Pfungwa yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu iri pagadziriro yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuunganidzwa kwesimba muchinhu chimwe. Pakati pedziviriro dzakakomba zvikurusa ndiko kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba negadziriro yechekero nedzikamo. Nheyo idzi, dzakavakirwa mumufungo weNjekedzo, dzakaumba pesvedzero yazvino uno kupfurikidza nokuparadzira chiremera mumapazu akasiyana uye kugonesa kutarisirana. Kunzwisisa kwadzakabva, mashandiro, uye denho dzapanguva ino zvinokosha nokuda kwokuziva kuti dzinodzivirira sei rusununguko rwomunhu uye kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kweiyi mifungo yehwaro yehwaro, mhindumupinduro yenhau, uye kushanda kwayo kunogara mugadziriro yedemocracy munyika yose.

Mavambo Okuparadzana Kwesimba

Nheyo Dzechiedza neMontesquieu

Nheyo dzekuparadzana kwamasimba yakabuda mukati meKuvhenekerwa, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nebasa romuzivi weFrance [[FLT: 0] Baron de Montesquieu. Mune 1748 inhau Mudzimu weMitemo yeMitemo[, Montesquieu yairangarira kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika runoda hurumende yakaumbwa zvokuti hakuna munhu kana kuti sangano ringashandisa zvisina kufanira simba. Iye akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira, "Battle rekunzvera simba," nokuda kwemibato yehurumende yehurumende muChibvumirano, , dare rehurumende, uye mapazuro. Kurangarira pafundo yake yeRiphabliki yeRoma nerejis British Union, Montequieucious yakakarakadza kuti muviri ushande mifungo yake inopesvedzera. [FF.][5]

Zviitiko Zvapakuvamba: Mipiro Yakare Neyapakati

Nepo Montesquieu anowanzorumbidzwa somuvaki wenzvimbo dzazvino uno dzeparadzano yamasimba, vafungi nagadziriro dzapakuvamba dzakabetsera kukukura kwayo. [[FLT: 0] Hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu , Gungano, Dare, uye Matare zvakanga zvine mabasa akasiyana, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga zvisina kusiana zvizere. [[FLT:] Hurumende yeRoma [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] [FLT] yaisimbisa chibvumirano chakavhenganiswa navatongi, Dare, uye magungano akakurumbira aigona kunzvera mumwe chete, (pashure pezvipo, izvo zvisaimbwa zvamambo zvakatanga. Muchinyakare, mufungo wehurumende yakavhengana.[5] [5]] [mubatanidzwa] weChinyorwa chapakuvamba [10]] pakati pezvikamu chake chikuru chenyika chikuru [mubatanidzwa] [mubatanidzwa]]] [mubatanidzwa]]

Mapazi Matatu Ehurumende Akakwana

Mutsika chaiyo yokuparadzana kwesimba, hurumende yakarongwa kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakarondedzerwa. Nepo chigadzirwa chaicho chinosiyana nenyika, mabasa makuru anowirirana.

Bazu Romutemo: Kuzvidavirira Nomutemo

Bazu remitemo rinoitwa basa nokugadzira, kuitisana nharo, uye kuisa mitemo. Mumadomu akawanda zvikurusa, uyu mutumbi i muganhu kana kuti divil [, kazhinji kazhinji], wakakamurwa kuva makamuri maviri (mabhiya) kuti ugovere kurangarira nokumirira. Somuenzaniso, U.S. congresssssss dzinoumbwa neImbay yeVamiririri neDare. Kupfuura kuronga pamutemo, masangano emitemo anodzora bhajeti, kuzivisa, uye kugovera kutungamirira kwebazu kupfurikidza nematare avakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru, kubatanidza mutungamiriri. Kuumbwa kwemitezo yemitezo inotsamira pakuoneka uye kuoneka.

Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru: Kumanikidza Nokutarisira

Mutungamiriri webazu anoshandisa uye anomanikidzira mitemo inopiwa nedare. Inotungamirirwa nemusoro wehurumende kana kuti hurumende . yakadai se purezidhendi kana kuti gurukota [[[FLT]]] uye inobatanidza masangano ehurumende ane mutoro wenharaunda dzakafanana nedziviriro, nhau dzokunze, utano hwehurumende, uye dzidzo. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, mukuru mukuru akaparadzana nemitemo, apo mugadziriro dzeparamende anokweviwa kudare remitemo. Masimba makuru anobatanidza mutemo (mune mamwe masangano), kugadza vatongi, kutungamirira, mitoo yokumwe, uye kuraira mauto. Zvisinei, mutungamiriri wehurumende haadzorwi; anodzokororwa uye kudzokororwa.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira uye Kutarisira

Bazu redare rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inowirirana nebumbiro remitemo. dare razvimirira ibwe renheyo rekuparadzana kwemasimba, sezvo rinogona kurova mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo (isimba rinopesana nemitemo) rinozivikanwa se renjeredzo yedare. Matare anopedzawo kusawirirana pakati pavagari vemo, pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende, uye pakati pamapazu ehurumende. Kuchengeta kusasarura, vatongi vanowanzogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu kana kuti mativi marefu uye havagoni kubviswa pasina chikonzero. Chitendero chesimba rokutonga chinosiyana: muUnited States, Dare guru rinoita kuhwirudzura zvakasimba, nepo mune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai semitemo yeUnited Kingdom, muganhu yehurumende. Nokuda kwechiremera chehurumende, dzinotonga, dzinoona [Fctalctal Fact:]

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwoga hakuna kukwana; bazi rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva namano okuganhurira mamwe kudzivirira ani naani kudzora. Gadziriro ye michero nedzinodzikama inogovera aya mabasa, kuvimbisa kutarisirwa kwapakarepo nokuzvidavirira.

Simba Reveto Nemitemo Zvinoshatisa

Nzvero yakatanhamara iveto. MuUnited States, purezidhendi anogona kudzosa mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, achidzorera nezvirambidzo. Congress ipapo inogona kukunda kuwanda kwezvitatu zviviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, ichiratidza kuti mutezo wedare unogona sei kupesana nokurambwa kwevakuru vakuru. Aya masimba ane simba anobvumirana: mukuru mukuru haagoni kukanganisa mitemo inodzivisa pasina kuzviisa mungozi, uye mutungamiriri wehurumende anofanira kubhadhara zvikwereti izvo mukuru wehurumende achagamuchira kana kuva netsigiro yakakwana. Mitezo yakafanana iripo mumasangano akawanda apurezidhendi, kunyange zvazvo masangano eparameta eparamendi anowanzoshaiwa kurambwa zvakasimba nemhaka yokuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende atova rutivi rwedare.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga Somuchina

Kuhwirudzura dare zvichida icherekedzo ine simba zvikurusa pazvose zviri zviviri chigaro chomutemo nemukuru mukuru. Apo dare rinozivisa mutemo usiri woutongi, kwaiparadza mutemo nerokugadza. Iri simba rakatangwa mu bury v. Madison [18] [186] [18] [1] muU.S., uye rave richigamuchirwa muzvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana nemitemo yehurumende. Kuhwirudzura kwedare kunosimbisa kuti chigamuchibvumirano nemabasa ehurumende anowirirana nomutemo mukuru, kudzivirira kodzero duku nekuvimbika. Zvisinei, zvinomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pomutemo pamusoro pomutengiridzo. [2]

Kurayira, Kusimbisa, uye Mazano Nebvumirano

Dare rehurumende rinonzvera mukuru mukuru nedare redare nokusimbisa nokuronga. MuU.S., Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kukambani, jaji rehurumende, uye mamwe mahofisi akakwirira. Iri "basa nemvumo" rinobvumira Dare kuramba vatendi vanorangarirwa kuva vasina kukwaniswa kana kuti vakawandisa. Kunyange zvazvo zvisingawanzoitiki, mutezo wedare unogona kuisa vapurezidhendi ndokubvisa vapurezidhendi, vateveri vemabhishopu, uye vatongi nokuda kwe "mhosva dzakakwirira uye vasakafanira." Muitiro wokudzidzisa unopfuurira unopfuurira kupfurikidza neImba (kuronga) uye kupwisa. Kunyange zvazvo zvichibvira, unobatira sechikwakwa sechisakiso chapamutemo pakushatiswa kwevakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru. Bazu redare rinonzverawo vamasangano edare pakutonga, uye vadzorongedzero, uye vatongi vadzorerwi, vadzorerwe nemimwe mitongo.

