Kuongorora Bumbiro Romutemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, rakanyoreswa muna 1787 ndokugamuchirwa gore rinotevera, richiri richiri remabumbiro emitemo renyika akanyorwa karesa achiri kushanda. Unyanzvi hwaro hahusi muurefu hwahwo chete asi muchivako chakanyatsodzikamiswa chaiumba jeko umo simba rinobuda kuvanhu apo rinenge richikamurwa pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana. Kunzwisisa ichi chivako chinokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwavadzidzi vehurumende asi nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuti American hurumende inoshanda sei chaizvoizvo. Chinyorwa chacho chine chinyorwa chine mavambo okutanga uye nyaya nomwe, imwe neimwe yacho inokurukura chinhu chinotsoropodza chiremera chorudzi nerusununguko rwomunhu.

Nhoroondo Nesungano Yebumbiro Remitemo

Rwendo rwokuenda kuBumbiro reMitemo rwakavamba nokukundikana kweChikamu cheChikamu cheChikamu chokutanga, chinyorwa chinodzora chenyika. Mupasi peZvikamu izvi, hurumende yepakati yakanga isina simba rokutera mutero, inodzora kutengeserana, kana kuti kumanikidza mitemo, inotungamirira kunyongano yezvemari nenyongano yavagari vemo (zvikurukurukurukuru kupanduka kwaShays muna 1786. Nhume dzinobva kumaruwa ane gumi namaviri (Rhode Island yakaramba kupinda) yakaungana muPhiladelphia muna May 1787 nokuda kwechakava bvumirano yeConstitution yeBumbiro remitemo. Inopfuutanwa yenhau inonyandura, nhamba dzakaita saJames Madison, Alexander Hamil, uye George Washington dzakakanganisa kuti fariro dzehurumende huru nedziduku, dzakatakura maruramiro makuru enyika. Chino chakaguma nokubudiswa bedzi pashure pekukurukurirana nenhau yorudzi. [FF]

Mashoko Okutanga: Madonzo Nenheyo

Sumo inobatira zvose zviri zviviri sumo netsinhiro yemishoni. Inovamba nakakurumbira ne “Isu Vanhu,” chiziviso chine simba chokuti uchangamire hunogara kwete munyika kana kuti mumitezo yevagari vemo asi muhugaro hwevagari vemo. Nharidzano nhanhatu dzakarongwa(kuumba mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru, kuvamba ruramisiro, kuvimbisa rugare rwemhuri, kugovera dziviriro yavose, kusimudzira garikano yose zvayo, uye kuchengetedza zvikomborero zvorusununguko (hwusati uri budirirowo zvawo. Izvo zvakadudzwa neDare rapamusorosoro kuti zvidudzire mwero wesimba renyika, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai semurayiro wezvemari nekodzero dzavagari vemo. Kutanga hakupi kugovera masimba api naapi akananga amene, asi kunojekesa madonzo ayo nyaya dzinotevera dzakarongedzerwa kuti dzisvitse.

Madonzo Makuru Musumo

  • Kuumba mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru[[FT:1] — kuenda kupfuura kubatanidzwa kusina simba kurudzi rwakabatana
  • [ Kugadza ruramisiro — kuumba gadziriro yedare rehurumende nerepamutemo
  • Kuvimbisa rugare rwemhuri — kupa simba hurumende kuti ichengetedze kurongeka uye kudzvinyirira kumukira
  • [ Kugovera dziviriro yavose — kubvumira mauto enyika
  • Kusimudzira garikano yavose — kubvumira Congress kubhadhara uye kupedzera nokuda kwezvakanaka zvavose
  • Kuchengeta zvikomborero zvorusununguko — kudzivirira rusununguko kupfurikidza nedziviriro dzezvivako uye gare gare kupfurikidza neBill of Rights

