Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa kuti gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinodzivirira sei ndokutsigira urwu rusununguko runokosha kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa ukuru hwekodzero dzavo nemitoro zvinouya navo. Iyi nhungamiro ine udzame inonzvera nzira dzakaoma kunzwisisa nadzo kuratidzirwa kwemifungo yemitemo pasina kuongororwa, kudzorwa, kana kuti kudzorwa nehurumende.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yokutaura Kwakasununguka

First Amendment kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinoti: “Konapa haisati ichizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yavanhu kuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwekugadziridza zvigumbu." Rugwaro urwu rwehwaro, runoumbwa namashoko 45 chete, rwakaumba hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica kwamazana maviri amakore uye runopfuurira kupesvedzera dziviriro dzekutaura kwakasununguka munyika yose.

Pakuvamba ichishanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, First Amendment yakakudziridzwa kupfurikidza neKineth Amendment, Dare Gurusa richisimbisa kuti iyi gadziridzo inobatanidza dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment, kureva mwero yose yehurumende(federal, hurumende, uye yomunzvimbomo) inofanira kuremekedza maruramiro okutaura akasununguka. Uku kukura, kunozivikanwa seComplion, kwakachinja zvikuru kuti dziviriro dzakasununguka dzinoshanda sei muUnited States.

Kutanga muma1920, Dare Repamusorosoro rakatanga kuverenga First Amendment zvakafara zvikuru, uye muitiro uyu wakawedzera muma1960, nokudzivirirwa zviri pamutemo neFirst Amendment zvino yava nesimba kupfuura kare munhau yedu.Kushanduka - shanduka uku kunoratidza kuchinja tsika dzenzanga uye kuwedzera kuzivikanwa kwokutaura kwakasununguka sokunokosha pakudzora kwoubati ushe hwehurumende.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kutaura Kunodzivirira Sei?

Dare Gurusa rakaziva kuti dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment dzinotambanukira kukutaura kwomunhu oga uye kwavose ku "mukurondwa kwamarudzi akawanda emigumisiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, yenzanga, yezvemari, yedzidzo, yerudzidziso, uye yetsika. Iyi dziviriro yakafara inobatanidza zvinopfuura mashoko anotaurwa chete.

Matauriro Akadzivirirwa

First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura, kutaura kwakanyorwa uye kwokufananidzira, uyewo kuita zvinhu zvinonzi zvitaure, pasinei nezviri kutaurwa, zvaunotaura, zvaunopfeka, zvaunoverenga kana kuti zvaunoita zvinodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment.

Kutaura kwokufananidzira kunomirira boka chairo remashoko akadzivirirwa. Dare Rapamusorosa rakasarudza muTexas v. Johnson (1989) kuti kupisa mureza chimiro che "kutaura kwokufananidzira" kunodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment. Ichi chisarudzo chechiratidzo chakabvumikisa kuti mufambiro unonyandura, kunyange apo unomutsa nharo kana kuti unogumbura vazhinji, unowana dziviriro yapamutemo apo inopa shoko rakati.

Kodzero yevadzidzi kupfeka zvibayiso zvemaoko matema kuchikoro kuti vatsutsunge hondo yakadzivirirwa munheyo yokuti "Vadzidzi havasati vachibvisa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo pasuo reimba yechikoro". Iyi nheyo inobva kuna Tinker v. Des Moines yazova faundesheni yamaruramiro avadzidzi okutaura mumiganho yedzidzo.

Kutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika: Mutsetse Wedziviriro Yokutanga

Dare rave richirangarira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika nendangariro kuva musimboti weFirst Amendment, kubatanidza kutaura pamusoro pe "hurumende, urudzi, rudzidziso, kana kuti dzimwe nhau dzemurangariro. ” Kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunowana mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wedziviriro nemhaka yokuti kunokosha kukuzvitonga kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji nokuzvidavirira.

Hurumende haigoni kudzivisa vanhu kutaura mirangariro yavo panhau dzavose kana kuti kutsoropodza zviito zvavakuru vakuru vehurumende, sezvo ikoku kungasekesa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupfurikidza nokudzivisa vagari vemo kuwana mashoko akazara nepfungwa.

Kutsoropodzwa kwehurumende, kusagutsikana mune zvematongerwe enyika, uye kutsigira pfungwa dzisingafarirwi idzo vanhu vangaona dzichisemesa kana kuti dzinopesana nomutemo wavanhu nguva dzose kunodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment.

Kugumbura uye Kuvenga Kutaura

Kudzivirira uku kunoratidza pfungwa dzinokosha dzokuti hurumende haifaniri kubudisa pfungwa dzinogamuchirika kunyange pfungwa dzacho padzinoonekwa sedzisina musoro, dzinogumbura, dzounzenza kana kuti dzoruvengo.

Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti "kuvenga kutaura" kunowanzodzivirirwa, kuchisarudza munhevedzano yenhau idzo kutaura kunongotsigira bedzi masimba masimba asi kusati kuchibvira kuparira masimba masimba anokurumidza kunodzivirirwa. Uku kuita kunosiana zvikuru namamwe marudzi mazhinji edemokrasi anorambidza kutaura kunovenga.

