Nyaya ino inoongorora zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoongorora zvinoitwa nenjodzi munyika dzakasiyana - siyana, kuongorora mabasa akasiyana - siyana anoita masangano omunharaunda, ehurumende, ehurumende, matambudziko avanosangana nawo, uye kugadzirisa kwavanoita zvinhu zvakanakisisa zvinobuda muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe.

Kunzwisisa Matanho Ezviito Zvokuita Panjodzi

Mhinduro yengwavaira muUnited States inoshanda mukati megadziriro yakavakirwa panheyo yetsika yakaderera zvikuru: mwero wakaderera zvikurusa unokwanisa wehurumende unotungamirira kusvikira pfuma yayo yakurirwa. Mitengo mitatu mikuru(nzvimbo, nyika, uye hurumende) imwe neimwe inounza zviremera zvakati, mano, uye miganhu kukurumidziro. Kupindura kunoshanda kunobva pakubatana kusina musero uye mitsetse yakajeka yekurukurirano pakati peiyi mitsetse.

Chinhambwe Chekwavanogara: Vaibvuma

Masangano omunzvimbomo, kubatanidza mapurisa, madhipatimendi omwoto, mabasa ezvokurapwa kwekurumidziro, uye mahofisi omunzvimbomo ezvoutano, nguva dzose ndiwo okutanga kusvika panzvimbo yengwavaira. Anotanga kutsvaka nokununura, anogovera tarisiro dzekurumidziro, kutanga murairo wezvinoitika, uye kutanga kubuda. Nemhaka yokuti vanoshandisa mukati memagariro evhu negadziriro dzenzanga, vadaviri vemo vanogona kuita chiito nokukurumidza, asi ivowo vane ngozi zvikurusa kukutapurwa nengwavaira. Vashandi, midziyo, uye kugovera ganhuriro kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinova pachena mumaawa okutanga. NCOM) Sylectal Dividetation Exption Systemss (FLD) inoda kurovedza rovedzwa kwavo kwomunzvimbomo, asi kurovedza kugadziriswa.[FLD]

Nyika: Kubatana uye Kushandiswa Kwemanyuko

Hurumende dzinobatira sebhiriji rinokosha pakati penhamburiko dzomunzvimbomo nedzehurumende. Apo ngwavaira inokurira mano omunzvimbomo, gavhuna angazivisa mugariro wekurumidziro, uyo unobvumira kushandiswa kwemari yehurumende, unonyandura mabasa ehurumende ekurumidziro (EOC), uye anogadzirira masangano ehurumende akadai seNational Guard, mapurisa ehurumende, uye madhipatimendi ezvokufambisa noutano. Masangano anotarisirawo zvibvumirano zveyamuro neyamuro. Hurumende inoitawo zvibvumirano zvokuyamurana mukati me . [Meregist Active Manation Compact (EMAC)[FLT], inobvumira kuti vakumbire vashandi nezvombo zvinobva kune dzimwe nyika. Basa guru rokufambisa zvinhu, mari inogoverwa, uye kugovera tsigiro yehurumende dzomunzvimbomo izvo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvogaro. Zvisinei, kudzodzo dzinogona kudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kudzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika muda rekudzo yenjodzi.

Chirefu Chekushanda: Kumisa Kudzokera Shure uye Kumanikidza Zvizhinji

Hurumende yehurumende, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza ne Fateral Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), inopinda apo ngwavaira inopfuura nyika nenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo. Stafford Act inozivisa kubva kuna Purezidhendi inotadza kuyamura, kubatanidza mari yehurumende, kudzorerwa nokuda kwendyiko yemhinduro, uye kugoverwa kwezvinhu zvehurumende zvakadai seromuguta rekutsvaka nerokufambisa basa, Dare reCoast, Dare reGuat, uye zviwanikwa zvehondo. FMA inobatana nevamwe vamiriri vehurumende vakadai se [[FLT:]] Madate akananga nokuda kweDamoswokudzora uye dziviriro (CDCCK: 3).[5]

Fundo 1: Hurricane Katrina (2005) – Kukundikana Kwechiratidzo

Kuparadza kwakaitika musi waAugust 29, 2005, sedutu remuchidhiyo 3, Katrina akakonzera dutu rine njodzi uye kukundikana kwemabhomba muNew Orleans, akarega kuuraya mazana ezviuru zvevanhu uye zvakaguma nokufa kwevanhu vanopfuura 1 800.