Nyaya I: Bazu Romutemo

Chikamu I ndicho chirefu zvikurusa uye chine udzame zvikurusa hwenyaya nomwe, chinoratidzira chitendero chavaFramers kuti chichava chidzoreso chine simba zvikurusa uye nokudaro chinodikanwa chokungwarira zvikurusa. Chinogadza Bimearral Congress inoumbwa neImba youmeo and Dare, igadziriro yakadzikamisa kuratidzirwa kwakakurumbira nehuwanduko. Masimba ose emitemo eMitemo anoiswa muGaramende, ayo anopiwa ndaza yakananga yamasimba anorongwa muChikamu 8, kubatanidza simba rokukwereta mutero, kudzora mitero nekutengeserana kwamamwe marudzi, mari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kusimudza mauto. “Masimba ose emitemo anowirirana neakafanira pamugumo wechikamu ichocho akaturikwa zvadudzirwa zvikuru, achibvumira kuti mitemo inowirirana kukuita masimba ayo anowirirana.

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba ndiyo kamuri riri pedyosa navanhu. Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko amakore maviri uye vanosarudzwa zvakananga navavhoti mumaruwa anogoverwa navagari vemo. Ukuru hweImba inogadzwa nomutemo pamitezo 435, asi Bumbiro reMitemo rinoraira kuti nyika imwe neimwe igamuchire kana kuti mumiriri mumwe. Imba ine simba chairo rokuita zvikwereti zvemari uye kuvakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Gadziriro yayo inovimbisa kuti simba remitemo rikurumidze kuita chimwe chinhu kumurangariro wavose, kunyange zvazvo mashoko mapfupikidza anoitawo kuti vamiriri vatakuri vatambe zvikuru kufariro dzomunzvimbomo.

Dare

Dare rakanambwa sedare rinopa mvumo zvikuru, nehurumende imwe neimwe ichigamuchira vamiriri vaviri pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Masangano anobatira zvibvumirano zvegore matanhatu, netatu yeDare rinokwidziridzwa nokuda kwechisarudzo makore maviri ari ose. Iri dare rinokatyamadzwa rakaitirwa kugovera kupfuurira uye kudzivirira imba kuti isave madenderedzwa ezvematongerwe enyika. Sentete inosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, inonyoresa zvibvumirano kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri, uye inobatira savatongi mumiedzo. VaFramers vaikarira Dare kumirira fariro dzehurumende, kunyange zvazvo Seveth Amendment (1913) yakachinja mutoo wokuvhota kubva kumasangano ehurumende kuti vasarudze kuvhota.

Nyaya II: Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Chikamu II chinopa simba rokutungamirira muMutungamiriri weUnited States mumwe, chisarudzo chakamutsa kurukurirano huru. Dzimwe nhume dzaitya mukuru mukuru mumwe aizova mambo; vamwe vakarangarira kuti chinzwano bedzi chaigona kuvimbisa kuchengetwa kunobudirira kwemitemo. Purezidhendi anosarudzwa nenzira isina kunanga kupfurikidza neElectoral College, kubvumirana pakati pevhoti nechisarudzo chedare. Nyaya yacho inoreva zvikwaniriso zvaPrezidhente, mutoo wesarudzo, uye mhiko yehofisi. Iropawo Purezidhendi basa remukurukota remuchikwata cheElectoral, chiremera chokugadza vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende (nebvumirano yedare), simba rokutaura zvibvumirano, uye basa roku “kutarisira kuti mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka.”

Masimba aPurezidhendi

  • Dare-murwi reUto, Navy, uye varwi vehurumende apo vanodanwa kubasa rehurumende
  • Simba Rokugadza nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vomubatanidzwa, vatongi, uye nhume, vachipiwa simbiso yeDare
  • Simba [ pamusoro pomutemo, iko Congress inogona kudzora nevhoti mbiri-chitatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri
  • Simba reTreaty rinoda zano nokubvumira kwezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveDare
  • [ Simba reProto nokuda kwemhosva dzomubatanidzwa, kunze kwezvinoitika zvokusatevedzerwa

Nyaya III: Bazu Rokutonga

Chikamu III chinosimbisa judiary yehurumende, ichitungamirirwa neDare reChirefu, uye chinobvumira kuti pave nedare rehurumende rakaderera. Basa redare redare nderokududzira mitemo yeBumbiro remitemo nehurumende, kupedza kusawirirana kunomuka pasi pazvo. Kusafanana nePuemperiant neCongress, matare akapiwa kugadza upenyu hwose (pakuzviisa patsika dzakanaka) kuti adzidzivirire padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Simba rokutonga rokuongorora dare nderokuzivisa mitemo isingachinjiki. (jere) Simba rokuzivisa mitemo inopesana nemitemo yeChonamendio(chiduku) harina kududzwa zvakajeka muChikamu III, asi rakatangwa nenhau yenhau yenhau yenhau [[FLT:]. (183]).