MuUnited States, kutaura kworuvengo kunodzivirirwa zvikuru muFirst Amendment, kwakavakirwa papfungwa yokuti harisi basa rakakodzera rehurumende kuedza kudzivirira vanhu papfungwa nemirangariro yavanowana isingadiwi, isingafarirwi, kana kuti kunyange kutogumbura zvikuru, nebasa rehurumende rokudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu rwokutaura vachiedza kubvumira kutaura kwepfungwa dzisingafarirwi uye dzinopesana uye dzinokurudzira kukurukurirana zvakasimba panyaya dzevanhu kunyange apo kukurukurirana kwakadaro kunenge kuchigumbura kana kuti kuvenga kunokonzera vamwe kunzwa kurwadziwa, kutsamwa, kana kuti kutya.

Kunzwisisa Zvausingakwanisi: Kutaura Kusingadzivirirwi

Kunyange zvazvo First Amendment ichidzivirira, haina kuzara.First Amendment to the Constitution of the U.S. inodzivirira “rusununguko rwokutaura, ” asi dziviriro iyoyo haisati iri yakakwana. Dare Rapamusoro rakazivisa mapoka mashoma anoverengeka okutaura anokundikana panzvimbo pedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo.

Kunyandurira Chiito Chisina Kutsaurwa Chomutemo

First Amendment haidziviriri kutaura kunonyandura vanhu kuputsa mutemo, kubatanidza kuita mabasa amasimba masimba, nechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro muBrandenburg v. Ohio chokuti “vimbiso dzemitemo dzekutaura kwakasununguka nedzemapepanhau dzakasununguka hadzibvumiri Hurumende kurambidza kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwesimba kana kuti kupunzwa kwomutemo kunze kwepo kunoitwa kunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye sezvingabvira kunonyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro.

Kuongorora uku kweBrandenburg kunotanga chiteshi chikuru chokurambidza kutaura kwakavakirwa pabviro yako yokuparira chiito chisiri chapamutemo.

Tyisidziro Dzechokwadi

Muchinoitika chayo chazvino uno zvikurusa kunzvera "tyisidziro dzechokwadi", Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarondedzera tyisidziro dzechokwadi dzisingadzivisiki kubatanidza kutaura ikoko uko mukurukuri anoreva kutaura kwakakomba kwedonzo rokuita masimba masimba apamutemo pamunhu akati kana kuti boka ravanhu vamwe navamwe. Musiyano mukuru ndowokuti mukurukuri anofanira kuronga kuisa nyajambwa murutyo, kunyange kana ivo vasina kurangarira zvomenemene kuita tyisidziro yacho.

Kutyisidzira mumwe munhu kusingadzivirirwi, hurumende ichikwanisa kupindira kana munhu ane mufungo achizodavira kuti tyisidziro yacho ndeyechokwadi.

Mashoko Anorwisa

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakatanga kuziva mashoko anonzi "kurwa" kunze kweFirst Amendment muna 1942. Zvisinei, uku kusiiwa kwakadudzirwa zvishoma zvikuru munguva. Kutaura kunogona kudzivirirwa kana kwakatsamwa kana kuti kwakashatirwa uye mitemo inorambidza kurwa mashoko inofanira kusanorongwa.

Mashoko anorwa, sezvinorondedzerwa neDare, ndiwo mashoko okuti "kunyandura kuputsika kworugare nokukurumidza" kupfurikidza nokunyandura kurwa, chero bedzi ari aya okuti a“ tsvina kwomunhu oga [shoko] iro, apo rinotaurwa kuvagariwo zvavo, inhau yezivowo zvayo, sezvingabvira kunyandura kuita kwamasimba masimba," nokutaura kwakadaro kunoda kunzi kunzi kunoitwa kumunhu anonzwa" uye "pashoma napashoma kuti kuonwe se‘kutuka kwakananga kwomunhu oga ’."

Kupandukira

Kureva nhema pamusoro pomumwe munhu kuti aparadze mukurumbira wavo (kureva nhema pakunyorwa, kuchera pakutaura) kunogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro yepamutemo, sezvo kuzvidza kusingadzivirirwi neFirst Amendment.

Uori

Hurumende inogona kudzora zvinhu zvinonyadzisa, zvikurukuru zviri mumashoko akajeka muvatano uye asina ukoshi hwakakomba hwemabhuku, hwounyanzvi, hwezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti hwesayenzi, kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo chavakuru vazhinjisa chisati chichirangarirwa kuva chinonyadzisa chinodzivirirwa muFirst Amendment. Kuedzwa kwapamutemo kwoushati, kwakatangwa muMiller v. California, kunoda kuti kufadza zvinhu kufariro dzakashata, kushatise chose chose chose, uye kushaiwa ukoshi hwakakomba.