Mienzaniso Yakasiyana - siyana: Mienzaniso Yakasiyana - siyana Yakatarisana Nehurumende Dzinodzora

Mibatanidzwa yeParamende

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoitwa nenzira dzakasiyana- siyana zvichitsamira pakuti nyika inoshandisa gadziriro yapurezidhendi kana kuti yeparamende. Mu miganhu yemitemo kufanana neUnited States, mukuru mukuru anosarudzwa uye anozvimirira padare, ane kuvhotera kwakasimba uye kujeka. [[FLT:]] mamiriro ezvinhu ezvedzidzo [[FLT] akafanana neUnited Kingdom kana kuti Canada], mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende (gurukota nedare) anobviswa murumbidzo uye anogona kubviswa nechivhoti chakasimba. Muiyi inoparira kubatanidzwa kwamasimba panzvimbo panzvimbo panzvimbo pokurongeka, kunyange zvazvo zvichiripo kupfurikidza nokuhwirutswa, nzvimbo yapamusoro (iyo inova, kokorodzano inova yapamutemo, uye kokorodzano inoteverwa zvikuru.

Utsanana Negadziriro Dzechemberedzo

Humwe utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu hunobatanidza masangano emimwe mienzaniso yose iri miviri. mumi inodzora. Sangano rehurumende rinosarudzwa zvakananga iro rinogoverana simba roukuru mukuru negurukota rine mutoro kuparamende. Iri dare rinoumba masimba akaoma: purezidhendi angadzora muitiro wokumwe, nepo gurukota rinobata nhau dzomumba. Apo purezidhendi nagurukota vanobva mumapoka akasiyana-- siyana (kugara), echekero nedzinowirirana zvinova zvinoziviswa zvikuru. Zvimwe zvirongwa zvemibatanidzwa zvinosanganisira . chirongwa icho chinodzora masimba anoparadza kukwirana pakati pehurumende dzenyika neruwa, kuwedzera kumwe kunzvera. Hurumende dzakafanana neAustralia dzinobatanidza masimba anodzorwa pamwe chete.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Zvokuparadzana Kwesimba Nokuongorora Nokudzikamisa

Kuchinja Dzvene Nokuvhara

Mumatomuro adzoroma, mapoka anowedzera anokamuranisa gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo. MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, kuganhura kukuru kwakatungamirira kukuvharwa kwapanguva dzose kwehurumende, kunonozetswa kwemitemo, uye kurongedzerwa kwemitemo. Apo mapoka anoramba kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, mano edare okuita mitemo kana kuti kusimbisa kurongwa angadzorwa, uye mukuru angatendeukira kumabasa anoitwa nemunhu mumwe (mirairo inopesana) kumisa Dare. Nepo iyi mirayiro inodzorwa kuhwirudzurudzura dare nemitemo, kuwanda kwayo kunogona kukanganisawo dzikamo yakatengwa. Nenzira yakafanana, mugadziriro dzeparamende, masangano anowedzera zvikuru angasadzivisa kuita zvibvumirano zvehurumende, zvinoguma nehurumende dzisingadzoreki. Chinetsoro chokuchengeta dzvinyiriro chakarurama pasina kudzora kudzora.

Kunyanyodzora Uye Kuita Zvisina Kurongwa

Itiro hanya inopfuurira idzororo kupfurikidza namasimba ekurumidziro ayo asina kuongororwa nenzira yakafanira, apo purezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri mukuru anoshanda kupfuura pamutemo kana kuti chiremera chemitemo. Ikoku kunogona kuitika kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwe [[FLT: 0] mirairo inodzorwa nenzira inobudirira [ iyo inodzorwa, kupfurikidza namasimba ekurumidziro ayo asinganzverwi nenzira yakafanira, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwegadziriro yehurumende. Mune dzimwe nyika, vakuru vakuru vakuru vakakudza masimba avo pasi pekushandiswa kwechengeteka kwenyika kana kuti kushanda zvakanaka. Somuenzaniso, kuzivisa kwemigariro yekurumidziro yemigariro yapamutemo, sezvinoonekwa mumitevedzero yakasiana- siyana. Mitengo inodzo inodzorwa yakatanhamara inodikanwa kudzora kudzorwa, asi apo bazi rimwe rinodzorwa neboka rimwe, vadzokorori vadzorwi vehurumende vamabhizimisi vamatongwi, vanoshanda munzanga vanoshanda vanoshanda muhurumende vanoshanda.