Kugamuchira Kwomunzvimbomo

Guta reNew Orleans nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza dzakakurirwa nokukurumidza. New Orleans Police Department yakarasikirwa negadziriro dzekurukurirano, uye vakuru vakuru vazhinji vakarega mabasa avo. Gadziriro yokupukunyuka yeguta racho yaitsamira zvikuru pamotokari dzavanhu voga, ichisiya chiverengero chavagari vemo chisina motokari chapera. Nhamburiko dzokununura dzakaitiswa namapoka avanhuwo zvavo uye vatambi vokutanga vaishandisa zvikepe zvemunhu oga, asi hofisi yomunzvimbomo yekurumidziro yakanga isina midziyo yokutarisira ngwavaira. Mvura yemafashamo zvayakawanda sezvo mafashamo yakawedzera, Superdome neKonsone Center yakava nzvimbo yokunyukira yokunyukira yokupedzisira nezvokudya zvisina kukwana, mvura, uye utsanana.

Mhinduro yeHurumende

Gavhuna Kathleen Blanco akazivisa nyika yekurumidziro isati yasvika, asi hurumende yakatarisana nezvinetso zvakakomba zvokubatira pamwe. Louisiana National Guard yakamiswa, asi mapoka akawanda akanga atovapo muIraq, achideredza simba rinowanika. Kundikano dzekurukurirano pakati pehurumende EOC namasangano omunzvimbomo dzakanonotsa kupiwa kwemigove. Chikumbiro chebetsero yehurumende chakanga chichinonoka kuzadzikwa, uye kusada kwomutongi kuisa murayiro wakakwana kuhurumende yapamutemo yakaita rwisano. Hurumende yakarwisanawo nokuronga kwezvirongwa zvehurumende zvezvirongwa zvezvipo nepo zvokuvanda, sezvo gadziriro dzapamberipo dzakarevesarevesa kukundikana zvakakwana kweLevesve.

Mhinduro Yamauto

Mhinduro yehurumende pasi peFEMA yakatsoropodzwa zvikuru seyakanonoka, yakabviswa, uye yakabva. FEMA Mutungamiriri Michael Brown akava chiratidzo chokusakwanisa pashure pokuudza vatori venhau kuti sangano racho rakanga rangodzidza bedzi pamusoro pemigariro yeConvention Center pashure pedutu. Department of Homeland Security, ichangobva kusikwa pashure pe 9/11, yakakundikana kuisa pamwe masangano ayo ezvikamu zvinobudirira. .S.Guta remhenderekedzo yegungwa rakatakura mauto, asi nhamburiko yose yehurumende yakadzorwa nokushaikwa kwemigove yapamberi , kushaidzwa nezviremera zvomunzvimbomo, uye kukundikana kuziva ukombidziko. Kunzvera kwakatevera kwakatungamirira kugadziridza kukuru mukuita njodzi, kubatanidza kupindura kupfurikidza nokubudisa kudzoka kudzoka ku [Formestrust:]

Chidzidzo chikuru: Kujeka kwemikoto yekurukurirano, kuiswa kwezvinokosha zvehurumende, uye chivako chemirairo chakabatana zvinokosha.

Fundo Yechinetso 2: Moto weCalifornia Warles (208) – Kusvetuka Kwakabatanidzwa

Muna 2018, California yakava nenguva yemoto wemoto waipisa zvikurusa waizivikanwa panguva iyoyo, ichiguma neCamp Fire (November) yakaparadza guta reParadhiso ndokuuraya vanhu 85. Kupindura kwakaratidza zvose zviri zviviri kubudirira kwekubatana uye kukanganisa kwenzanga munzvimbo yesango neUrban.

Kugamuchira Kwomunzvimbomo

Madhipatimendi omunzvimbomo emwoto, kubatanidza Cal Fire (sangano rokudzima moto rehurumende), akatanga kuvapo. Office Comp River yakaputika nemhaka yokusanaya kwemoto, mhepo dzakakwirira, uye mafuta anopisa. Kuchengetwa kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo namaneja ekurumidziro ekurumidziro engozi akaita zviratidzo zvokubuda, asi kumhanya kwomwoto waipfuura gadziriro dzenyevero. Vamwe vagari vemo havana kugamuchira chiziviso chokuvaza uye vaifanira kutiza netsoka. Butte County Sheffiff’s inoshandisa kudzorapy, asi shongwe dzakawanda dzemasero dzakakundikana. Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, vaparidzi vomunzvimbomo vakaponesa zviuru zvoupenyu, uye pashure pezviito zvakasimbisa ushingi uye kupindura kwevatambi vokutanga.