Dzimwe Nzira Dzisina Kudzivirirwa

Marudzi ekutaura kunopiwa dziviriro shomanene kana kuti isina dziviriro neFirst Amendment (uye naizvozvo ingaganhurirwa) anobatanidza ushati, kunyengera, zvinonyadzisira zvavana, kutaura kunokosha kumufambiro usiri wapamutemo, kutaura kunonyandura chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo, kutaura kunoputsa mutemo wepfuma yepfuma yepfuma yepfuma, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, uye kutaura kwezvokutengeserana kwakadai sokushambadzira. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe cheizvi chakasanorondedzerwa kupfurikidza namakumi amakore eSupreme Court Jurisrustrudence.

Kushandisa Kunoita Matare Kudzivirira Kutaura

Kuoma kwakaita kushandisa mitemo yemitemo kugadzirisa matauriro uye kuchinja magariro evanhu.

Mativi Okunzvera Kutonga

Mutezo weFirst Amendment wazvino uno weSangano reFirst Constpruprudection wakakweverwa kukushandiswa kwezvikamu zvenzvero yokutonga kunovambira pahwaro hune mufungo (mupimo muduku webumbiro remitemo) kusvikira kunzvero yorumano (mupimo wakaoma kuti hurumende igutsirwe). Mwero wokunzvera unoshandiswa unotsamira parudzi rwokutaura uye kuti hurumende iri kukudzora sei.

Dare rinohwirudzura sezvingabvira raizoshandisa nzvero yorumano kukutungamirira mutemo kutaura kwakadzivirirwa pahwaro hwezviri mukati mawo — ndiko kuti, musoro waro kana kuti shoko, nokunzverwa kworumano kuva mupimo wakaoma zvikuru kuti hurumende igutsire nemhaka yokuti rinoda chibvumikiso chokuti mutemo mutoo muduku unoganhurira wokufambisira fariro yehurumende inogombedzera.

Kazhinji kazhinji, mitemo inodzora kutaura kwakavakirwa pazviri (i., nhau yakwo yenhau, musoro, kana kuti murangariro) inonzverwa zvikuru, kunze kwemirau yekutaura kwezvokutengeserana (zvikurukuru, kushambadzira kwezvigadzirwa), uko kunowanzowana nzvero yapakati. Uyu musiano unoratidzira murangariro weDare uyo ganhuriro dzakavakirwa pazviri mukati dzinoparira tyisidziro hurusa kukutaura kwakasununguka.

Zvipingamupinyi zvezvinenge zvirimo zvakadzika midzi.

Mitemo yakavakirwa pazviri mukutaura kazhinji kazhinji haiwirirani nemitemo. Hurumende haigoni kutendera mirangariro yakati kana kuti vanhu vanotongwa pamusoro pavamwe pakutungamirira. masangano ehurumende navakuru vakuru vehurumende vanorambidzwa kudzora kana kuti kuganhurira kutaura kana kuti kutaura kana kuti mamwe mashoko akavakirwa pazviri mukati mayo kana kuti murangariro.

Zvisinei, mitemo isingatsigiri mibatanidzwa inotarisana nehwirudzuro hushoma. Mitemo pamusoro pekutaura isingabatanidzi zviri mukutaura yacho sezvingabvira zvikuru ingadzivisa nzvero pasi peFirst Amendment, inowanzozivikanwa se "nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo" ganhuriro, nemirau inoiswa nezvirimo yezvirimo ingagona kubatanidza mirau yemitemo inodzora nokuiswa kwezviratidzo panzvimbo yehurumende, kana kuti mitemo inoganhurira nzvimbo noukuru hwekuramba, maawa apo zvinogona kuchengetwa, kana kuti ukuru hwezvishandiso zvinoisa mashoko.

Kuti uve pamutemo, murairo wakadaro unofanira kuzadzika zvinodikanwa zvitatu: Chokutanga, unofanira kuva usina kusarura, uchishandisa pasina kurangarira shoko riri kupiwa; chechipiri, unofanira kusanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro huru yehurumende, yakadai sekotsekano yavose; uye chechitatu, ganhuriro yacho inofanira kusiya mikoto yakazaruka yakakwana nokuda kwavakurukuri kuti vagokurukura shoko ravo.

Kushanda Kwakaita Mashoko Acho

Mashoko akapoteredza umo hurumende inodzora kutaura anokoshawo, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa richiva nokuedza kwakananga kana kuti gadziriro dzokuyera ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pakutaura kwavadzidzi muzvikoro, zviito zvokuranga vashandi vehurumende nokuda kwokutaura kwavo, uye miitiro inoganhurira avo vanogona kutaura pamusoro pezvinzvimbo zvehurumende.

First Amendment inodzivirira zvishoma zvikuru mugadziriro apo hurumende ine udzori hukuru, kubatanidza zvikoro zvehurumende nenzvimbo dzehurumende. Muaya mashoko akapoteredza, basa rehurumende somudzidzisi kana kuti mushandirwi rinoruramisa chiremera chokuwedzera chokudzora kutaura kusingabviri mumifungo yavose.

