Kuchinja kwokukurumidza kwemichina yemakombiyuta kwakakudziridza zvinoshamisa mano okuongorora anowanika kuhurumende uye kuchengetedzwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo. Kuvambira pamakamera eauto erezeractal maraise espectens uye masangano emuviri anoziva maziso, zvishandiso zvemapurisa zvakura kupfuura mitoo yegamuchidzanwa. Nepo aya maturusi anowanzopiwa seanokosha pakudzivirira vanhu uye pakudzivirira utsotsi, anoshanda munzvimbo dzapamutemo dzichiri kufambira mberi nokuchinja kweruzivo rwemichina. Kudzora kwomutemo kuongorora uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko zvemitemo yehurumende ibasa rakaoma zvikuru remitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye mitemo yedare, uye matare edare, zvose zvinofanira kunyatsodzikamiswa pakodzero dzomunhu oga oga. Nyaya iyi inoongorora zvinhu zvinokosha zviri pamutemo, zvinetso zvinomuka, uye zvinoshanda nokuda kwemitemo uye vagari vehurumende.

Masangano Ebumbiro reMitemo: Mutemo Wechina uye Kupfuura

Chinokosha pakudzivirira pamutemo pakuongorora kwehurumende muUnited States iPrefence Yechina kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iyo inodzivirira vagari vemo pakunzverwa kusina mufungo nehosha. Dare Rapamusoro reChikurusa ragara richirangarira kuti Kudzikamisa kweChina kunoda kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti uwane pamutemo wakavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira usati waita nzvero, pasina kuganhurirwa. Zvisinei, kushandisa iyi nheyo kuruzivo rwokunzvera kwazvino uno kwakabvumikisa kuva kwegakava, sezvo matare aikwanisa kusarudza chinoumba "search" muzera remichina.

Chisarudzo chenhau mu Katz v. United States (1967) yakatanga "kariro ine mufungo yokuva woga" muedzo, uyo unobvunza kana munhu akaratidzira kariro chaiyoiyo yokuva oga uye kana nzanga yakagadzirira kuziva kariro iyoyo seyakafanira. Iyi muedzo wakashandiswa kumharadza yakafara yemitoo yokunzvera, kubva kuPPPS. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakatanga dzidziso ye "zvakavanzika zvechienzi" inobvuma kuva kwakatanhamara kwenhambo refu. United States. (20.20.2]), Dare rakava nechinhu chinobatanidza chishandiso chemotokari chokunzvera chinofamba nokunzvera kwemazuva 28)

Iyi pfungwa yakanga iri huru ku Carpeenter v. United States (2018), umo Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende inowanzoda maruramiro okuwana mashoko enhau enzvimbo yesero-panyika (CSLI) yakaitwa nevanotakura foni dzechitatu. Dare rakasimbisa kuti vanhu vatakure serura dzavo kwose kwose, vachigadzira chinyorwa chine udzame nechakavanzika choupenyu hwavo, uye kuti "TBY - partime" inovakira kuti mashoko agoverane nokuzvidira neboka rechitatu rePremishoni yegore haasati ari echipfuudzo kuzvinyorwa zvemitengo. Chisarudzo ichi chakava netapuko pamasangano emitemo anochengeta mutemo anowana nzvimbo, uye chinopfuurira kupesvedzera mamwe masangano emichina epamusha anonzvera.

Dziviriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo reHurumende

Kuwedzera kuSangano reChina reWendement rehurumende, nyika dzakawanda dzine mitongo yadzo inodzivirira pahurumende inogona kupa zvibvumikiso zvakatokura zvikuru zvokuvandika. Somuenzaniso, Chikamu I, Chikamu 7 cheWashington State Constitution chakadudzirwa nematare acho kuti ape dziviriro huru pakuongororwa kupfuura Tsvene Amendment. Nenzira yakafanana, Massachusetts Declaration of Rights neConstitution yeCalifornia ine gadziriro dzakati dzogadziro idzo vatongi vehurumende vakashandisa kurambidza miitiro yakati yokuongorora ingabvumirwa nemutemo wehurumende. Masangano emitemo anochengetedza anoshanda munyika idzi anofanira kuongorora zvinodiwa zvakasimba, izvo kazhinji zvinorayira kuti zviite sekuwana nzvimbo yemasero kana kuti kuongorora vhidhiyo kwenguva refu. Iri basa rokudzivirira rinoita kuti pave nezvinetso zvinokosha, kunyanya nokuda kwemabasa akawanda emitemo.

