira wefungira mano akaipa ezera unogona kudzivisa zvose zviri zviviri kushandisira — zvose zviri zviviri vakuru navaduku — kuva netariro yakakwirira zvikuru.

Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose Pamabasa Ezera Asiri Oga

Kunyange zvazvo ADEA iri mutemo unosanozivikanwa zvikuru wezera rinosarura, vashandirwi vanokwanisa munyika dzakawanda vanofanira kushandisa mitemo yakawanda.

Europe Union

EU Directive 2000/78/EC inorambidza rusaruro rwezera munyika dzose dziri mitezo, kunyange zvazvo kugadzirwa kuchisiyana. Munyika dzakadai seGermany neFrance, kushambadza kwemabasa kunoratidza zera kunowanzonzi hakuna kururama kutoti kwaruramiswa nechinodikanwa chaichoicho chebasa. Dare reEurope reRuramisiro (ECJ) rakatonga kuti kunyange mutauro unobvisa nenzira isina kunanga kurongwa (“chiduku nechasimba” unogona kuputsa murayiro wacho kana uchitapura zvikuru boka rezera rakati.

United Kingdom

Chiratidzo cheEuty Act cha2010 chinopa vanhu kodzero yokusasarura pahwaro hwezera pabasa. Vashandi veUK’s Advisory, Concaliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) vanopa nhungamiro yakajeka: basa rinofanira kusataura kana kuti kuratidza kuda boka rezera rakati, uye mashoko akadai se “pwere” kana kuti“ mukuru anofanira kudziviswa. Vashandisi vanorambidzwawo kukumbira musi wokuberekwa pazvimiro zvokutsvaka basa kutoti vadikanirwa zvakananga nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokuongorora.

Canada

Canadian Human Rights Act inorambidza rusaruro rwezera, uye maruwa mazhinjisa ane mutemo wawo amene. Somuenzaniso, Kodzero yeHuman Rights yeOntario inorambidza zvakananga rusaruro rwezera mukushambadzira mabasa. Vashandirwi vanopa zano rokushandisa mutauro wezera risingashandi uye kudzivisa nongedzero ipi neipi ku “vakapedza kufunda vaduku” kutoti kana nzvimbo yacho iri basa rokupinda.

Australia

Dare reHuman Rights Commission rakabudisa nhungamiro dzinotaura kuti kushambadza basa hakufaniri kududza ganhuriro dzezera kana kuti kushandisa mutauro unokarakadza boka rezera rakati kuti rinoda. Mashoko akadai se “pwere uye ine simba” akawanikwa kuva anopa mitongo neCommission.

Vashandirwi venyika yose vanofanira kushandisa mupimo mumwe webasa rezera risingawirirani nerenguva unosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvinoganhurira zvikurusa munzvimbo dzavo dzokushanda.

Mugumo: Kuvaka Muitiro Wakanaka uye Wokusangwarira

Mitemo yetsaru yezera haisati ichingova zvayo mhinganidzo dzokunzvenga; zvishandiso zvokuvaka mabasa anowirirana zvikuru. Kupfurikidza nokubvisa fungidziro dzezera murondedzero dzebasa nezvinodikanwa, vashandirwi havangowirirani bedzi nemirairo yapamutemo asiwo vanowana ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rukuru, uchenjeri, uye kuvimbika izvo vashandi vakura vanounza. Ndyiko yokusagona kudzora — zvose zviri zviviri pamusoro pezvikwereti zvepamutemo uye chipo chakarasika — zvinopfuura zvikuru nhamburiko inodikanwa kuunyanzvi hwebasa, zvikamu zvebasa.

Vashandirwi vanofanira kubata rondedzero dzebasa sezvinyorwa zvipenyu zvinoratidzira zvinodikanwa zvechokwadi zvebasa, kwete fungidziro dzechinyakare pamusoro pokuti ndiani akakodzera zvikurusa kuzviita. Rovedzo yenguva dzose, miitiro yakasimba yokuhwirudzura, uye kuzvipira kurongera mipimo yokurovha zvisakafanira zvikodzero zvokurovha mabhiridhi. Mumisikami yezera ramakwikwi anowedzera, masangano anobatanidza mhatsa yamabasa anowedzera achava ayo anobudirira.