Mhinduro yeHurumende

Gavhuna Jerry Brown akazivisa mugariro wekurumidziro ndokunyandura National Guard, iyo yakagovera tsigiro yendege, shoo-search--recue, uye progistics. California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) yakabatanidza yamuro yakabva kumadhipatimendi omwoto muhurumende yose uye yaiswa zvinhu zvinobva Calilion forfire and Rerence transfering Sy . Hurumende yakashandisawo mabasa ayo anodeya kuzivisa nomufananidzo wemiriro yemoto kuti ikonete , inozivisa kuti kunyange mugariro wokugadzira zvakanaka unogona kudzorwa nemamiriro okunze emo yenzvimbo.

Mhinduro Yamauto

FEMA Iparation Fire Management Grants (FMAGs) yakatenderwa mukati mamaawa, ichifukidza 75% yendyiko dzinofanirwa dzokudzima moto. U.S. Ses Service yeNzvimbo yeMuti yakagadzira dzimwe taisi dzendege nevashandi vemaoko, uye [[FLT] National Motal Entername Service [ yakagovera kufanofungidzira kwemoto kwakakomba. Mhinduro yomubatanidzwa yakarumbidzwa nokuda kwekumhanya nokubatirana, zvikurukuru kuenzaniswa naKatrina. Kunyanguvezvo, rutivi rwokuvandudza rwakatanhamara: kusvika pasi uye vakwegura vakatamburira kuwana betsero yeFORMA, uye kumukanazve. Chino chino chasimbisa kudikanwa kwesangano renyika yehurumende kwete bedzi mukati mokuna kugadziridzwa kwenguva refu.

Chidzidzo chikuru: Gadziriro dzeyamuro dzinovapo dzepamberi penguva namano okudeya kutaura emamiriro okunze zvinowedzera mhinduro, asi kugadzirira kwenzanga negadziriro dzokutiza dzakasimba zvakaenzana.

Nyaya yeChidzidzo 3: COVID-19 Pandemic (20292) – Kuedzwa Kwokushushikana Mupfungwa Kwenyika Yose

MUVENGI weCOVID-19 wakanga wakasiyana nengwavaira ipi neipi munhau yazvino uno, uchitapura mwero uri wose wehurumende panguva imwe cheteyo uye uchipfuurira kwamakore. Mhinduro yakazivisa ganhuriro dzegadziriro yemhinduro yengwavaira yakagadzirirwa nokuda kwezvinoitika zvakakomba, zvoruwa zvaiva nezvinoitika apo zvakatarisana nechinetso choutano chavanhu chinopararira kwenguva refu.

Kugamuchira Kwomunzvimbomo

Madhipatimendi outano omunzvimbomo akava zvishandiso zvenzvero, kunzvera, uye nhomba. Maguta nenhamba dzakabudisa zvikumbiro zvokuvhara, zvikoro nebhizimisi, uye kugadzira zvipatara zvechinguvana. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yomunzvimbomo yakasiana zvikuru: madhipatimendi anosanosimudzirwa munharaunda dzomumaguta akabudirira, nepo madhipatimendi okumaruwa namabasa akasakafanira akarwisa. Kutsamira pachiito chomunzvimbomo kwakatungamirira kubasa remitemo yakanyonganisa ganhuriro dzavose nedzakaoma. Vakuru vakuru vakuru vemo vomunzvimbomo vakatarisanawo nedzorero yezvamatongerwe enyika netyisidziro, vanoratidzira dzvinyiriro yenzanga yezviito zvekurumidziro zvekurumidziro.