Mitemo Yehurumende Inodzora Kuwedzera Kwemitemo Nekuunganidzwa Kwemashoko

Kupfuureno nomutemo webumbiro remitemo, mirau inoverengeka yehurumende inodzora zvakananga kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunodzivisa sei, kuunganidza, uye kuisa mashoko muzvitoro. Chinonyanyowanda REKNUTSTUNS Act ya 1986, inobatanidza Gwendero Rokukurukurirana nerokukurukurirana kwemitemo, uye Pen Register/Trap neTrace rource. Chiteko cheTrect chinowanzodzivisa kudzorwa kwewando, kutaura, uye kurukurirano yemagetsi kutoti iwanwa, kutoti inowanwa, izvo zvinoda kuratidzwa kwechisakiso chine mufungo nechinodikanwa chakarerutsa. SCA inoronga kuwanwa kuti ichengete, semaemail namashoko, anosiyanisa mashoko anenge ari pakati pezvisaririra (zvinochengetwa)

Zvisinei, ECPA yakatsoropodzwa seyechinyakare. Yakanyorwa kare kare pamberi pokusvika kwemafoni, mapepa, uye zvinobudisa nhau, ine zvisakiso uye zvisaririra izvo mamwe masangano ehurumende anotarisira mutemo ashandisa zvisina kufanira. Somuenzaniso, SCA inobvumira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwana marudzi akati eMimetame-tame(_afananidzo nemugamuchiri weemail yemamail(*) bedzi, kwete mutengi wesubroma, kwete pamutemo. Uku kusadzikama kwakatungamirira kurayira chinjo, kubatanidza chikarakadzo chinokarakadzwa [[[FLT: 0]] Email Act, uko kungada pamutemo nokuda kwezvose zvakachengetwa neveri yetatu, asi hakuna kupfuudzirwa mumutemo.

Mumwe mutemo mukuru ndi Surveillance Act , iyo nepo yakanangidzirwa zvikurukuru kuchengeteka kwenyika, inogona kuwirirana nemibato yokudzikamisa mutemo wehurumende mumibato inobatanidza ugandanga kana kuti dare. FISA idare rinogarira kuongorora zvirongwa zvokuongorora, asi zvirongwa zvayo ndezvepachivande, uye zvisarudzo zvayo zvinogona kutapura kuti uchapupu hunogoveranwa sei nezviremera zvenyika. Mukuwedzera, Privitacy Act ye 1974 inodzora kuunganidzwa, kuchengetedza, kushandisa, uye kuparadzira mashoko omunhu oga nemasangano ehurumende, asi mutemo wacho unenge waganhurirwa kana kuti unoshandiswa pasi pegadziriro yesangano.

Mitemo Yakateverwa Nehurumende

Hurumende dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo yadzo dzimene inobata nokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Somuenzaniso, Illinois ine [FLT:] Communications Inficct (CALCPA) inoda pamutemo wemashoko emagetsi, kubatanidza mitauro nemiraudzo, pasinei zvapo kana mashoko acho akabatwa neboka rimwe kana kuti rechitatu. [FLT:]

Dzimwe nyika dzakaganhurira zvakajeka ruzivo rwakati kuti. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzinoverengeka(kubatanidza California, New Hampshire, Oregon, uye Vermont) dzakaita mitemo inoganhura kushandiswa kworuzivo rwokuziva chiso kupfurikidza nokudzikamisa mutemo, zvimwe kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo zvachose kana kuti kuda rugwaro nedziviriro dzorururami. Muna 2020, Massachusetts akarambidza mapurisa kushandisa kuziva chiso pamirire yekamera. Iyi mibato yegore inoratidzira kuoma kutsanangura miganhuro yomutemo kuzivisa zvishandiso zvokunzvera, kazhinji kazhinji kacho pasina mutemo wehurumende unobatanidza zvose.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo uye Kutonga Kukuru

Mamiriro enhau enhau anoramba achiumbwa nedenho dzedare idzo dzinoedza miganhu yemiitiro yokunzvera. Zvikurukuru, mu Riley v. California (014], Dare rapamusoro rakasarudza kuti mapurisa anowanzoda maruramiro okunzvera zviri mumitemo yeserura yeserura yabatwa kuti isungwe. Dare rakaziva kuti nhare dzazvino uno dzine zvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko zvomunhu oga, zvakatopfuura zvikuru mwero wemudziyo upi noupi. Chisarudzo ichi chakava netapuko yakananga pamaroteshi apamutemo ehurumende emitemo yokunzvera mukati mhaundi panguva yokusunga.

