Kutanga Kusarudza Kutsinhirana

Kusarudza idzidziso yebumbiro remitemo iyo Dare guru reUnited States rakashandisa dziviriro dzakananga dzeBill of Rights kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGuant Procession Clausde of the 144th Amendment. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti maruramiro makuru anodzivirirwa pakudziviswa kwehurumende, kwete bedzi kubva pakukurirwa nehurumende. Muzana ramakore rapfuura, nhevedzano yenhau dzechiratidzo dzakabatanidza Bill of Rights kuiswa mumutemo wehurumende, kudzosera American Jurisprudence uye rusununguko rwevagari vemo rwezuva riri rose. Kunzwisisa izvi miraudzo yapakuvamba yevavatangi inodzivirira sei vanhu vamwe navamwe muhurumende zvino uye chiito chehurumende yomunzvimbomo mupasi penyika.

Mubatanidzwa we14th Amendment, wakasimbiswa muna 1868, pakutanga wakanga wakaitirwa kudzivirira varanda vakanga vachangobva kusunungurwa pamitemo yehurumende. Chinotonyanya kurayira kuti pasava nehurumende icha “paradza munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo”. Pakarepo wakava chitima chokuita kuti Bill of Rights Recommon patments itsigire nyika. Muitiro uyu wakanga usiri wokuzviitikira, waida kuti mhosva ingosarudzwa neDare Gurusa, nzira yaizivikanwa seyakasarudzwa. Yaizoda kushandiswa norusununguko rwekodzero dzose, yaizoda kushandisa Bill yekodzero dzose munyika imwe chete, yakabvumira Dare rokusarudza kodzero dzaro kuti risvike kodzero dzaro kuidzorwa ku “pfungwa yokusarudza kusunungurwa. Dare raidzorwa kupfurikidza nokukakava nemitemo yekodzero yaidzokororwa.

Masangano Apakuvamba: Gitlow v. New York uye First Amendment

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Pamberi pa 1925, Bill of Rights yakanzwisiswa kuva inoganhurira bedzi hurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Nhau ye Gitlow v. New York yakachinja kuti. Benjamin Gittow, musocialist, akawanwa ane mhaka mumutemo woutsotsi muNew York wekubudisa chinyorwa chinosimudzira kuparadzwa kwehurumende nesimba. Gitlow yakataura kuti mutemo wakaputsa rusununguko rwake rwokutanga kusununguka. Dare rapamusoro, muchisarudzo cha 7-2, rakatsigira kutendiswa kwake pamipimo asi, nomutoo wakakomba, akazivisa nheyo itsva: “Nokuti zvinangwa zvazvino tingazvifunga kuti rusununguko rwehurumende runosimudzira uye rusununguko rwokutaura nepepa rokudhindah", runodzivirirwa nePuturomendi yoKutanga kupfurikidza neGerbrimendiro yekodzero huru pakati pe‘magamendero yekodzero dzomunhu oga oga nekodzero dzakadzivirirwa kudzo dzakava kudzorwa kupfurikidza nokupfumiswa.

Iyi rondedzero (_noutaundi) yakava hwaro hwedzidziso yose yakasarudzwa. Dare harina kushandura zvakananga kupwiswa kwaGitlow, asi rakazarura suo nokuda kwezvinetso zvapashure. Revo haigoni kupfuvurwa: kwenguva yokutanga, Dare Gurusa rakaziva kuti rugwaro rweFirst Amendment yakasununguka yaishandiswa kumitemo yenyika. Iyi muenzaniso wakagadza nzvimbo nokuda kwemhaka yenhau dzekubatanidza mumakumi amakore akatevera. Zvikurukurukuru, Dare rakasumawo “komba kwakashata” kuedza kutaura, gare gare gare kutsiviwa nemipimo yakawanda yokudzivirira kutaura, asi nheyo inovapo pachayo yakatsungirira.