Mhinduro yeHurumende

Magavhuna ehurumende aishandisa mirairo inokosha, kuisa kumira pamusha, kutarisira chipatara, uye kuparadzira zvokudzivirira zvomunhu oga (PPE) nenhomba. Dzimwe nyika, seNew York neCalifornia, dzakakurumidza kuita chiito; dzimwe dzakanonoka, kuchitungamirira kupesana nemigumisiro. Nationalal Guard [[[FLL:1]] rakarongwa kuti ritsigire nzvimbo dzokuedza, zvipatara zvokurapa, uye gare gare gare ribatsire nezvinodzivirira zvemajekiseni. Hurumende yakakwikwikwidzanawo nomumwe nomumwe nomumwe uye nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nokuda kwemigove mishoma, kufukurasa , kushaidzwa kwebhuku renyika nokuda kwemitambo yehurumende yakabatana nokuda kwezvipatarati, nemigumisiro yakavhero.

Mhinduro Yamauto

Mhinduro yehurumende yakatanga kuderera. Kuedza kwakanonotswa, uye mabhokisi okuedza apakuvamba eCDC akanga asina kusimba. Trump Administration yakakumbira [[FLT:] Defense Production Act [ kukurumidzisa kugadzira mabumbiro emhepo ne PPPE, asi kuparadzira kwakatsoropodzwa sekwakapesvedzera mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Mubato Warp Rati yakapa gare gare gare gare mishonga inoshanda zvikuru munguva yakanyorwa, kubudirira kukuru kwehurumende. FEMA yakachinja kutsigira nzvimbo dzinodzivirira, uye [FLT:] CD] CD inobudisa nhungamiro idzo dzimwe nguva dzinorwisana nezviratiso. Gaswo rakana Hurumende rinonanwa basa guru mukunzvera, kutongerwa, asi kutongerwa kutongerwa kwadzorwa kwadzorwa zvikuru.

Chidzidzo chikuru: migariro yezveutano yavose inoda zviremera zvakatsaurirwa, simba rezvoutano rakawedzera, uye nzira yenyika inowirirana inoremekedza kuzvitonga kwomunzvimbomo nepo ichivimbisa kusachinjana.

Nyaya 4: Hurricane Harvey (2017) – Simba Rokubatsirana uye Rokuzvipira

Muna August 2017, dutu rePhurriney Harvey rakadzika muTexas, richinaya masendimita anopfuura 40 mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye richikonzera mafashamo anoparadza muHouston nemunharaunda dzakapoteredza.

Kugamuchira Kwomunzvimbomo

Vapinduri vokutanga veHouston vakaitisa zviuru zveyamuro dzemvura, kazhinji kazhinji vachishandisa motokari dzemvura yakakwirira nezvikepe zvakagoverwa navagari vemo voga. Guta racho rakaita kuti nzvimbo dzaro dzekurumidziro dzive nerokufambisa mhepo dzinokurumidza kudzorwa, asi kufashamira kwemvura kwaikurumidza kupfura ndokusiya vakawanda vakapererwa. Maruwa ezvikoro nechechi zvakazarura nzvimbo dzokugara, uye [a rotillaswo yozvipira yavakwaidziri vezvikepetowo chenyika] yakava chiratidzo chokuzvigadziridza nzanga. Mhinduro yomunzvimbomo yakaratidzira kuti kubvisa, mubatanidzwa wehodmhizha unogona kuzadza zvigadziko dzinonetsa apo gadziriro dzehurumende dzinotambanurwa.

Mhinduro yeHurumende

Gavhuna weTexas Greg Abbott akaunganidza madhipatimendi ose eTexas National Guard, akagadzira zvikwata zvokununura zvinomhanya zvemvura, uye akabatira pamwe neTexas Department of Emergency Management. Nyika yakashandisa [[FL:0] texas Intextate Fire Aid System yeMutuact yeUnity [ kuti iuye mumadhipatime okudzima moto kubva kune dzimwe nharaunda. Texas yakakudzawo nzvimbo yenzvimbo yehuro yeHurumende muAustinction kuti itarisire zvikumbiro zvezviwanikwa. Kushanda nesimba kwehurumende kwapamberi yaparidziro, kwakaziviswa nezvidzidzo kubva kumadututuko akambo, zvakarumbidzwa zvikuru.