Mitongo mishomanene yedare yakakurukura kushandiswa kwe michina yeSabata (Mienzaniso yemakero) yakaitwa namapurisa ehurumende. Iyi michina inotevedzera shongwe dzemasero kusangana nezviratidzo zvenhepfenyuro dziri pedyo, kuunganidza nzvimbo uye kuziva mashoko. Masangano akawanda anochengeta mutemo akanga ashandisa pasina pamutemo, achiitirana nharo kuti anongowana mashoko akatotepfekerwa mumhepo yavose. Zvisinei, matare mumibatanidzwa seFlorida, Maryland, uye California akatonga kuti kushandiswa kweStingrays kuumba kunzvera kudikanwa kwepamutemo kwakavakirwa pachisakiso chakabvira. Mumhinduro, mamwe masangano ehurumende akaita miraudzo inoraira zvakananga zvinodikanwa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwamaseromasero.

Imwe nzvimbo inoshingaira yeritariyo inobatanidza kuunganidzwa kwemashoko kubva kumasangano enhau. Masangano emitemo anoshandisa zvose zviri zviviri zvisaririra zvakazaruka nenhau dzinovharwa kuunganidza ungwaru pavanhu vamwe navamwe. Mu Deborah v. Facebook, Inc. [2001], dare rehurumende rinokwidziridza rinoita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vemapurisa vaongorore kana kuti vaigadzira mashoko enhema okushora kushora kombiyuta uye Abuse Act. Apo dare rakaguma ratonga mukuda kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, nyaya yacho yakasimbisa nzvimbo dzevhuvhuvhuvhu dzakapoteredza paIndaneti nemitemo inoteverwa nomutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, kushandiswa kwemashoko anowanwa kubva muzvikamu zvechitatu zvedare, zvakadai sokuongorora mashoko epachena kana kuti kutengwa kwamashoko kunoputsa mashoko kwapamhozoteve.

Kuzivikanwa Noushamwari Nemhiko Yakaisvonaka

Ruzivo rwokuziva vanhu rwazova chimwe chezvishandiso zvokuongorora zviri pamutemo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti FRT scans of recurent properse proficial professions [[FLT] profiless] FORTY] [FLT]

Kushandiswa kwouchenjeri hwokuisa munzeve (IA) kunzvera mashoko anonzvera mamiriro ezvinhu ezvokunzvera (*) akadai searevolm dzemapurisa kana kuti maraise erezesi anoiswa paogati yemaraiseti anoiswa mumunhu (ALPR) masangano anovambawo zvinetso zvepamutemo. Masangano aya anogona kubudisa "ngozi yengozi" kana kuti kuonesa mitoo inotungamirira. Varevereri vanotaura kuti maturusi akadaro ane chinangwa uye anoshanda, asi vatsoropotera vanonongedzera kuzvakaidziko, kushaiwa kujeka, uye kuoma kwekuisa mipimo yemitemo yeChinesene. Mu United States v. $2020). [FLT:], dare reruwa muCalifornia radzvinyirirastricracy ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza neAlP nemhaka yedare rezvo rezvematongerwenziromendiyo yomutemo wehurumende yomutemo.

Kuisa Pfungwa Pachinhu Chimwe, Kushandisa Michina, uye Kushandisa Michina

Kunyange apo kunzvera kunoitiswa zviri pamutemo, kuchengetwa nokugoveranwa kwemashoko akaunganidzwa kunogona kumutsa zvinetso zvepamutemo. Masangano akawanda anotarisira mutemo anogona kuchengeta mapepa emashoko okuongorora . Akadai seALPR roogs, kamera yemuviri, uye madhaimani akarekodwa. Pasina mitemo yakajeka, iyi mashoko anogona kuwanikwa nemamwe masangano, kubatanidza kuchengetwa kwehurumende kana kuti masangano emunhu, angangodzivisa kururamisa kwapakuvamba kwapamutemo kwemiunganidzwa yawo. Somuenzaniso, Ectronroit Foundation Foundation (EFFF:2]][FLD]][FLT]]]] [FLT]]] ZVINET] ZVINOPA.