Basa Rinonetsa Rematare Mukudzivirira Kutaura Kwakasununguka

Matare anonyanya kutungamirira kodzero dzokutaura, achitsanangura urongwa hwebumbiro remitemo uye anosarudza kuti hurumende inorambidza rini kuita zvinhu zvinopesana nemutemo.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kududzira Bumbiro Romutemo

Kuongorora kwacho kunoda kubudisa pachena mipimo yapamutemo yakakodzera inobva kumuenzaniso weDare Rapamusorosoro uye kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kushandisa mipimo iyoyo kumashoko matsva namasvikiro okutaura, nenzvero dzakawanda dzakasununguka dzakanangidzirwa pakusarudza mipimo yapamutemo yakafanira yokushandisa kumutemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende chinodenhwa apo muparadzi anowedzera kutaura kwokutanga kana kuti dziviriro mudare.

Chiremera ichi chinodzivisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende kusarudza kuti kutaura kupi kunobvumirwa pashure penguva yakati, kuva nechokwadi chokuti mibvunzo yokutaura yakasununguka inogamuchira hwirudzuro yokuzvimirira nedare rinotonga.

Chiratidzo Chezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Sullivan akatonga nyaya ya1963 inonzi Bantam Books kana kuti Sullivan kuti hurumende haigoni kuita tyisidziro dzinopesvedzera kutaura uye dzakatsigira chisarudzo ichocho mukutonga kwakatevera. Iyi nheyo inodzivirira kuongororwa kusina kunanga kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kwehurumende.

Mune imwe nharaunda inonzi Near Minnesota (1931) uye New York Times Co. neUnited States (1971), Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga kuti First Amendment yakadzivirira kudziviswa kwezvinenge zviitiko zvose zvokuongorora paruzhinji (hwunodokuva nhau dzose.

Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisazve kuti kodzero yokugamuchira mashoko ikodzero inokosha yakadzivirirwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. parakarangarira kana boka rechikoro romunzvimbomo richiputsa Bumbiro reMitemo kupfurikidza nokubvisa mabhuku muraibhurari yechikoro, richirangarira kuti "kodzero yokugamuchira pfungwa chinhu chiri madikanwa kukushandiswa kune revo kwekodzero dzake amene dzokutaura, pepanhau, uye rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuzivikanwa kunotambanudza dziviriro yeFirst Amendment kupfuura vakurukuri kubatanidza vateereri.

Kudzikamisa Miedzo Nemipimo

Kunyange apo hurumende inenge ichidzora kutaura kwomunhu oga, dare rinohwirudzura denho yeFirst Amendment ringasarudza kuti murairo wacho unowirirana neFirst Amendment kana uchitsigirwa nefariro yehurumende yakakwana uye mutoo wakakodzera. Dare rinofanira kusanoyera fariro dzinokwikwidzana, richirangarira zvose zviri zviviri ukoshi hwokutaura uye ruramiso yehurumende yokukuganhurira.

Hapana muedzo mumwe wakakwana wokusarudza kana mutemo wokutaura uchiwirirana neFirst Amendment. Uku kuchinja kunobvumira matare kuchinjira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana nepo achichengeta dziviriro huru nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka.

Zvaiitwa Nehurumende Pachivande: Kusiyana Kukuru

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru uye kazhinji kazhinji zvisinganzwisisiki zvomutemo werusununguko rwokutaura chinosanganisira kusiyana kwehurumende nezvinoitwa nomunhu oga.

Chiito cheHurumende

Free Spee Claus inonyanya kurambidza hurumende kuti itaure yoga, ine miganhu yokutaura inoiswa nemasangano evanhu, uye hurumende inoganhurirwa pakutaura kwayo, kazhinji kacho isingabatanidzi First Amendment.

First Amendment inodzivisa bedzi ganhuriro dzehurumende pakutaura uye haidzivisi ganhuriro pakutaura dzinoiswa navanhu voga kana kuti mabhizimisi.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga Nezvikamu Zvevanhu

Zvikuva zvikuru, zvakadai semakambani esocial network, kazhinji kazhinji masangano avanhu uye akasununguka kupfurikidza nezviri pakati nepakati, anoganhurira maakaundi, kana kuti anodzikamisa Mitemo yawo yeBasa, neizvi zvinowanzonzi mwero wezviri mukati, kuva kungwarira kupepeta nhau uye kusaputsa Kuchinja Kwokutanga. Vashandisi veizvi zvikuva havana kodzero dzapamutemo dzokutaura norusununguko mukurwisana nechikuva chimene.

First Amendment inodzivirira vagari vemo pakuongororwa kwehurumende, asi haishandi kuvatambi vehurumende sevashandirwi kana kuti makambani anobudisa nhau, kureva kuti kambani yavanhu inogona kudzima mushandi zviri pamutemo nokuda kwokutaura kwavo, mugumisiro waisazobvumirwa kudai mushandirwi wacho akanga ari hurumende.

Masangano Avose Nevaiti Vemitemo Vehurumende

Mayunivhesiti avose akadai seIowa State ari pasi peganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoiswa muFirst Amendment, dzose dziri mbiri mumutemo wehurumende/mutongo, uye angasaputsa rusununguko rwomunhu rwomunhu rwokutaura. Ikoku kunoreva kuti makoreji avose namayunivhesiti anofanira kuremekedza maruramiro okutaura akasununguka munzira idzo masangano avanhu oga haadikanirwi nenzira yebumbiro remitemo kuita.