Kuzvimirira Kwomutemo Kunopesana.

Kuzvimirira kwedare kunokosha nokuda kweruramisiro isingasaruri, asi kunogonawo kuparira pomero dze dzechiito chezvoutongi . (apo matare anorangarirwa seanofutunura chiremera chawo kupfurikidza nokupfuudza kutsanangura. Uku kunyanduka kunooneka zvikuru munzvimbo dzinokakavara dzakadai sokubvisa mimba, roorano imwe cheteyo, uye simba redare. Dzimwe dzinopikisa kuti kuhwirudzura kunodikanwa kudzivirira maruramiro makuru pakunyengera kukuru; vamwe vanoomerera pakuti kunoderedza utongi hunodzorwa kupfurikidza nokubvumira vatongi vasina kurongwa kuputsa mutemo wakakurumbira. Dzidzo dzinotsamira pagadziriro yemitemo inotsamira papamutemo: dzimwe nyika, kufanana neUK, dzinochengeta uchangamire hwedare nehwirukudzoso rwedare, nepose, kufanana neIndia, vane fariro huru huru yavose. Vatongi vanotongerwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwomutemo.[3]

Kusimbisa Mavambo Amadhimoni Enguva Yemberi

Kuparadzana kwamasimba nezvinonzvera hazvisi zvinowirirana; zvinochinja sezvo nzanga dzichichinja. Kuchengeta kubudirira kwadzo, hurumende dzinotonga dzinofanira kutaurirana nokushingaira pamusoro pedzvinyiriro dzenguva imwe cheteyo. Kuchinja kwemitemo [ kwakadai seganhuriro dzakajeka pamasimba ekurumidziro ehurumende, kunowedzera kuoneka muutarisiri hwemitemo, uye dziviriro nokuda kwokuzvitonga kunogona kubetsera kudzorera kugadzikana. Mukuwedzera, dzidzo yehurumende inozivisa vagari vemo pamusoro penheyo idzi inokosha, sezvo kukwidzamasangano revoruzhinji riri kunzvera kwokupedzisira simba. Kukwira kwemichina yemichina yemichina yemichina inounzawo zvinetso zvitsva, zvakadai sokusaiswa kwekudzorwa kwemurangariro wavose uye kudzorwa kwepfungwa dzavose kunoda kukuvadziko yokufunga pasina kuvadziko yapachena. Mutevedzero woutano hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inotsamira pakugadziridzwa kwenheyo yavagari vadzo vadzo vadzorwi.

mhedziso

Nheyo dzeparadzano yamasimba nenzvero nedzikamo hadzisi zvirongwawo hazvo zvokufungidzira; idzo idzi dziviriro dzinoshanda dzakagonesa hurumende dzinotonga hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kukura kupfurikidza nokudzivisa udzvinyiriri nokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu. Kubva pamavambo adzo okujekeswa kupfurikidza nokuchinjika kwazvino uno, iyi mitoo yakaratidzira ukoshi hwayo mukuparadzira simba nokuvimbisa kuzvidavirira. Kunyange zvazvo denho dzapanguva ino dzakadai sechikamu chejeka, mutungamiriri wehurumende unodzora, uye mabasa okutonga achityisidzira kubudirira kwavo, kuzvitsaurira kutsva kuperero yesangano uye kuvimbisa kwapachena zvinogona kuvasimbisa. Kunzwisisa idzi nheyo dzinoshongedzera vagari vemone mukuva negariro yehurumende inodzosero. Sezvinoita kuti nyika yezvamatongerwe enyika irambe iri shongwe inogara nguva refu yenzanga dzakasununguka. Kufunda nokudzivirira nheyo dzamasangano kuti igove igoda kusvika kuvana vanosvika.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo reU.S., shanyira Constitution Center yerudzi.