Zvivako zveDare Rehurumende

  • Dare repamusoro — matare mapfumbamwe, dare retsoropodzo yokupedzisira nokuda kwemibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo nehurumende
  • Matare Enhu eZvikwiro — matunhu 13 anonzwa kukwirira kunobva kumatare oruwa uye mamwe matare chaiwo
  • Dare reruwa — matare 94 okutonga umo mhaka dzomubatanidzwa dzinotanga kutongwa

Nheyo Yokuparadzana Kwesimba

Kupfuura nyaya nhatu dzinorondedzera bazi rimwe nerimwe, rutivi rutsva zvikurusa rweBumbiro reMitemo kuparadzanisa masimba. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshandisa mabasa akasiyana- siyana(legislative (kuita mutemo), mukuru mukuru (kudzosa mutemo), uye dare (kududzira mutemo) uye hapana munhu angabatira muinopfuura rimwe bazu panguva imwe chete. Uku kuparadzana uku hakuna kutsarukana; masimba anoganhurirwa anobvumirwa, asi mabasa makuru anochengetwa. Vatendi vefaramendi vanodavira kuti zvishuvo zvaizodzivisa chinzvimbo, uye bazi rimwe nerimwe rinodzivirira nenzira yegodo maruramiro aro pahudzoro kuvamwe. Nokuda kwetsanangudzo ine udzame yeiyi nheyo, ona [[FLT:] muganhu yemitemo yeIdziyomubatanidzwa yeIdziyo inobvumiranwa nedziro yetsika dzenyika yose inodzoro.[FFLD:1]

Makeja Nedzikamo

Macheki nedzikamo zvinoshanda pamwe chete nokuparadzana kwemasimba. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mibato yakananga yokuganhurira zviito zvemamwe, kuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinova nesimba. Iyi tsika inoparira kunetseka kukuru kunoda batira pamwe nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Pasi apa pane dzimwe dzechekedzo dzinokosha zvikurusa:

Mienzaniso Yemienzaniso Nedzikamo

  • Purezidhendi anogona kupfuudza mutemo kupfurikidza neDare, asi Congress inogona [ kushata nevoruzhinji vane matatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Dare rinosimbisa[[[FLT: 1] kugadza sapurezidhendi ndokuita kuti zvibvumirano zvive zvapamutemo, richipa chekero pamukuru mukuru.
  • Imba inogona [[Nto: 0] kudzora [ Purezidhendi navamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende; Dare rinoitisa kutonga uye rinogona kubvisa kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri nhatu.
  • Dare Rapamusorosa rinogona kurondedzera mitemo isingawirirani nemitemo kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yokutonga, zviito zvinoshatisa zveCongress kana kuti zvirairo zvevakuru vakuru.
  • Congress inogona kuchinja ukuru noukuru hwematare ehurumende, kunyange zvazvo isingagoni kuderedza mibhadharo yavatongi mukati menhambo yavo.

Ganhuriro Nehurumende Zvinopesana

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzawo gadziriro yehurumende inoumbwa nehurumende ine mvuru mbiri umo simba rinokamurwa pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. Tenth Amendment inochengeterwa kuhurumende dzose dzisina kupiwa kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa naro kuhurumende. Iyi diviti inoparira kukurukurirana kwenguva dzose pamusoro pechiremera, kubva padzidzo negadziriro yemhoteredzo. Panhambo ino, dzikano yachinja kusimba rehurumende guru, zvikurukuru pashure peNew Accomputer neRevolutionstion nhambo yeChivilement, asi inochengeta mamiriro okunzvera echisaitiromato. Nhau dzeDare gurusa renhau dzakafanana ne[FL: 0] MCLC]. [[FLD 1:] v. Mary .] (18) inosimudzira muganhu wenyika apo mitemo yorumwe , neyamarudzi ose [FOctalg:]