Kunyange zvazvo mashoko ebumbiro remitemo achidzivisa Congress kuti ivhiringidze rusununguko rwokutaura uye rwokubudisa nhau, First Amendment inoshanda kumarudzi ose evatambi vehurumende vari munzvimbo yehurumende, hurumende, uye nzvimbo.

Kutaura Kwakasununguka Mune Mamwe Mashoko

Kunzwisisa kusiyana - siyana kwemashoko kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva kuti kodzero dzavo dzokutaura dzinoshanda rini uye sei.

Kutaura Kwevadzidzi Muzvikoro

Vadzidzi vane kodzero dzinokosha dzokutaura mudzidzo, kunyange zvazvo kodzero idzi dzisina kufanana nedziya dzinofarikanywa nevakuru munzanga dzegamuchidzanwa.Vadzidzi havaregi kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo pagedhi reimba yechikoro, uye First Amendment inodzivirira kukwanisa kwavo kutaura pfungwa, kunyange panhau dzinomutsa nharo.

Yunivhesiti ingadzora nenzira ine mufungo nguva, nzvimbo uye mutoo wokutaura kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti haidzongonyedzi mibatowo zvayo yeyunivhesiti.

Vadzidzisi vanogona kurangwa nokuda kwokutaura kunokurudzira vadzidzi kupinda mumufambiro usiri wapamutemo kana kuti usina kufanira.

Kutaura Kwevashandi Voruzhinji

Munhau dzeFirst Amendment, hurumende ine chiremera chikuru zvikuru chebumbiro remitemo chokudzora kutaura kwavashandi vayo.vashandi vehurumende havarasikirwi nekodzero dzose dzorusununguko rwokutaura, asi fariro yehurumende somushandirwi inobvumira ganhuriro dzisati dzaizova dzapamutemo kana dzikashandirwa kuvanhu vose zvavo.

First Amendment haidzivisi sangano rehurumende kuda mushandi kuchengeta mashoko akaganhurirwa akavanzika, somuenzaniso, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuri chaizvoizvo ganhuriro yakavakirwa pakutaura.

Mitambo Yavose Nezvinhu zveHurumende

Munzvimbo dzavose, kufanana nemigwagwa yavose, mapaka, uye zvivako zvehurumende, kutaura kwako kunodzivirirwa zvikurusa, kunyange zvazvo hurumende ichigona kuisa ganhuriro pakutaura kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti haidzongonyedzi nhevedzano yavose.

Dare Rapamusoro rakagadzira gadziriro yokusiyanisa pakati penzvimbo dzavose dzegamuchidzanwa, nzvimbo dzavose dzinosarudzwa, nzvimbo dzavose dzakaganhurirwa, uye nzvimbo dzokuitira zvinhu dzavanhu. boka rimwe nerimwe rinogamuchira mwero yakasiana - siana yedziviriro, nenzvimbo dzavose dzegamuchidzanwa dzakadai semigwagwa namapaki zvinogamuchira dziviriro yakasimba zvikurusa nokuda kwemibato yokutaura.

Kutaura Kwezvekutengeserana

Hurukuro yezvekutengeserana yangokarakadza bedzi kutengeserana kwezvokutengeserana kana kuti inobatanidza bedzi nefariro dzemari dzevateereri nejeri (*) yave ichiwana dziviriro shoma munhau yeFirst Amendment kupfuura zvimwe zvimiro zvekutaura kwakadzivirirwa. Iyi dziviriro yakaderedzwa inoratidzira murangariro wokuti kutaura kwezvokutengeserana, nepo kuchikosha, hakuna chinhu chikuru kukuzvitonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupfuura kutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika.

Dziviriro dzokutaura dzakasununguka dzinoshanda kutambanuko duku yokushambadza, zvikurukuru apo kunotsausa vanhu, neFirst Amendment isingadzivisi hurumende kurambidza kushambadza kunotsausa, kunyange zvazvo hurumende sezvingabvira isingagoni kudzongonyedza kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kungava kuchitsausa.

Zvinetso Zvokutaura Zvinotevera

Sangano razvino uno rinopa denho itsva nedzinopedza nokuda kwedziviriro yokutaura kwakasununguka. Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinofanira kugadziridza nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakatangwa nokuda kwezvimiro zvegamuchidzanwa zvekurukurirano nezviteshi zvemichina, zvinobudisa nhau, uye zvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runenge ruchibuda.

Kushandisa Mashoko Pakombiyuta uye Kugadzira Mapepa

Munyaya yeDare Reno neACLU, Dare Repamusorosoro rakagumisa kuti Internet inofanira kudzivirirwa zvakazara sezvinoitwawo nezvinobudisa nhau zveFirst Amendment.