Mhinduro Yamauto

FEMA yakaiswa migove navashandi pamberi pekurongedzerwa kwapasi, kudzidza kubva mukundikano dzaKatrina. Sangano rakashanda pedyo nehurumende, uye Purezidhendi Trump akasaina zviziviso zvakawanda zvengwavaira nokukurumidza. Army of Engineers yakagona kudzora mafashamo uye gare gare yakabetsera nokubvisa zvisaririra. Zvisinei, kunaya kwakatora makore, uye mhuri dzakawanda dzakawana mari dzakatamburira kufamba nomubato weFAMA. Dutu racho rakasimbisawo kusakwanisa kweNational Inshuwarence program yeMafashamo, kuchitungamirira kukugadziridza.

Chidzidzo chikuru: Kuiswa kwezviwanikwa napakubatanidza zvikwata zvavazvipiri kunogona kuvandudza zvikuru miuyo, asi kunaya kunoraira kuzvipira kwomubatanidzwa.

Zvidzidzo Zvakadzidzwa Pakuongorora Kunoitika Njodzi

Kupfuura nokumwe kuongorora kwezvisarudzo zvina izvi, panenge paine misoro inoverengeka inodzokororwa inogona kutungamirira muitiro womunguva yemberi, kurovedza, uye kuisa mari mubhizimisi:

  • Kugadzirira muitiro unopfuurira, kwete chinoitika. Mwero uri wose wehurumende unofanira kuitisa kurongedzerwa kwenguva dzose, gadziriro dzokuvandudza, uye kuisa mugadziriro yepfuma inokwanisa kugadzirika njodzi isati yaitika. Katrina naHarvey vose vanoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakarongwa pachine nguva mberi zvinofanira kuponesa upenyu.
  • Kubatana uye kushandira pamwe iko kunokosha. Kukundikana kwaKatrina namavambo eCOVID yakabva mumasangano ane zvisizvo namashoko anorwisana. NIMS neICS zvinogovera gadziriro, asi tsinhirano chaiyoiyo inoda chivimbo uye kuziva mamiriro ezvinhu pamwe chete.
  • [ Kujeka nokupapo zvinokosha. Kukurumidza kupfuta kweMurazvo weKampu uye denda reCVOVID19 zvose zviri zviviri zvakaraira kuti vapinduri vagadzirise zvirongwa munguva chaiyoiyo. Tsika dzeRigid dzinogona kudzivisa panzvimbo pebetsero.
  • kusasarura kunofanira kuvakirwa mumhinduro nokunaya. Nzanga dzinowanwa pasi, vanhu vane ruvara, uye vakwegura vanotapurwa nenzira isingaenzaniswi uye vanotarisana nemipingamupinyi mikuru kukuwana yamuro. Kuwana nokupfavisa mibato yebetsero kunokosha.
  • [ Yamuro nebatira pamwe yavose. EMAC, Cajun Navy, uye zvisungo zvesangano zvinoratidzira kuti hapana mwero mumwe wehurumende inogona kukuita. Kuumba iyi wirirano pamberi penjodzi kunoparira mutengo.
  • Chinjo yemakemikari iri kuwedzera ngwavaira. Moto wemusango, madutu, uye zvirwere zviri kuva zvakakomba zvikuru. Kuchinja kunofanira kushanduka kuti kufungidzire zviitiko.

mhedziso

Mhinduro yengwavaira munyika dzose idivi rakaoma renhamburiko yavanhu, gadziriro, uye chido chezvamatongerwe enyika. Nzvero dzePurnair Katrina, mirwi yemhepo inopisa, denda reCHOVID-19, uye Hurricane Harvey inozivisa zvose zviri zviviri bviro nokuda kwebatira pamwe yechienzi nengozi yokusagadzirira. Pamwero womunzvimbomo, magamba anobuda asi upfumi hunenge hwakatete. Pamwero wehurumende, michina yetsinhirano inofanira kuva inokurumidza uye inoshandiswa zvakanaka. Pamwero wehurumende, kumhanya uye mwero zvinofanira kudzikamiswa nokuremekedzerwa nokuda kwechiremera nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Kufunda izvi zvinoitika zvavo uye kubudirira kwavo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera FEMA’s Readdies. gov mirayiridzo yokugadzirira, [[FLT:] CDC] Center yeChengeter and Revolution , uye NAMBA’yakakotsekana mipiro yokudzivirira yechakachengeteka [. Zvidzidzo zvinobva muidziri njodzi hazvisi zvenhauwo zvadzoidzoro dzinoparira kupukunyuka munhambo inowedzera yengozi.