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo

Matendero akanzwisisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo raizoda kushanduka. Chikamu V chinogovera mitoo miviri yokuvandudza: mavhoti maviri-chitatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress ateverwa nokunatswa nedzitatu dzedzinogarwa nhaka, kana kuti kokorodzano inonzi nembiri-chitatu dzenyika (mutoo wapashure hauna kutongoshandiswa). Iyi nzira inoraira kuti kugadziriswa kuve nechokwadi chokuti kuwirirana kunofarikanya bvumirano. Zvibvumirano 27 bedzi zvakatenderwa mumazana amakore maviri. Gumi okutanga, anozivikanwa saBill of Rights, akawedzerwa muna 1791 kukurukura nhau dzechinongedzero pamusoro pezvakasununguka. Kuchinja kwapambwa kwamadenderation, kudzokororwa kwadzo, uye uranda hunopera. Nokuda kwemazita readzoro readzoro remite yemanyuko, [Flectalmeternations Institutes Institutes Institutes]

Kugadziridzwa Kwezvinhu Kunokosha

  • Mutemo wePrefect — unodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rworudzidziso, rwokutsikirira, rwegungano, uye rwokukumbira
  • formformation — inodzivirira kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo
  • Fith Amendment — zvinodzivirira pakuzviparadzanisa, ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye kushaikwa kwoupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira
  • STERENT — yakabvisa uranda nouranda husingazvipiwi (1865)
  • Fitenth Amendment — inovimbisa kuva mugari wemo, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye muitiro wakafanira pamwero wenyika (168)
  • Ninetenth Amendment — akapa vakadzi maruramiro okuvhota (1920)
  • mendurutsiro yetanhatu[ — yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvika ku18 (1971)

Bumbiro Romutemo Mumazuva Ano: Nyaya Dzedare Dzapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzinocherechedzwa

Chisarudzo cheDare Repamusorosoro chinochinja gwaro racho kuti rienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu epanguva iyoyo pasina kuda kuchinja kwakarongwa kwemashoko. Zvimwe zvisarudzo zvine chokuita nemitemo yacho zvinosanganisira:

  • [FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954) — yakaderedza rusarurano rwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose pasi pePrequence Clause.
  • . [773] — inozivikanwa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kubvisa pamuviri muGwara reChiitiko raClaus (ravhurika muna 2022).
  • [FALT] [2010] — yaidavira kuti kutsigira mari kwemasangano ezviteshi zvematongerwe enyika zvakazvimirira hakugoni kuganhurirwa muFirst Amendment.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015) — yakavimbisa roorano imwe cheteyo youtere munyika yose muJeretamende.

Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri chinyorwa chipenyu chine nheyo dzinoramba dzichinzverwazve. Oyez Project inogovera chisaririra chapachena chenhau dzeDare rapamusorosoro nezvibvumikiso zvokutaura, chiwiro chinokosha chefundo yakadzama.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Isingaperi

Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinopfuura zvikuru kusitongorina chinyorwa chenhau. Chivako charo chinovakwa paparadzano yamasimba makuru, kunzvera nokudzikamisa, hurumende, uye gadziriro inochinjika yakaitwa kuti itungamirire rudzi kuhondo yavagari vemo, kuderera kwemari, hondo dzenyika, uye kuchinja kukuru kwenzanga. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi zvakafanana, kunzwisisa idzi nheyo inhano yokutanga kuruzivo nokuva mugari wemo wemo. VaFramers vakagadzira tsika yakagadzirirwa kukunda madutu ehondo nechiremera, uye yakaita kudaro kwamakore anopfuura 230. Sezvaunodzidza nhau dzayo nemhesano, yeuka kuti Bumbiro remitemo remitemo rinoyera nyika dzapasi, itsika yeAmerica inoshanda, uye inotsamira pachizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chavanhu vanodzidza nayo kuti ishande sei nguva yakaita sei.