Kunyange zvazvo Yunivhesiti ichikwanisa kudzora zviri panzvimbo dzayo dzepaIndaneti dzinobhadharwa, haigoni kudzora zvinoiswa panzvimbo dzisina kuvhurwa, kusanganisira mapeji omunhu oga kana boka reFacebook, kana kuti Twitter, Instagram, kana kuti Snapenal Chat, kungofanana nezvainogona kudzora kutaura kwakananga, nemayunivhesiti asingabvumirwi kuongorora zviri panzvimbo yacho, kana kuranga munhu anoisa mashoko anogumbura.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Kuparadzirwa kwemashoko enhema paIndaneti kunopa zvinetso zvemitemo.

Denho iri mukukurukura mashoko asina kururama anokuvadza nepo achichengetedza musika wepfungwa uye achidzivisa kuongororwa kwehurumende. Gadziriro dzemitemo dzinofanira kudzikamisa fariro yenzanga mumashoko akarurama nenheyo inokosha yokuti hurumende haifaniri kudzora izvo vagari vemo vanogona kutaura kana kuti kugamuchira.

Kunetswa uye Kushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira PaIndaneti

Yunivhesiti ingarambidza kutaura kunozvidza munhu mumwe; kunoumba tyisidziro yechokwadi kana kuti kunetsa; kunoitirwa uye sezvingabvira kunonyandura chiito chisiri chepamutemo chiri pedyo kana kuti zvimwe kuputsa mutemo.

Misangano yemitemo inofanira kusiyanisa mashoko anotsamwisa anoramba akadzivirirwa uye ane kunetsa kwechokwadi anoitirwa vanhu munzira dzinoumba kutyisidzira kwechokwadi kana kuti dzinoumba mamiriro ezvinhu ane utsinye akadai sebasa kana kuti dzidzo.

Gakava Rokutaura RapaCampes

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, rusununguko urwu rwave rwuchiongororwa zvikuru; kubva panharo dzokuramba panzvimbo dzekoreji kusvika pakunetseka pamusoro pokutsiva kwehurumende mukurwisana nevatori venhau nevatsigiri.

Mayunivhesiti ehurumende anotarisana nedenho dzakati nokuti anofanira kuremekedza kodzero dzeFirst Amendment asi achiitawo basa rawo redzidzo nokuchengetedza chengeteko, mamiriro ezvinhu okudzidza akazara.

Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose Pakutaura Kwakasununguka

Kunyange zvazvo nhungamiro iyi ichinyanya kutaura nezvemitemo yeUnited States, kunzwisisa nzira dzokutaura norusununguko kunobatsira.

Nzira Dzokuenzanisa Dzokuvenga Kutaura

Hunenge nyika dzose dzinobvumira kutaura kwakadaro kudzorwa uye, zvamazvirokwazvo, kunorambidzwa, parondedzero yokuti hakupfuuridzi mipimo yokutaura kwakasununguka uye hakuwirirani nemimwe mipimo inokosha yenzanga.

Uku kurapa kwakasiana - siana kunoratidzira zvinoitika zvenhau zvakasiana, magamuchidzanwa ebumbiro remitemo, uye mipimo yetsika. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunobetsera kuvhenekera zvisarudzo zvakapinzwa mumaitiro api naapi emitemo enzira yokutaura nokutengeserana kunobatanidzwa mugadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzemiitiro.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose

Zvishandiso zvekodzero dzevanhu munyika yose, kusanganisira Universal Declaration of Human Rights neInternational Council Rights, zvinobvuma rusununguko rwokutaura sekodzero huru yavanhu.

Izvi zvirongwa zvenyika yose zvinopesvedzera nzira iyo matare nevanogadza mitemo kupota nyika vanosvika nayo mibvunzo yorusununguko rwokutaura, vachitanga kurukurirano yenyika yose pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira neganhuriro dzorusununguko rune chiremera choutongi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munzanga.

Mashoko Anoshanda Nokuda Kwevagari Vacho

Kunzwisisa zvinodzivirira kutaura kunobatsira pakushandisa kodzero dzevanhu uye nzira dzavanoshandisa nayo mitemo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Kuziva Kodzero Dzako

Vagari vanonzwisisa kodzero dzavo dzokutaura vanokwanisa kudzishandisa zvinobudirira uye kuziva kuti kodzero idzodzo dziri kuputswa rini.

Kuziva mwero uye miganhu yokutaura kunobatsira vagari vemo kushandisa kodzero dzavo zvine musoro pavanenge vachiremekedza kodzero dzevamwe uye mitemo inovarambidza kuita zvimwe zvinhu.

Kupindura Kutaura kwokugumbura

Mutongi mukurusa weDare Louis Brandeis anopa zano vanhu vanogara muUnited States kupedza misiano yavo mumipimo nechitendero kupfurikidza nokutendeukira ku “kutaura kwakawanda, kwete kunyarara kusingamanikidzi. ” Iyi nheyo inokarakadza kuti mhinduro yakafanira kukutaura munhu anoona kuva kusina kunaka inhau yakashata panzvimbo pokunzvera.

Vagari vemo vanogona kudenha pfungwa dzinogumbura kupfurikidza nokutaura kwavo vamene, kunyunyuta kune rugare, kusafarira, uye zvimwe zvimiro zvokutaura.