Pedyo naMinnesota (1931)

Chinguvana pashure peGitlow, Dare rakabatanidza rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau. Mu Near Mennesota, Dare rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende uyo wakabvumira kudzorwa kwapamberi pezvisarudziro zvamapepanhau ainzi “negwema, anonyadzisa, uye anonyadzisira.” Chisarudzo chacho chairamba kuti Dare reFirst Amendment raivimbisa kuti nyika dzinoshanda kupfurikidza neGazhedrymendment, richidzivisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vasanzveresa zvinyorwa. Iyi yakasimbisa kuti rusununguko rwakadzivirirwa nomutoo wakafanira runobatanidza mutezo wapachena wapachena, dziviriro inokosha nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Kupara mhosva uye Kumukira kweWarren Court

Wedzero inoshamisa zvikurusa yokubatanidzwa kunoshamisa zvikurusa yakaitika mukati mama 1960 pasi peMutongi Mukuru Earl Warren. Dare reWarren rakashandisa nomutoo wakarongeka inenge dziviriro dzose dzemuitiro woutsotsi dzeBill of Rights kumatare ehurumende nokuchengetwa kwomutemo, kuchichinja zvikurukuru dzikamo pakati pechiremera chehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu. Izvi zvisarudzo zvakaparira dzimwe dzemhindu yakakurumbira zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica.

Map v. Ohio (1961): Exclussionary Armlief Applie kuUnited States

Mapp v.O. yakataura dziviriro yeFreadment panzvero isina mufungo nepfariso. Dollree Map yakawanwa ane mhaka yokuva nezvinhu zvinonyadzisa pashure pokunge mapurisa apinda mumusha wake pasina pamutemo. Dare Gurusa rakachinja kupwisa kwake, richiva noufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweRemendement yeNhene yeChinainderene. Dare raibatanidza mutemo wokubvisa tsvina nepfambiso nemhiko rakatongesa dare rehurumende (*tomaclee Procesting Claus of the 1450 Restem Reversementation. Chiratimendidzo chakataura kuti maruramiro okusakarurama akasununguka kunzvera kusina mufungo kana usingagoni kuwanikwa nenzira isina pamutemo chisarudzo chapamutemo. Ichi chakanga chisina kubvumwa mutongo kana chikaidziko yakaitwa nokukurumidza: mamiriro enyika zvinotongeriso akateverwa zvinototeverwa zvichirisonwa zviri pachena.

Gideon (1963): Kodzero yeZano

Zvichida hapana chinoitika chinoenzanisira zviri nani chipikirwa chemibatanidzwa yakasarudzwa kupfuura [[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwright. Clarence Earl Gideon akanga ari mupomeri murombo akapomerwa kuputsa muhoro yedziva reFlorida. Iye aisagona kubhadhara gweta ndokukumbira kuti dare rigadzire rimwe, asi Florida bedzi rakagovera zano mumhaka yedangwe. Gidheoni akazvimirira amene uye akapiwa mhaka. Dare Rapamusoro raibvumirana kuti kodzero yeSixter Amendment yezano ikodzero inokosha kutsika kupfurikidza neGenesith Reformation. Dare rakarangarira kuti kutonga kusingabviri kusina ruramisiro nokuda kweavo vasingagoni kubhadhara. “Kururama mumwe woutsotsi kupiwa mhaka kudare hakuitwi.

Miranda muArizona (1966): Custodial Interrogmentations and Upersonal à récurection

Mira v. Arizona yakabatanidza dziviriro yeFindrement painenge yazvipinza mugadziriro yehurumende youtsotsi. Dare rakataura kuti mashoko akaitwa neanonyumwirwa mukati mebvunzurudzo yekodzero haasati achishaikwa kutoti mapurisa akatanga kuzivisa kufungira simba rokuramba akanyarara, kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chinotaurwa chinogona kushandiswa mukurwisana navo, uye maruramiro egweta (kunyangana) kunyange kana vasingagoni kuwana mumwe. Dare raida kuti vanonyumwira nokuzvidira kodzero idzi. Chisarudzo ichi, nepo chinopesana, chakanangidzirwa kutanga kuzivisa kusadzikama pakati pehurumende nebvunzurudzwa. Chinotambanu chaGaratidzo cheFindber kuti chibata kudzivirira chikwava chikwa chakakurumbira cheAmerica. Mirratio inoto yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yeAmerica zvino.