Kuti dzigadzirise izvi zvinonetsa, dzimwe nyika dzakadzika miganhu yemashoko. Mutemo weCalifornia wechivande unoda kuti mashoko okuongorora adzimwe mukati menhambo yakatarwa kutoti iri rutivi rwenzvero inopfuurira. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neTexas, dzine mitemo inoganhurira mano okusimbisa mutemo okugoverana mashoko eALPR namasangano ehurumende pasina bvumirano yapamutemo inodzorwa. Zvisinei, kuchengetwa kwemitemo iyi kunowanzova kusina kusimba, uye masangano akawanda haazvitarisiri.

Mitoo yokutarisira inoda kuva nechokwadi chokuti miitiro yokunzvera inoramba iri yapamutemo. Maguta anoverengeka namaruwa akatanga masangano amapurisa kana kuti mabhodhi ehwirudzuro ane chiremera chokunzvera kushandiswa kworuzivo rwokunzvera. Somuenzaniso, Nhetevet Surveillance Ordinance inoda kuti boka ramapurisa riwane tendero yedare risati rawana kana kuti rishandisa maturusi matsva okuongorora, uye kupa mishumo yegore ino udzame kushandiswa kwaro. Zvisinei, matanho akadaro anoramba aripo panzvimbo pomuteveri wezvo. Kushaikwa kwoujeka kwechapupu hwechakavanzika chakati kuti chichengete kuvapo kana kuti mano akazara ezvigadzirwa zvakati zvesayenzi zvinokuita kuti zvive zvakaoma nokuda kwavagari veguta uye kunyange vakasarudzwa kuti vadzore pamutemo.

Bhuku Rinoshanda Rokumanikidza uye Rokugarika

Nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo, kutevera iyi nhevedzo yapamutemo kunoda rovedzo yenguva dzose nenzwisiso yakakwana yezvose zviri zviviri zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa nehurumende. Chikanganiso mukuwana rugwaro, kana kuti kutsamira patendero yechinyakare, chinogona kuguma noufakazi hwakakomba hunodziviswa mukutonga kwokubvisa. Zvikurukurukuru, mutoo wokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo unogona kuratidzira boka kumatare ekodzero dzavagari vemo mu 42 U.S.C. 1983, kuchitungamirira kukukuvadzwa kukuru kwemari nokukuvadziko yemukurumbira. Madhipati akawanda zvino anoshandisa zano rapamutemo kana kuti vakuru vakuru vechivanderwi kuti vadzorere zvakananga kunzvera pamberi pokuitwa.

Kuvagari vemo, dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinowanika dzinotsamira zvikurukuru pakwavanogara. Nepo Wechina Amendment inogovera nzvimbo inowirirana, mitemo yehurumende inogona kupa nhoo dzakasimba zvikuru pamusoro pekuunganidzwa kwemashoko. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vane maruramiro okuramba kunzvera mumamiriro ezvinhu akawanda, kunyange zvazvo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuchiri kubvumirwa kuunganidza mashoko kubva kumanyuko anowanika pachena kana kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kumira. Kunzwisisa kodzero dzomunhu dzokuramba akanyarara mukati mekumira, kodzero yokubvunza kana mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru achida kutsvaka runhare, kana kuti kodzero yokubvunza gweta asati apindura mibvunzo yakasiyana - siyana. Sangano yakaita [[FLT:]

Kutarira Mberi: Kutanga Muitiro Wepamutemo

Zvimiro zvakasiana - siana zvingaumba nguva yemberi yomutemo wemitemo wehurumende. Chokutanga, kuwanda kwemichina yeInternet yeZvinhu (IOT) (vatauri vezvinhu), makamera okudzivirira, motokari dzakabatanidzwa(*) zvichagadzira manyuko matsva emashoko ayo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuchatsvaka kusvika. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa remitemo mu Carcenter [ angatambanudzirwa kuidziro iyi midziyo, asi matare maduku anokamurwa pamusoro pokuti, kana, somuenzaniso, kodzero yeidi chaiyo yokupinda mumugwagwa wemotokari yemotokari yemotokari yemotokari inodikanwa nokuda kwemiitiro yayo yakagadzirwa.