Kutsvaka Kudzorwa Kwapamutemo

Masangano ehurumende paanoputsa kodzero dzokutaura, vagari vemo vanogona kunyora nyaya dzinonetsa kurambidza kutevedzana kwemitemo, kutsvaka mitemo inorambidza kutevedzerwa kwemitemo isina kutongwa, uye kutsvaka kukuvadzwa kwekodzero dzavo dzepamutemo.

Masangano akadai seAmerican Civil Liberties Union nemamwe mapoka erusununguko rwevagari vemo anopa zvinhu uye pane dzimwe nguva kumiririra zviri pamutemo vanhu vane kodzero dzokutaura dzakatyorwa.

Nguva Yemberi Yokudzivirirwa Pakutaura

Mutemo wokutaura wakasununguka unoramba uchichinja sezvo matare anotarisana neruzivo rutsva rwemasayendisiti, kuchinja kwetsika dzenzanga, uye kumuka kwezvinetso.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nezvinobudisa Mashoko Zvitsva

Kuchinja kwesayenzi kunenge kuchiita zvinhu zvakadai sokuchenjera, chokwadi, uye zvirongwa zvitsva zvemasangano enhau zvichapa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pokuti nheyo dzokutaura dzakasununguka dzinoshanda sei.Matare achada kuziva kana dzidziso dziripo dzichinyatsotaura nezvezvimiro zvitsva zvokukurukurirana kana kuti kana zvinhu zvitsva zviri madikanwa.

Mibvunzo pamusoro pemwero wemaarorime, maainfake, uye kutaura kwakadzama kuchadenha mapoka egamuchidzanwa uye kunoda kuti matare achinjire nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kuzvinhu zvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu izvo vagadziri vaisagona kukarira.

Kudzorwa Kwezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga Nehurumende

Nharo pamusoro pokuti hurumende inogona sei kudzora miitiro yenzanga yezvinobudisa nhau ine mwero sezvingabvira ichaparira rondedzero inokosha. Iyi nhau ichaedza miganhu pakati pokudzivirira kutaura kwoushandisi, kuremekedza kungwarira kwomupepeti wenhau wechikuva, uye kudzivisa kunzvera kwehurumende.

Zvikarakadzo zvokubata zvikuva zvikuru sezvinotakura zvinhu zvinowanzotakura kana kuti zvivako zvinoitirwa vanhu vose zvinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro poukama huri pakati pezvikuva zvomunhu oga, kutaura kwokushandisa, uye murairo wehurumende muzera remichina.

Kudzikamisa Kutaura Nedzimwe Kodzero

Matare achapfuurira kurwisana nenzira yokudzikamisa nayo kutaura kwakasununguka nedzimwe maruramiro anokosha nefariro, kubatanidza kuva woga, kuenzana, uye chengeteko.

Mune Dare kukura kwakaderera kutaura hakuna kujeka kana zviito zvehurumende kana kuti zvoutsotsi nokuda kwe "kuvhozhokera kuva woga" zvinogona kuyananiswa neFirst Amendment, zvakadai sokuti kana munhu achigona kurangwa nokuda kwokuparadzira paIndaneti "mashoko emunhu oga" pamusoro pavamwe vanhu pasina kubvumira kwavo. Mibvunzo iyi ichada kuti matare asanoyera mipimo yebumbiro remitemo inokwikwidza.

Kuvaka Tsika Yokutaura Kwakasununguka

Kunyange zvazvo kudzivirira kunoitwa nemutemo kuti munhu ataure akasununguka, hakuna kukwana kuti arambe aine tsika yakasimba yokuzvimiririra.

Basa Renzanga Yehurumende

Masangano enzanga yevagari vemo, masangano edzidzo, nzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau, uye mapoka enzanga anobetsera kuparira nzvimbo dzokukurukurirana nekurukurirano.

Masangano enyanzvi, masangano ezvedzidzo, uye mamwe masangano anogona kushandisa mitemo nemiitiro zvinotsigira kutaura kwakasununguka asiwo zvinokurudzira kukurukurirana kwokuremekedza uye kuvimbisana kwoungwaru panenge paine kusawirirana.

Dzidzo Nokuverenga Nezvinobudisa Mashoko

Kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vanobva kupi, kuziva kuti vangaita sei, kuziva kuti vanoshandisa sei nzira dzakasiyana - siyana, uye kushandisa pfungwa dzakasiyana - siyana kunoita kuti hurukuro iwedzere kusimba.

Zvikoro, maraibhurari, uye masangano enzanga zvinogona kugovera zviwanikwa nemapurogiramu anobatsira vanhu kuti vave nounyanzvi uhwu, zvichitsigira zvose zviri zviviri simba romunhu oga uye simba rehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu vose.

Mutoro Womunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kunyange zvazvo masangano emitemo achidzivirira kodzero yokutaura akasununguka, vanhu vane mutoro wemashandisiro avanoita kodzero iyoyo.