Duncan muLouisiana (1968): Kodzero Yokutongwa naJury

Dare Gurusa reLouisiana rakanga raramba kutonga kwedare radare ramatare anobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva yairangwa kusvikira kumakore maviri mutorongo, richitaura kuti kutonga kwedare ramatare hakuna kudikanwa mumatare edare nokuda kwemhaka dzehurumende dzisina kuoma. Mu Duncan v. Louisiana, Dare Gurusa reSikisi rakati Kodzero reSikisi kutongwa kwedare rapamutemo mumhaka yakakomba yeutsotsi uye rinoshanda kuhurumende. Dare rakatsanangura kuti kutonga kwedare redare ndekwo “kudzivirira mutongo wakashata kana kuti kushinga uye pamusoro pevachuridzi, vasingadi kusarura. Iyi mhaka yakaita zvakajeka kuti kodzero dzakadudzwa musitanhatu jumendimendimendio, uye kutongwa kwavose muchisarudzo chorudyi, uye kutongedzero chapamutemo chapamutemo mukutonga pamutemo.

Kutsiva Kusingabviri Muitiro Weutsotsi: Kuwedzera Kwazvino Uno

Zvisarudzo zvakazoitwa gare gare zvakashandisa Second Amendment, mativi eSendromendment, uye dzimwe dziviriro kuhurumende, zvichiratidzira mhindumupindu inopfuurira yedzidziso yacho.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010): Pedersion Yechipiri

Kwemakumi amakore, hurumende dzehurumende nedzenyika dzakaisa mitemo yokudzora pfuti pasina kunetseka nokuda kweChipiri Amendment, yakanga isina kumbobatanidzwa. Murangariro weMcDonald v. Chicago, Dare Gurusabheti rairangarira kuti kodzero yeChipiri yePendeko rePremendement yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvidzora ndeyekukosha uye kushandira hurumende yomunzvimbomo. Dare raivimba neMutezo mumwe chetewo waClauslee wakaita kuti dzimwe kodzero, kunyange zvazvo rairangarirawo kodzero kana kuti Immogate Claus Claske nenzira isingabudiswi. McDonald Chicagodhad anosharira pasi resimba rehurumende uye mitemo yomunzvimbomo kuti iwirirane nemitemo yeChildcend yakateswa muGeneclacest Columbian v. Ichi chisarudzo ichi chakatamba chigamu chigamu chake murudyi chorudyi chavanhu muGheader.

Timbs v. Indiana (2029): Mafiro akanyanyisa

Mhaka hurusa yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa ndi Timbs v. Indiana, iyo yaidavira kuti kurambidza kweSeleh Amendment pafaindi yakanyanyisa kunoshanda kunyika. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza murume ane $42 000 Land Rover yakabatwa pashure pokunge apiwa mhaka yokutengesa zvinodhaka zvinorema mazana mashomanene amadhora. Dare rakabvumirana kuti dziviriro yeSendmentation pafashoni yakabatanidza kupfurikidza neSaint Claus Claus. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa nheyo yokuti Bill weRegion reRevotion anoganhurirwa pasimba rehurumende rokuisa zvirango zvirango zvitsauko zvinopfuurwa zvinopfuurwa namarisa.