Chechipiri, kushandiswa kwevapurisa mashoko vechitatu kwazova chinhu chinonetsa zvikuru. Masangano emitemo anogona kutenga mashoko pamusoro penzvimbo dzevanhu, kutenga, uye basa repaIndaneti kubva kumanyuko ezvokutengeserana, kubvisa chinodikanwa chekodzero kupfurikidza nokuwana mashoko aiunganidzwa pakuvamba nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokutengeserana. Mamwe matare akatonga kuti muitiro uyu haukanganisi Kuchinja kweNwechina nemhaka yokuti munhu wacho aigoverana nokuzvidira mashoko nesangano rezvekutengeserana, achishandisa dzidziso yechitatu. Zvisinei, vatsigiri vechivande vanopikisa kuti izvi zvinoumba kamukoto kane kane ngozi kanobvumira hurumende kuongorora zvinhu. Zvikamu zvinoverengeka zviri kurangarira mutemo kurambidza kana kutengesa mashoko anorambidzwa.

Chechitatu, kuwedzera kwekurukurirano dzakaziviswa kunopa denho kusimbirira mutemo unotsvaka kusvika mashoko anobva muzvikuva zvakadai seAwassapp kana kuti Chiratidzo. Nepo masangano ehurumende pane dzimwe nguva anogona kuwana metadata pamusoro pokuti ndiani ari kukurukurirana, mashoko acho angasasvikiki pasina batira pamwe negovertimendi yebasa kana kuti kudzorwa kwazvimirimo. Hondo dzemitemo dzingangowedzera pakati pezvinodikanwa nekodzero yokuita kuti mutemo ushande uri woga, wakachengeteka. Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kupfuudza mitemo inoda kuti makambani agadzirire mabhaisirwe kuti aumbe mamo kuti adzokere kujeke, asi matanho akadaro angatarisana nezvinetso zvemitemo yemitemo pasi peFir Amenderi nenheyo yemitemo yekutaura.

Pakupedzisira, hurukuro yavose panzvimbo pokunzverwa iri kuva inoziva zvikuru. Nenhau dzakakwirira dzekodzero dzavagari vemo nokufukidzwa kunowedzera kwezvishandiso zvizhinji zvokunzvera, nzanga dzakawanda dziri kuraira kutarisirwa kwakakomba nokuoneka. Kurayira kwakadai se Surveillance Reformation Act muNew York City uye [FLT:] Communy Control Over Police Surveillance [CCOPS] miraunice mitongo yakasiana-kuratidzira boka rinokura rouswa kuti ride kuvhotera natenderwa kwemikoro itsva. Idzi dzomunzvimbomo dziri kumanikidza mugariro nomutemo kuti dzionezve zviri pakati peko yavose.

mhedziso

Mativi apamutemo ezvokuchengetwa kwomutemo wehurumende nokuunganidzwa kwemashoko anomirira imwe yenharaunda dzine simba zvikurusa nedzinoguma. Gadziriro yeChinjo yechina inoramba iri pamutemo, asi kushandiswa kwayo kuruzivo rutsva kunoramba kuchiedzwa mumatare namasangano. Mitemo yakaenzana neECPA inopa mirauriro inokosha uye ichiripo, nepo mitemo yehurumende inowedzera miganhu yedziviriro inosiana zvikuru munyika. Zvisarudzo zvacho zvinobvira kudare repamusoro redare mu Kururamisiro yedare reSangano. [[FLT: 1]] Kubva kunzira kwapamutemo kumariroro yekodzero] kugovera mirayiro yehurumende inopesana nokuzivikanwa kwechiso chapameso, neyamutengiriro inopfuudzira kukuva pamutemo. Kuchengeteka kuchengeteka kupfurikidza nokuwana dziviriro kwapamutemo, kupfuurira kupfurikidza nokuwana dziviriro kwapamutemo.