First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko rushanu runokosha: kutaura, kubudisa nhau, rudzidziso, gungano, uye kukumbira hurumende, kwete bedzi kudzivirira maruramiro ako okutaura zvaunodavira asiwo kudzivirira kodzero yako yokusamanikidzwa kubvumirana nechimwe chinhu chausingabvumirani nacho.

Mazano Okumwe Kudzidza

Vagari vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pedziviriro dzorusununguko rwokutaura vane mazamu akawanda. U.S. website yedare inogovera zvinhu zvedzidzo pamusoro pekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza kutaura norusununguko. American Liberties Union [ inogovera zvinhu zvakawanda pamusoro pekodzero dzeFirst Amendment nenhau dzazvino dzokutaura norusununguko.

Masangano ezvomutemo, kubatanidza zvikoro zvemitemo nenzvimbo dzemitemo, anobudisa nzvero nenzvero panhau dzerusununguko rwokutaura. Masangano akafanana ne Freedom Forum Institute [ anonangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru padzidzo yeFirst Amendment neadvocacy.

Kunzwisisa mienzaniso iyi kunobatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa kusiyana kwakaita kudzivirira kwemitemo uye kuti mitemo inoshanda sei mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.

Kupedzisa: Basa Riri Kupfuurira Rokutaura

Mitemo yepamutemo inofanira kuramba ichichinja mitemo kuti ienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu matsva ichiita kuti pave nerusununguko.

First Amendment ndiyo honzeri yehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa nevanhu, inoita kuti titaure maonero edu, tipikise chiremera chedu, uye titaure nevanhu vose.

Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inotsigira sei kutaura norusununguko kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva kudzivirirwa kwavanoita uye mabasa avanoita kana vakasununguka, uye kunoita kuti vakwanise kunyatsoita zvinhu zvinosarudzwa nehurumende uye kutaurirana nevakawanda panguva ino nezvenzvimbo uye miganhu yokutaura.

Sezvo nzanga inopfuurira kuchinja, dziviriro dzorusununguko rwokutaura dzichatarisana nedenho itsva uye dzinoda kungwarira kunopfuurira kuvagari vemo, matare, uye masangano akazvipira kuchengetedza iyi maruramiro makuru. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinodzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka, vagari vemo vanogona kudzivirira zviri nani rusununguko irworwu ndokubetsera kukurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro penzira yokudzikamisa nayo kutaura kwakasununguka nemimwe mipimo inokosha munzanga yakasiana, yedemocracy.

Kutora Nzvimbo Dzinokosha Nokuda Kwavagari Vemo

  • Constigational Protection: First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka padzongonyedzo dzehurumende, asi iyi dziviriro haisati iri yakakwana uye haishandi kumasangano avanhu.
  • Braund: Kutaura kunodzivirira kunobatanidza kwete bedzi mashoko anotaurwa asiwo kutaura kwakanyorwa, kutaura kwokufananidzira, uye zvimiro zvakasiana - siana zvomufambiro wokutaura.
  • Zvinoparadzaniswa: Marudzi maduku bedzi okutaura anokundikana kunze kwedziviriro yeFirst Amendment, kubatanidza tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kunyandurira kuchiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo, kuzvidza, zvinonyadzisa, uye mashoko okurwa.
  • Basa remitemo: Matare anoita basa rinokosha rokududzira dziviriro dzokutaura dzakasununguka uye kusarudza apo ganhuriro dzehurumende dzinoputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.
  • Nhau dzinotanhamara: Mwero wedziviriro unosiana zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza, nemipimo yakasiana inoshanda muzvikoro, mabasa, nharaunda dzavose, uye dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
  • [ Kusatora Rutivi rweProving : mirau yeHurumende yakavakirwa pazviri mukati kana kuti murangariro wokutaura yakatarisana nemwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wokunzvera kwedare uye kazhinji kazhinji haiwirirani nemitemo.
  • [[FOL:0] Platforms: makambani ezvemagariro enhau uye mamwe masangano avanhu anogona kuganhurira kutaura panzvimbo dzawo dzechikuva pasina kuputsa First Amendment.
  • Tsaona-Prepech: Mhinduro yakafanira kukutaura kwakashata inowanzova kutaura kwakawanda panzvimbo pokunzvera kana kuti ganhuriro yapamutemo.
  • Kuchinja Evolution: mutemo werusununguko rwokutaura unoramba uchikura sezvo matare anoramba achikurukura ruzivo rutsva rwekugadzira zvinhu, kuchinja kwetsika dzenzanga, uye zvinetso zviri kumuka.
  • Mutoro:[[FLT: 1] Kunzwisisa maruramiro okutaura akasununguka nokuashandisa nenzira ine mutoro kunosimbisa tsika yedemocracy uye kunodzivirira idzi rusununguko runokosha nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.

Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa idzi nheyo nokuramba vachiziva pamusoro pefambiro mberi mumutemo worusununguko rwokutaura, vagari vemo vanogona kushandisa zviri nani maruramiro avo, kubvuma kuputswa, uye kubetsera kuchengeta tsika yakasimba yokutaura kwakasununguka uko kunoshanda mipimo youbati ushe hwehurumende nerusununguko rwomunhu oga.