Revo Yaaya Makanganwa Ezviratidzo

Kubatana kwemhosva dzinosarudzwa kukura. Vakachinja Bill of Rights kubva pamitemo inorambidza hurumende kuva chibvumirano chenyika yose chokusunga rusununguko pahurumende imwe neimwe. Hedzino nharaunda dzinokosha dzinoverengeka dzoukoshi:

  • Kuchinja kwekodzero dzeChivimbo: vaAmerica zvino vanofarikanya zvikurukuru dziviriro dzakafanana dzehwaro hukurusa pasinei zvapo nehurumende yavari kugara. Mugari womuimwe nyika haagoni kunyimwa kutonga kwedare redare, gweta, kana kuti maruramiro okuramba akanyarara munzira iyo isati iri nzvimbo yehurumende mune imwe nyika.
  • Simba raVanhu vamwe navamwe: Vanhu vanogona kudenha mitemo yehurumende nezviito mudare vachishandisa kutaura kumwe cheteko kwebumbiro remitemo kwaitongowanika mukurwisana bedzi nehurumende yehurumende. Ikoku kwakapa simba maruramiro avagari vemo, kubva kukusazvibata kwamapurisa kusvikira kukusunungura kukakavadzano dzokutaura.
  • Federalist neHurumende youchangamire: Kuwedzera kworudzi rwekubatanidzwa kwoutongi hunoremekedzwa nepo huchiri kuisa mipimo mikuru yenyika. Nyika dzinoramba dziri marabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi dzinofanira kushanda mukati megadziriro yemipimo mikuru. nokudaro dzidziso inoparira dzikamo pakati pekufanana nemhatsa.
  • Kuchinja kweChiratidzo cheCriminal Justice: Zvisarudzo zvoutsotsi zveWarren Court (* Zvikurukuru Gideon, Miranda, uye Mapp(] zvakabvisa ngozi yokudavirwa kwakaipa uye kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba remapurisa. Mahofisi avose anodzivirira, kudzorwa kwemitemo, uye Miranda zvazova zvinokosha kutsika yeruramisiro yeutsotsi.
  • Nharo Dzisingachinji: Kusarudza kunoramba kuri nhau yekurukurirano yenyanzvi nekutonga. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti dzidziso yacho yakabvumira jaji rehurumende kukurira zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvepamutemo, nepo vatsigiri vachipikisa kuti inodzivirira musimboti werusununguko usiri wapamutemo. Mutoo wekubatanidza(hn) kupfurikidza neBasa reCured kana kuti Ronga kana kuti Immunions (maganity) inopfuurirawo kukwikwikwidzwa, sezvinoonwa mumifungo yakaparadzana muMcDonald.

Iyi nhau yakatanhamara yakagadzawo mipimo yapamutemo inokosha nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo, miitiro yokutonga, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

mhedziso

Nhau yokusarudza ndiimwe yefambiro mberi dzinokosha zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Kuvambira nokufungidzira kwaGitlow muna 1925, Dare Rapamusoro-soro pashoma napashoma rakashandisa zvizhinjisa zveBill of Rights kuhurumende, kuramba kubatanidzwa kwakakwana mukutsigira maruramiro anongwarira, kana kuti mhaka inenge yanangidzirwa parusarudzi rukurusa. Nhau dzechiratidzo dzakakurukurwa pano /Gitrow, Nechemberi, Map, Gideon, Minda, Dunca, McDonald, uye Timbs (illusth) dzinoisa pachena kuti Bumbiro reMitemo yemitemo rakachinjirwa sei kudzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yorudzidziso patyisidziro yapakaresa. Kunzwisisa izvi nhau, uye nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinowirirana dzinogona kusimbisa kuti idzi nhau dzinogarwa pasina kupfupikisa migariro pamutemo. Zvisarudzodzo dzinova dzinobvumikisa kubvumikisa kuva dzinotengwa nemho.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Gitlow v. New York (Oyez), Mapp v. Ohio (Oyez), [[FLT:] Gideon v. Wainwr (Cernell LII), [[FT:6]] Marda. Arizona (Ez][FLT]], uye [[FLT:] , [[FLT]]